越南越琵甲在中国首次发现（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：琵甲族）

在中国（云南）首次发现越琵甲属Viettagona Medvedev&Merkl, 2003和越南越琵甲V. vietnamensis Medvedev&Merkl, 2003，扩大了该属和种的分布地，弥补了原始描述的不足。提供了该种成虫的特征图和整体照片，列出了中国琵甲族已知3亚族19属的名录。     

基于防御腺特征的琵甲族属级阶元系统发育关系分析 (鞘翅目： 拟步甲科)

基于16属65种琵甲（含新记述7属）的防御腺特征, 探讨了琵甲族（鞘翅目： 拟步甲科）的属级系统发育关系。通过对这些种的防御腺着生位置、 形状、 长度、 宽度、 囊体间距、 囊壁厚度、 囊壁花纹、 囊壁褶皱等特征进行解剖测量和分析, 归纳出族、 属级特征。利用SPSS19.0和Hennig86（1.5版）两个软件对选定特征进行聚类分析和系统进化分析, 得出琵甲族16属的进化关系为：Prosodes>Blaptogonia>Tagonoides>Thaumatoblaps>Caenoblaps>Agnaptoria>Asidoblaps>Coelocnemodes>Dila>Gnaptor>Blaps>Pseudognaptorina> Nalepa>Belousovia>Gnaptorina>Itagonia。基于防御腺形态学数据的琵甲族系统发育分析结果将琵甲族16个属清楚地分开, 表明其在分类上具有重要价值。     

基于防御腺的中国琵甲族Blaptini系统发育分析(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)

根据琵甲族Blaptini11属 5 8种防御腺的着生位置、形状、长度、宽度、囊袋距离、表面花纹等特征归纳出属级和族级特征。每属选 1代表种 ,各选 6个典型特征 ,组成特征矩阵 ,用Hennig 86 (1 5版 )软件初步确定了琵甲族各属的系统发育关系 ,得出琵甲族属级进化趋势为 :宽琵甲属Blaptogonia >侧琵甲属Prosodes>异琵甲属Thaumatoblaps>琵甲属Blaps>亚琵甲属Asidoblaps>齿琵甲属Itagonia >贞琵甲属Agnaptoria >小琵甲属Gnaptorina >地琵甲属Dila >新琵甲属Neoblaps >乾琵甲属Coelocnemodes。所有研究标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

中国琵甲属八新种（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：琵甲族）

记述中国琵甲属8新种：甘孜琵甲Blaps garzica,sp,nov,叉尾琵甲B.furcala,sp.nov。,太原琵甲B.taiyuanica,Sp,nov.,尖角琵甲B.acutangula,sp.nov., 周氏琵甲B.choui,sp.nov.,多毛琵甲Bpilosa,sp.,nov.,短体琵甲B.brevis,sp.nov和圆形琵甲B.ratalaria,sp,nov。模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

中国齿琵甲属昆虫及一新种记述(鞘翅目,拟步甲科,琵甲族)(英文)

对中国齿琵甲属Itagonia Reitter昆虫进行了整理,并记述中国西藏齿琵甲属1新种:巴宿齿琵甲I.baxoica sp.nov..列出了该属中国已知种检索表.模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.     

中国北方常见芫菁分子物种界定(鞘翅目: 芫菁科)

【目的】应用线粒体COI和核CAD基因片段探讨自动条形码间隔探索(automatic barcode gapdiscovery, ABGD)、广义混合Yule溯祖模型(generalized mixed Yule coalescent, GMYC)、贝叶斯泊松树进程(Bayesian Poisson tree processes, bPTP)和贝叶斯系统发育和系统地理分析(Bayesianphylogenetics and phylogeography, BPP) 4种分析方法在芫菁科(Meloidae)昆虫分子物种界定中的适用性。【方法】分别基于COI, CAD和COI+CAD串联序列数据集,应用ABGD, GMYC, bPTP和BPP 4种方法对中国北方芫菁科常见的6属(沟芫菁属Hycleus、斑芫菁属Mylabris、豆芫菁属Epicauta、绿芫菁属Lytta、星芫菁属Megatrachelus和短翅芫菁属Meloe)18个形态种进行分子物种界定,并与形态学鉴定结果进行比较。【结果】利用COI+CAD串联序列数据集所得物种界定结果与形态鉴定结果一致;COI数据集使用ABGD和GMYC方法的界定结果与形态鉴定结果一致,而bPTP划分的物种数较形态鉴定结果多;基于CAD序列在3种单基因物种界定方法的结果中,除GMYC与形态划分一致外,其余均显示部分结果与形态划分不同。【结论】在芫菁科分子物种界定中,多基因联合序列、多种界定方法分析所得结果优于单一基因片段和界定方法的分析结果。本研究的结果为芫菁科昆虫的分子物种界定和整合分类提供了数据支持和参考。     

中国琵甲族一新属二新种(鞘翅目：拟步甲科)

记述了鞘翅目拟步甲科琵甲族1新属2新种,即新琵甲属Neoblaps gen.nov.,会泽新琵甲N.huizensis sp.nov.;波密地琵甲Dila bomiana sp.nov.。列出了机关报属和新种与近缘属或种的视差鉴别特征或检索表,模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

中国贞琵甲属昆虫及一新种记述(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)

对中国贞琵甲属Agnaptoria Reitter,1887进行了初步总结,描述西藏1新种：芒康贞琵甲Agnaptoria markama,sp．nov．,给出了贞琵甲属已知种检索表。模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆。     

基于通用引物的多重PCR对小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定

本研究利用通用引物的多重PCR方法开展小圆胸小蠹Euwallacea fornicatus的分子鉴定,以期探究多重PCR在昆虫分子鉴定中的可行性,并为开展小圆胸小蠹的有效、准确鉴定及综合防治等提供重要依据。使用多重PCR方法扩增了小圆胸小蠹的COI、16S和28S的3个分子片段,并将获得的目的序列在GenBank中进行BLAST比对;利用MEGA 7计算方胸小蠹属不同种间的遗传距离,并基于邻接法和最大似然法分别构建单基因系统发育树。结果表明：多重PCR可以用于小圆胸小蠹分子序列的获取;基于COI和16S的遗传距离分析表明了小圆胸小蠹的种内遗传距离均小于2%;基于单个基因构建的系统发育树均显示本研究扩增的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列与GenBank中获取的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列聚为一支。多重PCR可以应用于小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定,该方法不仅可以提高物种鉴定的准确率,还可以减少PCR过程中的时间和DNA消耗。     

辽宁沈阳发现韩国林蛙

2021年11月在沈阳市辽中区蒲河湿地公园（41°30′55″ N,122°78′30″ E,海拔30 m）采集到2号无尾两栖类标本,经形态特征比较确认为无尾目（Anura）蛙科（Ranidae）蛙属（Rana）物种,基于线粒体16S rRNA基因对蛙属19个物种的亲缘关系及系统发育进行分析,其与韩国及中国山东文登昆嵛山分布的韩国林蛙（R. coreana）遗传距离最近,并在最大似然树中聚为一支,应属种内关系。综合形态分析和系统发育比较,确定采集到的标本为韩国林蛙,系辽宁省两栖动物分布新记录种。本次发现将辽宁省分布的蛙属物种增至5种。     

Phylogenetic and systematic study of Korean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orius</Emphasis> species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on the basis of molecular and morphological data

A phylogenetic and systematic study of Orius species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from Korea has been conducted using both morphological and molecular characters. Thirty morphological character states were coded for 10 strains of 9 species. Five molecular markers, partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), cytochrome b (CytB), 16S rRNA (16S), 18S rRNA (18S), and 28S rRNA (28S), from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, were tested. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data were conducted by minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic (BP) analyses. Analysis of morphological data was performed using the parsimony programs NONA, and the combined dataset of morphological and molecular data was analyzed using BP analyses. The results of this study indicate that use of COI and CytB enabled relatively effective identification of species, whereas the sequences of 16S, 18S and 28S did not enable identification of closely related species such as Orius minutus and O. strigicollis. We discuss the usefulness of the five molecular markers for determining phylogenetic relationships and identifying the species.     

Comparison of morphological,DNA barcoding,and metabarcoding characterizations of freshwater nematode communities

Biomonitoring approaches and investigations of many ecological questions require assessments of the biodiversity of a given habitat. Small organisms, ranging from protozoans to metazoans, are of great ecological importance and comprise a major share of the planet's biodiversity but they are extremely difficult to identify, due to their minute body sizes and indistinct structures. Thus, most biodiversity studies that include small organisms draw on several methods for species delimitation, ranging from traditional microscopy to molecular techniques. In this study, we compared the efficiency of these methods by analyzing a community of nematodes. Specifically, we evaluated the performances of traditional morphological identification, single‐specimen barcoding (Sanger sequencing), and metabarcoding in the identification of 1500 nematodes from sediment samples. The molecular approaches were based on the analysis of the 28S ribosomal large and 18S small subunits (LSU and SSU). The morphological analysis resulted in the determination of 22 nematode species. Barcoding identified a comparable number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 28S rDNA (n = 20) and fewer OTUs based on 18S rDNA (n = 12). Metabarcoding identified a higher OTU number but fewer amplicon sequence variants (AVSs) (n = 48 OTUs, n = 17 ASVs for 28S rDNA, and n = 31 OTUs, n = 6 ASVs for 18S rDNA). Between the three approaches (morphology, barcoding, and metabarcoding), only three species (13.6%) were shared. This lack of taxonomic resolution hinders reliable community identifications to the species level. Further database curation will ensure the effective use of molecular species identification.     

Integrating a Numerical Taxonomic Method and Molecular Phylogeny for Species Delimitation of Melampsora Species (Melampsoraceae,Pucciniales) on Willows in China

The species in genus Melampsora are the causal agents of leaf rust diseases on willows in natural habitats and plantations. However, the classification and recognition of species diversity are challenging because morphological characteristics are scant and morphological variation in Melampsora on willows has not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, the taxonomy of Melampsora species on willows remains confused, especially in China where 31 species were reported based on either European or Japanese taxonomic systems. To clarify the species boundaries of Melampsora species on willows in China, we tested two approaches for species delimitation inferred from morphological and molecular variations. Morphological species boundaries were determined based on numerical taxonomic analyses of morphological characteristics in the uredinial and telial stages by cluster analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Phylogenetic species boundaries were delineated based on the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions including the 5.8S and D1/D2 regions of the large nuclear subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene. Numerical taxonomic analyses of 14 morphological characteristics recognized in the uredinial-telial stages revealed 22 morphological species, whereas the GMYC results recovered 29 phylogenetic species. In total, 17 morphological species were in concordance with the phylogenetic species and 5 morphological species were in concordance with 12 phylogenetic species. Both the morphological and molecular data supported 14 morphological characteristics, including 5 newly recognized characteristics and 9 traditionally emphasized characteristics, as effective for the differentiation of Melampsora species on willows in China. Based on the concordance and discordance of the two species delimitation approaches, we concluded that integrative taxonomy by using both morphological and molecular variations was an effective approach for delimitating Melampsora species on willows in China.     

Phylogeny and species reassessment of Hyalopterus (Aphididae,Aphidinae)

The broadly distributed genus Hyalopterus currently comprises three formally recognized species that are highly similar morphologically and hence difficult to be identified with certainty. This group has undergone multiple revisions in the past century, but none of these has assessed species from Asia, which has hampered our understanding of the species diversity within this genus. Based on a comprehensive data set from morphological data and host-associated data, and by coalescent-based delimitation approaches, the Hyalopterus species boundaries, distribution and diversity were clarified here to further reveal the composition of the species. Two single-locus (ML-GMYC and mPTP) and two multilocus (BPP and STACEY) delimitation methods were conducted based on extensive sampling. Then, the phylogenetic relationships and morphological divergence were assessed. Our data strongly supported that the number of recognized species in Hyalopterus had likely been underestimated. The phylogenetic analyses recovered four major clades, which corresponded to distinct host-plant preferences. Also, the morphological analyses showed significant differentiation for only one of the newly recognized candidate species uncovered by the delimitation approaches, suggesting the existence of at least two independent evolutionary lineages within Hyalopterus arundiniformis, which showed different patterns of host association. Moreover, based on our data, the taxonomic misidentification of H. arundiniformis in China was corrected here. This study lays the groundwork for the thorough taxonomic revision of Hyalopterus and for future evolutionary studies and underlines the importance of an integrated framework for species determination.     

Cryptic diversity in Brevipalpus mites (Tenuipalpidae)

Defining the taxonomic identity of organisms is a prerequisite for their study, and in the case of economically important species, misidentification may lead to the application of inappropriate prevention and control strategies. Flat mites of the Brevipalpus genus include several crop pests and the systematics of these mites represents a challenge for acarologists. Many of the most economically important Brevipalpus species have repeatedly been inaccurately identified. Such problematic classification has been attributed to the likely occurrence of cryptic species in the genus. In this study, we used an integrative approach that combined molecular analyses, including sequence‐based species delimitation, with detailed morphological identification using traits that have recently showed to be taxonomically informative. Sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were obtained from individuals collected from host plants belonging to 14 genera and 13 families across 29 locations in the Americas (Brazil, Chile, USA). The phylogenetic analyses included previously published Brevipalpus sequences from GenBank, and the final data set was classified into 44 haplotypes. Six putative species were recognised by COI‐based species delimitation analysis, and morphological evidence supported each of these species. The integrative approach revealed the occurrence of cryptic species in the Brevipalpus genus and contributed to the clarification of previously noted incongruences. The results presented here allow for the evaluation of taxonomic characteristics in a phylogenetic context and indicate new characters for the differentiation of Brevipalpus species. In addition, Brevipalpus incognitus n. sp. Ferragut & Navia, a cryptic species detected in this study, is described based on morphological and molecular traits. Implications of the advances in Brevipalpus systematics presented herein with respect to pest management are briefly discussed.     

New insight into the identification and molecular phylogeny of dagger nematodes of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with description of two new species

The genus Xiphinema constitutes a large group of about 260 species of plant‐ectoparasitic nematodes. The group is polyphagous and distributed almost worldwide. Some of the species of this genus damage agricultural crops by direct feeding on root cells as well as by transmitting nepoviruses. Species discrimination in Xiphinema is complicated by phenotypic plasticity leading to potential misidentification. We conducted nematode surveys in cultivated and natural environments in Spain from 2009 to 2012, from which we identified 20 populations of Xiphinema species morphologically close to the virus‐vector nematode species Xiphinema diversicaudatum, three apomictic populations tentatively identified as species from the complex Xiphinema aceri‐pyrenaicum group, and one population morphologically different from all others that is characterized by a female tail elongate to conical and absence of uterine differentiation. We developed comparative multivariate analyses for these related species by using morphological and morphometrical features together with molecular data from nuclear ribosomal DNA genes [D2‐D3 expansion segments of large ribosomal subunit 28S, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), and partial small ribosomal subunit (18S)]. The results of multivariate, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the morphological hypotheses and allowed the delimitation and discrimination of two new species in the genus described herein as Xiphinema baetica sp. nov. and Xiphinema turdetanensis sp. nov. , and ten known species: Xiphinema adenohystherum, Xiphinema belmontense, Xiphinema cohni, Xiphinema coxi europaeum, Xiphinema gersoni, Xiphinema hispidum, Xiphinema italiae, Xiphinema lupini, Xiphinema nuragicum, and Xiphinema turcicum. Multivariate analyses based on quantitative and qualitative characters and phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema spp. based on the three molecular ribosomal markers resulted in a partial consensus of these species grouping as nematode populations were maintained for the majority of morphospecies groups (e.g. morphospecies groups 5 and 6), but not in some others (e.g. position of Xiphinema granatum), demonstrating the usefulness of these analyses for helping in the diagnosis and identification of Xiphinema spp. The clade topology of phylogenetic trees of D2‐D3 and partial 18S regions in this study were congruent in supporting the polyphyletic status of some characters, such as the female tail shape and the degree of development of the genital system in species with both genital branches equally developed. This is the most complete phylogenetic study for Xiphinema non‐americanum‐group species. Agreement between phylogenetic trees and some morphological characters (uterine spines, pseudo‐Z organ, and tail shape) was tested by reconstruction of their histories on rDNA‐based trees using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Thus, integrative taxonomy, based on the combination of multivariate, molecular analyses with morphology, constitutes a new insight into the identification of Xiphinema species. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London     

Molecular phylogeny of the nematode genus Longidorus (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with description of three new species

The phylum Nematoda includes the genus Longidorus, a remarkable group of invertebrates that are polyphagous root‐ectoparasites of many plants including various agricultural crops and trees. Damage is caused by direct feeding on root cells as well as by transmitting nepoviruses. Species discrimination in Longidorus is complicated by phenotypic plasticity (intraspecific variability and minor interspecific differences) leading to potential misidentification. We conducted nematode surveys in cultivated and natural environments in southern Spain that detected 11 species of Longidorus. We developed a comparative study amongst these related species by considering morphological and morphometric features together with molecular data from nuclear ribosomal RNA genes [D2‐D3 expansion segments of large ribosomal subunit (28S), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), and partial small ribosomal subunit (18S)]. The results of our molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the morphological hypotheses and allowed the delimitation and discrimination of three new species of the genus, described herein as Longidorus baeticus sp. nov. , Longidorus oleae sp. nov. , and Longidorus andalusicus sp. nov. , and eight known species (Longidorus alvegus, Longidorus crataegi, Longidorus fasciatus, Longidorus intermedius, Longidorus iuglandis, Longidorus magnus, Longidorus rubi, and Longidorus vineacola). Phylogenetic analyses of Longidorus spp. based on the three molecular markers resulted in a general consensus of these species grouping, as lineages were maintained for the majority of species (i.e. species with a conoid‐rounded lip region, amphidial fovea asymmetrically bilobed, female tail bluntly rounded), but not in some others (i.e. positions of L. crataegi, L. intermedius, and L. rubi were quite variable). To date, this is the most complete phylogenetic analysis for Longidorus and Paralongidorus species, with the highest number of species included. No correspondence between phylogenetic trees and morphological characters was found for ribosomal markers, with the exception of amphidial shape. Thus, polyphasic identification, based on integration of molecular analysis with morphology, is a tool beyond doubt in Longidorus identification. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London     

Integrative taxonomy and preliminary assessment of species limits in the Liolaemus walkeri complex (Squamata,Liolaemidae) with descriptions of?three?new species from Peru

Species delimitation studies based on integrative taxonomic approaches have received considerable attention in the last few years, and have provided the strongest hypotheses of species boundaries. We used three lines of evidence (molecular, morphological, and niche envelopes) to test for species boundaries in Peruvian populations of the Liolaemus walkeri complex. Our results show that different lines of evidence and analyses are congruent in different combinations, for unambiguous delimitation of three lineages that were “hidden” within known species, and now deserve species status. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that L. walkeri, L. tacnae and the three new species are strongly separated from other species assigned to the alticolor-bibronii group. Few conventional morphological characters distinguish the new species from closely related taxa and this highlights the need to integrate other sources of data to erect strong hypothesis of species limits. A taxonomic key for known Peruvian species of the subgenus Lioalemus is provided.     

DNA barcoding identifies Eimeria species and contributes to the phylogenetics of coccidian parasites (Eimeriorina, Apicomplexa, Alveolata)

Partial (～ 780 bp) mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and near complete nuclear 18S rDNA (～ 1,780 bp) sequences were directly compared to assess their relative usefulness as markers for species identification and phylogenetic analysis of coccidian parasites (phylum Apicomplexa). Fifteen new COI partial sequences were obtained using two pairs of new primers from rigorously characterised (sensu Reid and Long, 1979) laboratory strains of seven Eimeria spp. infecting chickens as well as three additional sequences from cloned laboratory strains of Toxoplasma gondii (ME49 and GT1) and Neospora caninum (NC1) that were used as outgroup taxa for phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on COI sequences yielded robust support for the monophyly of individual Eimeria spp. infecting poultry except for the Eimeria mitis/mivati clade; however, the lack of a phenotypically characterised strain of E. mivati precludes drawing any firm conclusions regarding this observation. Unlike in the 18S rDNA-based phylogenetic reconstructions, Eimerianecatrix and Eimeria tenella formed monophyletic clades based on partial COI sequences. A species delimitation test was performed to determine the probability of making a correct identification of an unknown specimen (sequence) based on either complete 18S rDNA or partial COI sequences; in almost all cases, the partial COI sequences were more reliable as species-specific markers than complete 18S rDNA sequences. These observations demonstrate that partial COI sequences provide more synapomorphic characters at the species level than complete 18S rDNA sequences from the same taxa. We conclude that COI performs well as a marker for the identification of coccidian taxa (Eimeriorina) and will make an excellent DNA 'barcode' target for coccidia. The COI locus, in combination with an 18S rDNA sequence as an 'anchor', has sufficient phylogenetic signal to assist in the resolution of apparent paraphylies within the coccidia and likely more broadly within the Apicomplexa.