低温电转联合Sleeping beauty转座子系统增强CAR-T修饰效率

嵌合抗原受体T淋巴细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cells, CAR-T cells)在恶性B淋巴细胞瘤治疗上取得了显著成效。CAR-T治疗通过分离病人外周血单个核细胞PBMC,经适当的基因编辑手段表达CAR结构,令T细胞获得靶向肿瘤细胞的能力,扩增后过继到体内完成对肿瘤的杀伤。该文主要探索在低温状态将含有睡美人(Sleeping beauty)转座子/转座酶系统的质粒电转进PBMC内表达CD19-CAR制备CAR-T细胞,并添加特定细胞因子进行增殖,并验证CAR表达、细胞活性与杀伤能力。结果表明,转染效率高达58.8%±4.1%,增殖后的CAR-T细胞能够整合并表达CAR基因,在与靶细胞共培养后,表现出与慢病毒制备的CD19-CAR相似的细胞活性和毒性。该文确定了一种基于Sleeping beauty转座子/转座酶和电转制备CAR-T细胞的方法,为临床CAR-T治疗提供了新的思路。     

组合型嵌合抗原受体的构建及分析鉴定

目的：构建靶向磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(glypican-3,GPC3)的嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor, CAR)及靶向上皮细胞黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EPCAM)嵌合抗原共刺激受体(chimeric antigen costimulatory receptor, CCR)共修饰的T细胞,并对其进行体外活性评估。方法：将EPCAM-CCR和GPC3-CAR基因片段克隆入慢病毒载体质粒,酶切、PCR和测序鉴定CCR+CAR pCDH重组载体。分离、激活和扩增人T细胞,利用慢病毒感染并筛选能够稳定表达该组合型嵌合抗原受体人T细胞。通过Western blot、流式细胞术(flow cytometry, FCM)验证CCR+CAR T细胞中CCR+CAR的表达,ELISA检测细胞因子IL-2、INF-γ、IL-4的分泌。结果：成功构建CCR+CAR pCDH慢病毒重组载体。成功分离、激活并扩增人T细胞。CCR+CAR pCDH慢病毒成功感染人T细胞,RT-PCR、Western blot检测也显示其成功表...     

以CD27的胞外结构域为嵌合抗原受体构建靶向CD70的CAR-T细胞

该研究以CD27分子的胞外段的部分肽段为嵌合抗原受体构建靶向CD70的嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T,CAR-T)细胞并在体外验证其功能。通过流式细胞术检测急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)细胞系的CD70靶抗原的表达情况,利用基因工程方法构建包含4-1BB共刺激因子的第二代Anti-CD70慢病毒表达载体,并制备相应慢病毒,感染激活的人CD3⁺T细胞,获得靶向CD70的第二代CAR-T细胞。流式细胞术检测靶向CD70 CAR-T细胞对AML细胞系的体外杀伤功能;CBA试剂盒测定其细胞因子(包括IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ)的分泌水平。研究结果表明,AML细胞系均表达CD70,并且在效靶比为1?1、2?1和5?1时,CD70 CAR-T细胞都能明显且特异性地杀伤表达CD70的AML细胞系。相比于对照组,CD70CAR-T细胞在杀伤靶细胞时分泌更高水平的IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ等细胞因子(P<0.05)。综上所述,该研究成功构建了靶向CD70...     

嵌合抗原受体构建与肿瘤治疗的研究进展

多年来,癌症治疗一直是困扰人类的难题之一,常规的治疗手段都各有局限。随着基因转移和细胞培养技术的更新换代,细胞免疫治疗逐渐走入公众视线。嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)修饰的T淋巴细胞(CAR-T)治疗是几年来肿瘤过继免疫治疗的新方法,能特异性识别靶抗原,并杀伤肿瘤细胞。我们将CAR-T细胞在肿瘤治疗中的应用及构建CAR-T细胞的策略做简要综述。     

CAR-T细胞治疗恶性肿瘤的研究现状与展望

嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)是运用重组DNA技术制备的基因工程抗体,由单链抗体、协同刺激分子及T细胞信号转导分子等部分融合而成。全外显子测序技术是传统的c DNA文库表达血清学方法之外的筛选肿瘤抗原的新方法。近年来,嵌合抗原受体-T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor-T cells,CAR-T细胞)在治疗包括实体瘤在内的一系列恶性肿瘤中取得了较大的成就。临床试验表明,CAR-T细胞在产生强大抗肿瘤效应的同时,也具有不容忽视的毒副反应。该文将讨论嵌合抗原受体-T细胞治疗恶性肿瘤基本原理、关键技术和面临的挑战。     

CAR-T细胞治疗血液肿瘤的临床进展

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)是一种新型治疗型T细胞,通过基因工程在T细胞表面表达可识别特定肿瘤抗原的嵌合受体,能特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞。CAR-T在多种血液肿瘤的治疗中具有良好的应用前景,受到了广泛的关注,但越来越多的临床应用显示CAR-T治疗产生了一系列不良反应,不同程度影响患者预后。该文总结了CAR的结构设计演变,CAR-T在急性淋巴细胞白血病、急性髓系白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤中的应用及相关不良反应,并就如何提高CAR-T的疗效和安全性展开讨论。     

CAR-NK细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)具有细胞毒性效应,无需抗原预先致敏,就能自发杀伤靶细胞,抵挡恶性肿瘤和病原的入侵,参与免疫监视和抗肿瘤应答免疫。嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)主要由来源于抗体的单链抗体(single-chain variable fragment,sc Fv)的胞外识别区和来自于T细胞抗原受体(TCR)的CD3ζ组成,能特异性地识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原和通过胞内的信号传导区域激活淋巴细胞,增强淋巴细胞的靶向性和活性,从而杀伤多种肿瘤。目前大多数的CAR研究都集中在T细胞,但巨额的花费、额外的毒性等都极大地限制了CAR-T细胞的广泛应用。CAR-NK细胞因能提供一种安全、有效的抗肿瘤免疫治疗,受到越来越多的重视。主要阐述CAR-NK细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的最新研究进展,以期为后续免疫治疗研究和NK细胞研究提供参考。     

肿瘤特异性嵌合抗原受体EGFRvⅢ-CAR的构建及体外活性分析

嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法（chimeric antigen receptor-T, CAR-T）,是通过体外激活和扩增肿瘤特异或非特异性杀伤细胞达到抗肿瘤效果,在肿瘤免疫治疗方面具有良好的应用前景。本研究构建靶向EGFRⅢ(epidermal growth factor receptor variant III)的嵌合抗原受体（CAR）的重组慢病毒表达载体,利用慢病毒感染并筛选能够稳定表达该嵌合抗原受体的Jurkat细胞系。通过EGFRvⅢ分子刺激、与U87MG细胞共培养的方式检测细胞系的活化状况。结果显示,成功构建了pCDH-EGFRvⅢscFv-CAR-copGFP-T2A-puro慢病毒表达重组质粒,并筛选出可稳定表达EGFRⅢ-CAR的Jurkat 细胞系。CCK-8 法检测显示,EGFRvⅢ分子刺激12 h的Jurkat-CAR细胞增殖率约是对照组的1.36倍（P<0.05）;ELISA法检测显示,与U87MG细胞共孵育后,细胞上清中IL-2的浓度约是单独培养分泌在上清中IL-2的1.625倍（P < 0.01）。以上结果表明,稳定表达CAR的jurkat细胞,可以靶向性识别EGFRvⅢ分子及EGFRvⅢ阳性的靶细胞,并引起IL-2细胞因子释放,为后续临床细胞免疫治疗提供了理论基础。     

非病毒定点整合CAR-T技术的开发及其在复发难治性非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤临床治疗中的应用

近年来,嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor, CAR) T细胞疗法在治疗恶性血液肿瘤中取得了喜人的进展,但目前CAR-T疗法依然存在一定的问题。本课题组利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统成功开发了非病毒定点整合CAR-T技术。通过各种条件的摸索和优化,成功制备了靶向CD19的非病毒PD1定点整合型CAR-T细胞。临床前和临床研究结果显示,该CAR-T细胞在复发难治性非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤的治疗中具有出色的安全性和有效性。机制研究表明,该PD1定点整合CAR-T细胞具有更高比例的记忆性T细胞和更强的抗肿瘤免疫功能。本研究开发的非病毒定点整合CAR-T技术为解决现有CAR-T治疗领域存在的问题提供了新的方法和思路。     

Regnase-1敲除对脐血来源CAR-T细胞的生物学功能影响

嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor-T, CAR-T)细胞治疗虽然在血液肿瘤治疗中疗效显著,但仍面临CAR-T细胞体内持续性短的问题,后者与疗效密切相关。Regnase-1具有核糖核酸酶作用,负向调控免疫应答。该研究在脐血T(cord blood T)细胞上成功敲除Regnase-1,制备Regnase-1缺陷的靶向CD19的脐血CAR-T细胞Regnase-1–CAR-T,发现敲除Regnase-1不影响脐血T细胞表达CAR分子,也不影响CAR-T细胞体外增殖和分化,在CAR-T体外生长早期可显著抑制CD39耗竭分子,并且显著增强CAR-T特异性持续杀伤能力和扩增能力,有助于改善脐血CAR-T细胞持续性,为CAR-T细胞药物的优化奠定基础。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.