八种红树植物幼苗的叶片可溶性蛋白和抗氧化酶活性对光强的响应

红树林湿地生态系统的恢复与重建是我国南方海岸带生态恢复研究的重点领域之一。为明确红树植物光适应的生理生态策略，该文选取无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)作为研究对象，通过遮荫控制试验，探究这8种红树植物一年生幼苗在不同光照强度(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)处理下的叶片可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性的响应特征。结果表明：(1)随光照强度下降，木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨的叶片可溶性蛋白含量受到的影响较小，而无瓣海桑、秋茄、桐花树、银叶树和黄槿的叶片可溶性蛋白含量则表现出下降趋势。(2)木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性在10%光照强度处理下的活性与对照无显著差异，而无瓣海桑、秋茄...     

遮荫对8种红树植物幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探讨红树植物光适应的生理生态机制，通过遮荫控制试验对无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)等8种红树植物的1 a生幼苗在不同生长光强(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的叶绿素荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明，8种红树植物在遮荫后光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统II实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)总体呈上升趋势，而电子传递速率(ETR)则显著下降。无瓣海桑、秋茄、桐花树、银叶树和黄槿在全光照下表现出比其他3种植物更高的Fv/Fm，同时桐花树和银叶树的ΦPSII和ETR也显著高于木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨。因此，无瓣海桑、秋茄、桐花树、银叶树和黄槿在高光辐射下具有更高的光能利用率，同时桐花树和银叶树能更好地利用高光并耗散过剩光能...     

光照强度对8种红树植物幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

选取无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum Linn.)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco.)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.)、秋茄(Kandelia candel Druce.)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis Ait.)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)为研究对象,通过遮荫控制实验,研究这8种红树植物幼苗在不同光照强度(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的生长和生物量分配特征。结果表明:(1)遮荫对无瓣海桑幼苗相对生长速率、生物量积累、基径的增长和叶片数的增长均有显著的抑制作用;(2)桐花和老鼠簕在遮荫处理下生长状况较好,遮荫对桐花生长的影响不显著,对老鼠簕幼苗的生长则有一定的促进作用;(3)当光照强度降低时,无瓣海桑、秋茄、老鼠簕、桐花树的幼苗都对地上部分投入了更多的生物量,其中秋茄、老鼠簕和桐花树通过提高叶生物量来获取更大的光能捕获能力。研究结果表明,从对光照的生长适应角度来看,桐花、老鼠簕和卤蕨适宜种植在郁闭度较高的林下;秋茄适宜在郁闭度较低的林下种植;真红树无瓣海桑和木榄以及半红树黄槿和银叶树则不适合在林下种植。     

四种红树植物根茎叶的碳氮磷化学计量特征

以漳江口红树林的秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)为研究对象,对其根、茎、叶中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量以及生态化学计量学特征进行分析。结果表明:秋茄、桐花树、老鼠簕3种植物各器官中的C含量均表现为茎、叶显著大于根,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物的N、P含量均表现为叶茎根;桐花树、老鼠簕不同器官的C含量变异系数均表现为根叶茎,秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕3种植物N含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物P含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶;秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕C∶N的变异系数为根、茎大于叶; 4种植物中,老鼠簕根、叶的P含量显著高于其他3种植物,茎的P含量略高于其他3种植物,根C、N、P与叶C、P的变异系数均大于其他3种植物; 4种红树植物叶的C∶N∶P质量比(151∶9∶1)显著小于根(187∶4∶1)和茎(239∶5∶1),叶的C、N和P的生态化学计量特征相对稳定。分析红树植物不同器官养分元素间的分配规律,可为大尺度的红树林生态化学计量学研究提供理论基础,并为红树植物的保护与可持续经营提供科学依据。     

红树植物干粉和新鲜组织水提物对两种赤潮藻的化感抑制效应

通过测定藻细胞密度,研究了5种红树植物木榄、秋茄、海漆、海芒果、小花老鼠簕水提物对赤潮藻球形棕囊藻和赤潮异弯藻的化感抑制效应,探讨了高温处理对化感抑藻效应的影响.研究结果表明,红树植物干粉水提物和新鲜组织水提物对两种赤潮藻均显示出显著的化感抑制作用.第5 d,红树植物干粉水提物对2种赤潮藻的抑制效果依次为:海漆>秋茄>小花老鼠簕>木榄>海芒果.新鲜组织水提物抑藻效果最强的红树植物是木榄和秋茄.秋茄和海漆水提物中的抑藻化感物质对高温相对不稳定,木榄和小花老鼠簕水提物中的抑藻化感物质对高温相对比较稳定.     

田野菟丝子寄生对五种红树植物叶绿素荧光参数的影响

红树林由于受到入侵植物薇甘菊的危害发生大面积退化,而田野菟丝子寄生是防控薇甘菊的有效途径。为了探讨田野莬丝子寄生对红树植物的影响,该研究通过同质园控制试验,利用PAM-2100便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪,测定了三种真红树植物(老鼠簕、木榄、秋茄)和两种半红树植物(海芒果、银叶树)幼苗在田野菟丝子寄生及对照情况下的叶片叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:田野菟丝子寄生对红树植物幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)没有显著影响;对更为敏感的红树植物幼苗PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)同样也没有显著影响;试验后期发现田野菟丝子对红树植物幼苗无法成功寄生。由此可见,田野菟丝子用于红树林薇甘菊的防治是安全的。     

真红树植物和半红树植物叶片性状的比较研究

红树植物是一类生长在热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的乔木、灌木或草本植物,根据其分布特征可分为真红树植物植物和半红树植物。为了探究两者对海岸潮间带高盐、高光和缺氧等环境的生态适应策略的异同,该文选取5种真红树植物植物[卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)]和4种半红树植物[银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)、杨叶肖槿(Thespesia populnea)]为研究对象,对叶片解剖和功能性状进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1) 9种红树植物叶片的共同特征表现为均具有角质层、叶肉具有栅栏组织和海绵组织分化、气孔下陷等。(2)不同之处在于真红树植物植物叶片有蜡质层和内皮层、无表皮毛、气孔仅分布在下表皮,而半红树植物的叶片则较少有蜡质层,部分有表皮毛,无内皮层,气孔在上下表皮分布不完全一致。(3)真红树植物植物的气孔密度和比叶面积显著小于半红树植物(P0.05),而叶片厚度、含水量、比叶重和鲜干重比则显著大于半红树植物(P0.05)。以上结果说明真红树植物植物的叶片性状使其在维持盐度平衡及贮水保水能力方面强于半红树植物,从而能更好地适应海岸潮间带高盐环境。     

红树植物功能性状对盐和铜胁迫的响应

目前,室内通过人工控制方式开展红树林对环境胁迫的响应研究,忽视了不同红树植物物种的生长习性,且以单一胁迫为主。通过野外生长与人工控制相结合方式,研究5个时期(2018.6-2020.8)盐和铜胁迫对3种红树植物(秋茄、拉关木和木榄)11种功能性状的影响,使用单因素和双因素方差分析研究不同时期不同树种下盐和铜胁迫对叶片功能性状的影响,回答红树植物功能性状对盐和铜单一及复合胁迫响应的科学问题。结果表明,不同时期下,三种红树植物功能性状具有明显差异。随着时间增长,三种植物的碳含量和冠层高度均呈升高趋势,其他功能性状因物种不同而表现出不同趋势;与乡土红树植物(秋茄和木榄)相比,外来入侵物种(拉关木)具有更快的生长速度。不同时期下,拉关木比秋茄和木榄具有更好耐盐性,三个物种的植物生长发育对铜胁迫的响应均不敏感。大部分时期下,单一盐胁迫对拉关木的植物功能性状无显著影响(P < 0.05),对秋茄和木榄的碳含量、冠层高度和比叶面积有显著影响(P < 0.05);单一铜胁迫对三个物种的绝大多数功能性状无显著影响。另外,盐-铜复合胁迫对秋茄叶片碳、磷、氮磷比及冠层高度有显著影响(P < 0.05),对拉关木叶片碳、铜含量、冠层高度、比叶面积有显著影响(P < 0.05),仅对木榄SPAD值有显著影响(P < 0.05)。在红树林保护修复工作中,研究成果可为红树林退化原因和机理阐释、红树林生长监测评估、生境治理以及树种选择提供一定的理论依据。     

真红树和半红树植物叶片性状的比较研究

红树植物是一类生长在热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的乔木、灌木或草本植物,根据其分布特征可分为真红树植物植物和半红树植物。为了探究两者对海岸潮间带高盐、高光和缺氧等环境的生态适应策略的异同,该文选取5种真红树植物植物[卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)]和4种半红树植物[银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)、杨叶肖槿(Thespesia populnea)]为研究对象,对叶片解剖和功能性状进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)9种红树植物叶片的共同特征表现为均具有角质层、叶肉具有栅栏组织和海绵组织分化、气孔下陷等。(2)不同之处在于真红树植物植物叶片有蜡质层和内皮层、无表皮毛、气孔仅分布在下表皮,而半红树植物的叶片则较少有蜡质层,部分有表皮毛,无内皮层,气孔在上下表皮分布不完全一致。(3)真红树植物植物的气孔密度和比叶面积显著小于半红树植物(P<0.05),而叶片厚度、含水量、比叶重和鲜干重比则显著大于半红树植物(P<0.05)。以上结果说明真红树植物植物的叶片性状使其在维持盐度平衡及贮水保水能力方面强于半红树植物,从而能更好地适应海岸潮间带高盐环境。     

引进红树拉关木和两种乡土红树离子平衡及光合作用的比较研究

为了比较引进红树与乡土红树的耐盐性差异,该研究以引进红树植物拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)和乡土红树植物木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)与秋茄(Kandelia obovata)幼苗作为实验材料,分析其在不同Na Cl浓度(100、200、300、400 mmol·L~(-1))处理下各器官离子浓度(Na~+、Cl~–、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))和叶光合作用的变化。结果表明:(1)高盐胁迫(400 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl,28 d)处理下,拉关木根系Na~+增幅较小,秋茄根、叶Cl~–含量增幅均高于木榄和拉关木,说明拉关木在较高的盐浓度时能限制根系对Na~+、Cl~–的吸收,减少向地上部分运输。(2)高盐胁迫均增加3种红树根、叶的K~+浓度(木榄叶K~+略有降低,差异不显著),表明3种红树均可吸收K~+,来限制Na~+对植物的伤害;同时,降低3种红树根Ca~(2+)浓度,但拉关木根Ca~(2+)下降幅度小于秋茄和木榄,说明拉关木具有更强的防止Ca~(2+)流失的能力。(3)拉关木根维持Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)平衡的能力强于秋茄和木榄。(4)高盐胁迫引起秋茄与木榄光合速率均降低,而拉关木光合速率却增加了54.1%。综上所述,拉关木能限制根系对Na Cl的吸收,有效维持Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)的平衡,并保持较高的光合速率,这表明拉关木与木榄和秋茄相比具有更高的耐盐性。     

Wetland changes and mangrove restoration planning in Shenzhen Bay, Southern China

Mangrove forests and associated gei wai (excavated ponds used for shrimp and fish farming) provide important ecosystem services in Shenzhen Bay. Much of the mangrove and gei wai wetlands, however, have been lost because of intensified human activities in the past 30 years. Using five-phase remote-sensing images, we describe the recent history of the spatial–temporal dynamics for the wetlands in the bay. From 1986 to 2007, mangrove area increased from 1.8 to 4.8 km², while the area of gei wai decreased from 36.6 to 17.2 km². Reclamation of gei wai mainly occurred in western and northern Shenzhen Bay, and changed the tidal water environment. The bay has five typical mangrove communities: Avicennia marina + Kandelia candel + Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel + Aegiceras corniculatum + Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza + Excoecaria agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Sonneratia apetala + Sonneratia caseolaris. The distribution of these communities and their dominant species in the bay exhibit a spatial pattern and temporal (successional) sequence. We describe a mangrove restoration program based on the mangrove successional sequence and the interaction of mangrove and gei wai in the bay. We have planned six mangrove protection and restoration projects in closed areas, semiclosed areas, and open areas to reconstruct the ecological integrity of the entire Shenzhen Bay.     

Isolation and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers in four mangrove species,Aegiceras corniculatum,Avicennia marina,Acanthus ilicifolius and Lumnitzera racemosa

One, three, seven, and six of polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers were developed from four mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, and Lumnitzera racemosa, respectively. Characterization of 229, 509, 369, and 216 individuals of A. ilicifolius, A. corniculatum, A. marina, and L. racemosa, collected from different natural mangrove populations (A. ilicifolius, 6; A. corniculatum, 14; A. marina, 10; L. racemosa, 6) in the southern coastline of China showed that these loci provide cpSSR markers with polymorphisms ranging from two to four alleles per locus and gene diversity between 0.005 and 0.675. Combining the polymorphic cpSSR loci of each species, 3, 5, 11, and 4 of cpSSR haplotypes were separately detected in populations of A. ilicifolius, A. corniculatum, A. marina, and L. racemosa in the southern coastline of China. These cpSSR markers will be useful for analyzing the maternal lineage distributions and population genetic structures of these four species.     

Competitive Control of an Exotic Mangrove Species: Restoration of Native Mangrove Forests by Altering Light Availability

Recently, many studies have focused on the possibility of restoring mangrove ecosystems by introducing fast‐growing mangroves. However, methods for managing an exotic fast‐growing species to restore mangrove ecosystems and at the same time preventing invasion by introduced species remains unclear. Sonneratia apetala Buch‐Ham is one example of an exotic mangrove with both high ecological value and potential risk for invasion after introduction. To investigate the possibility of reducing the potential for invasion by altering light availability, we simulated different irradiances of S. apetala understory in the greenhouse. For each irradiance treatment, three levels of competition between S. apetala and native mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) were used: no competition, intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Compared with A. corniculatum, S. apetala showed a significantly higher growth rate for both height and biomass accumulation under full irradiation. Compared to the full irradiation treatment, the shading treatment significantly reduced the height, total biomass and biomass allocation to leaves of S. apetala by 61.31, 71.0, and 76.2%, respectively, whereas the growth of A. corniculatum was not affected. The results suggested that lowering light availability could inhibit the growth of S. apetala and increase the competitiveness of A. corniculatum. Planting introduced fast‐growing mangroves at a density of approximately 2,000 plants/hm² is an effective strategy for preventing potential invasion and restoring wetland habitats. By taking advantage of the differences in shade tolerance between fast‐growing exotic mangroves and native mangroves, introduction of fast‐growing mangroves in coastal areas could have huge potential for reforesting mangrove ecosystems.     

Chloroplast microsatellite markers for the mangrove tree species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, and Rhizophora stylosa, and cross-amplification in other mangrove species

Chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers were developed for three ecologically and economically important tree species in the mangrove family, Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, and Rhizophora stylosa. Noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from each species were separately amplified using universal chloroplast primers. Six, two, and three polymorphic cpSSR loci in B. gymnorrhiza, K. candel, and R. stylosa, respectively, were developed from amplified noncoding cpDNA regions. Characterization of 216, 156, and 253 individuals of B. gymnorrhiza, K. candel, and R. stylosa, respectively, collected from different natural mangrove populations (B. gymnorrhiza, 9; K. candel, 7; R. stylosa, 9) on Iriomote Island in Japan showed that these loci provide cpSSR markers with polymorphisms ranging from two to four alleles per locus and gene diversity between 0.027 and 0.480. These cpSSR markers will be useful for analyzing the maternal lineage distributions and population genetic structures of the three species. Several of these markers may also be useful in similar studies of other mangrove species.     

Polyphenols, tannins and antioxidant activities of eight true mangrove plant species in South China

Background and aims

(i) compare the concentrations of total polyphenols (TP) and condensed tannins (CT), and CT profiles in different organs of mature trees and seedlings of eight true mangrove species in Hong Kong; (ii) examine the antioxidant activities of CT and (iii) relate the non-enzymatic antioxidative defence system with the vertical zonation pattern of mangrove species.

Methods

Mature trees and seedlings of eight species were collected from a Hong Kong mangrove swamp to determine TP and CT concentrations and the antioxidant activities of CT.

Results

According to TP concentrations, the true mangrove species could be broadly classified into three groups, (i) Lumnitzera racemosa and Aegiceras corniculatum > (ii) Heritiera littoralis, Excoecaria agallocha, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia obovata > (iii) Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina. The last two are pioneer species in the most foreshore location. They also had significantly lower antioxidant activities, CT concentrations and different CT profiles than the other six species in mid- and low-tides.

Conclusions

Classification of the eight true mangrove species into three groups based on polyphenols was similar to their vertical zonation from land to sea. The relationships between these antioxidants and zonation should be further verified by transplantation studies.     

珠海鹤洲水道沿岸红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落特征

对珠海鹤洲水道沿岸的4个红树人工林(包括老鼠簕Acanthus ilicifolius、木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza、秋茄Kandelia candel和无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)样地和2个挺水植被(短叶茳芏Cyperus malaccensis和芦苇Phragmites australis)样地的大型底栖动物群落进行为期一年(2010年12月、2011年3、6、9月共4次野外采样)的生物调查。研究与分析了大型底栖动物的种类、生活型及功能群、栖息密度、平均生物量、多样性指数等群落特征,并结合等级聚类和非参数多变量标序(MDS)方法对大型底栖动物的群落结构进行深入探讨。本调查共采集大型底栖动物35种,包括环节动物(7种)、软体动物(10种)、甲壳动物(10种)、鱼类(1种)和其他无脊椎动物(7种)。优势种包括谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplax deschampsi)(占总个体数的34%)、麦克碟尾虫(Discapseudes mackiei)(占总个体数的25%)、羽须鳃沙蚕(Dendronereis prinnaticirris)(占总个体数的12%)。在6种生境类型中,老鼠簕站位大型底栖动物物种数量最多,为19种,均匀度和多样性指数均较高;短叶茳芏样地大型底栖动物栖息密度最高,为254.7 ind/m2,但是多样性指数(H"=1.25)最低;无瓣海桑站位平均生物量最高,为32.0613 g/m2。研究结果表明：(1)不同生境下大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著差异,尤其是无瓣海桑站位,无论群落结构、优势种还是生活型等都与其它站位有明显不同;(2)围垦区人工湿地与自然滩涂大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著;(3)潮汐作用对大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著。     

Structure and species distribution in Coringa mangrove forest,Godavari Delta,Andhra Pradesh,India

Coringa mangrove forest is located in the Godavari delta, Andhra Pradesh, India. The mangrove community consisted of more than 13 species of mangrove and other plants in the present study area. The following three dominant mangrove plants,Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha andSonneratia apetala were found to be present on the banks of a major channel of the Godavari river running through the forest. The structure and species distribution of mangrove, in the Channel Nagathana Kalaya has been described. The area behind the belt consisting ofAcanthus ilicifolius andMyriostachya wightiana is generally colonized byE. agallocha andA. marina. The zone has been called theAvicennia andExcoecaria zone. Adjacent to this zone species likeAegiceras corniculatum andA. officinalis were the common species. In the flat clayey soil,Suaeda maritima was found to grow. In areas of high elevation, devoid of inundation of tidal seawater during the high tidal period, species such asM. wightiana andAcanthus were found to colonize both the banks of the channels.An analysis of species diversity, indicated a definite trend in the distribution of mangrove from the mouth of the estuarine region to the inland waters.The levels of atmospheric pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO₂), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), ammonia (NH₃) and suspended particle matter (SPM) were within the legal limits.     

Root anatomy and spatial pattern of radial oxygen loss of eight true mangrove species

The root anatomical features of eight mangrove species in Hong Kong were similar, with large aerenchymal lacunae in the cortex for efficient internal oxygen transfer and an outer barrier consisting of an epidermis and hypodermis to prevent oxygen loss. The spatial pattern of radial oxygen loss (ROL) was also comparable, with more oxygen lost from the tip than that from the basal and mature zones. However, the aerenchyma in the cortex, the barrier and the extent of ROL varied along the root and these variations were species-specific. The whole root of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Acanthus ilicifolius L., Aegiceras corniculatum (Linn.) Blanco, Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong (previously known as Kandelia candel (L.) Druce) and Heriteria littoralis Dryand. ex W. Ait. had schizogenous aerenchyma, while the aerenchyma of Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Poir changed from schizogenous in the root tip to lysigenous in the other parts of the root. Excoecaria agallocha L. displayed the opposite pattern, from lysigenous in the root tip to schizogenous further up. Among the eight species, the roots of A. marina and A. ilicifolius had the largest areas of aerenchyma air spaces, but they also had the weakest barrier. On the other hand, H. littoralis had the least longitudinal oxygen transfer because of its smaller area of aerenchyma air spaces in its root. The tolerance of mangrove species to waterlogged soil followed the order of A. marina (most foreshore species) > A. ilicifolius > K. obovata > A. corniculatum > B. gymnorrhiza > E. agallocha > L. racemosa > H. littoralis (most landward species), which is related to their anatomical features of root cortex, epidermis and hypodermis.