杉木和木荷种子萌发及幼苗生长对光梯度的响应

光是影响种子萌发和幼苗生长的关键因素.为理解不同树种种子萌发及幼苗生长对光梯度变化的响应机制,本文研究了不同光照强度(分别为自然光强的100%、60%、40%、15%和5%)对杉木和木荷种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,探讨了两树种种子萌发和幼苗生长对光照响应的差异性.结果表明: 光照强度对两树种的种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有显著影响. 随着光照强度的减弱, 杉木种子萌发率增大,萌发指数增大,木荷种子萌发率和萌发指数则先增大后减小,在40%光照强度下达到最大值.两树种幼苗存活率在全光照(100%光照)下均为0,在5%～60%光照处理下则随着光照强度的减弱而显著降低.两树种幼苗根长、地径和株高对光梯度变化的响应趋势一致,随着光照强度的减弱,根长显著减小,地径和株高则先增大后减小,在5%光照强度下达到最小.随着光照强度的减弱,杉木幼苗根、茎、叶及总生物量降低,木荷幼苗生物量积累在15%～60%光照强度下较高, 5%光照强度下最小,且相同光照强度下,木荷幼苗各部分生物量均大于杉木.两树种幼苗应对低光环境时,表现出较大的茎和叶的生物量分配比,而根生物量比和根冠比降低.表明杉木苗期生长不耐阴,需要相对较强的光照,而木荷苗期具有较强的耐阴性,对弱光环境的适应性更强,能够在郁闭的林冠下定植和正常生长.     

杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长对光强的响应

设置不同光强梯度(透光率分别为100%、40%、20%、10%和5%,光照强度PPFD分别为201.3、77.0、37.5、19.2、9.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),研究光对杉木种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响,分析杉木种子萌发、幼苗存活、生长、形态响应、生物量积累及其分配格局对不同光环境的响应策略.结果表明: 杉木种子的萌发率、存活率、建植率和萌发指数在不同光强梯度下均有显著差异,且40%的透光率是种子最适萌发条件,萌发率最高,而全光照下存活率和建植率最高;随光照强度的减弱,杉木幼苗茎长增大,根长、子叶长、子叶厚、真叶数呈降低趋势,而基径在各光照强度间无显著差异;总生物量、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量均表现为全光照下最大.随着光照强度的减弱,光合组织与非光合组织生物量比、叶生物量比呈降低趋势,茎生物量比呈增加趋势,根冠比和根生物量比无显著差异.弱光环境促进杉木种子萌发,不利于杉木幼苗存活和生长.在弱光环境下,杉木幼苗通过增大茎生物量来提高对弱光环境的耐受力.     

光照强度和肥力变化对垂穗披碱草生长的影响

在野外条件下,采用析因设计,对光照和肥力变化影响下垂穗披碱草的生长参数进行测定,评估垂穗披碱草对异质环境的适应特性。光照分为高光照(100%光照强度)、中度光照(43.5%光照强度)与低光照(6.74%光照强度);肥力分为施肥与不施肥。结果表明,垂穗披碱草在光照强度由高光照(100%)向中度光照(43.5%)变化情况下,地上生物量、分蘖数无变化,株高增大,光照强度减小到6.74%时,地上生物量、分蘖数、株高均减小。比叶面积(SLA)随光照强度的减弱而增加,相对生长率(RGR)随光照强度的减弱而减小,施肥对SLA和RGR无影响。根冠比在中度光照和低光照下各处理之间差异均不显著,高光照(100%)下增加肥力,根冠比增大。施肥时,叶分配随光照强度的减弱而增加,繁殖分配减小,不施肥时,叶分配与繁殖分配在高光照(100%)和中度光照(43.5%)下无差异,低光照(6.74%)下,叶分配增大,繁殖分配减小。施肥时茎分配在中度光照强度(43.5%)下最大,高光照强度(100%)下次之,低光照强度(6.74%)下最小,不施肥时,茎分配在高光照(100%)和中度光照(43.5%)下无差异,低光照(6.74%)下减小。研究表明:垂穗披碱草是一个光照耐受型物种,光照强度减小到全光照一半时仍可正常生长。在低光环境中,垂穗披碱草通过增加株高和大而薄的叶片,来适应环境,资源主要在叶分配、茎分配、繁殖分配之间进行了权衡。     

披针叶茴香对变化光环境的表型可塑性

植物对变化光环境的表型可塑性大小影响其在林下生境中分布、生长和更新。为探讨披针叶茴香在不同光环境下的整体表型可塑性及其适应机制,采用遮荫试验模拟5种光照条件(100%、52%、33%、15%和6%相对光照强度),研究了不同光环境下披针叶茴香叶片形态、生理、解剖结构、根系形态以及生物量分配等的变化。结果表明:叶生物量在5种光照处理之间差异不显著,但叶面积和比叶面积均随光照强度减弱显著增加。遮荫处理增加了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量,但叶绿素a/b比值随光照强度减弱而降低。遮荫降低了非结构性碳水化合物(淀粉和可溶性糖)和可溶性蛋白的含量,增加了叶片氮和磷含量,对叶片氮/磷比影响较小。在52%和33%相对光照处理下,叶片中硝酸盐含量最低,而在100%和6%相对光照处理下硝酸盐积累较多。根生物量、细根和粗根的长度、表面积以及比根长和比根表面积在5种光照处理之间均没有显著差异,根系氮含量在低光环境(15%和6%相对光照处理)中显著降低。随光照强度减弱,披针叶茴香采取保守生存策略,并没有增加叶生物量的分配,而是分配较多的生物量给枝条和树干,储存能量。综合来看,披针叶茴香具有较宽的光生态幅,在6%—100%光照强度下均能正常生长,遮荫有利于披针叶茴香地上和总生物量的积累,52%的相对光照条件下生长最佳。变化光环境下根系性状和整体结构的可塑性相对较低,叶片生理性状的可塑性在披针叶茴香适应光环境变化过程中发挥了主要作用。     

珍稀树种红花玉兰在华北地区的最适光环境

珍稀树种红花玉兰对其华南原产地的自然环境有良好的适应性, 但在华北地区却生长不良。通过对红花玉兰在华北地区一个生长季内对三种光照水平(100%、70%、40%全光照)的光合和生长响应分析, 结果表明:在70%全光照条件下, 红花玉兰幼苗的净光合速率、光饱和点、株高、基径、根生物量和茎生物量均达到最高水平。随着光照强度的减弱, 暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、比叶重量、叶片厚度和密度显著降低, 表观量子效率、最大荧光Fm、可变荧光Fv、Fm/Fo(Fo为初始荧光)、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶柄角度均显著增大。说明70%全光照最适于一年生红花玉兰幼苗在华北地区的生长, 全光照和40%全光照条件下幼苗则因光量的过剩和不足而生长不良。因此建议将红花玉兰栽植在林缘或林窗地带, 可为这一珍稀濒危树种在华北地区的引种提供有利的适生光照环境。     

珍稀树种红花玉兰在华北地区的最适光环境（英文）

珍稀树种红花玉兰对其华南原产地的自然环境有良好的适应性,但在华北地区却生长不良。通过对红花玉兰在华北地区一个生长季内对三种光照水平(100%、70%、40%全光照)的光合和生长响应分析,结果表明:在70%全光照条件下,红花玉兰幼苗的净光合速率、光饱和点、株高、基径、根生物量和茎生物量均达到最高水平。随着光照强度的减弱,暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、比叶重量、叶片厚度和密度显著降低,表观量子效率、最大荧光Fm、可变荧光Fv、Fm/Fo(Fo为初始荧光)、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶柄角度均显著增大。说明70%全光照最适于一年生红花玉兰幼苗在华北地区的生长,全光照和40%全光照条件下幼苗则因光量的过剩和不足而生长不良。因此建议将红花玉兰栽植在林缘或林窗地带,可为这一珍稀濒危树种在华北地区的引种提供有利的适生光照环境。     

光照强度对广西地不容光合特性和生长的影响

以盆栽当年生广西地不容为材料,研究不同光照强度(100%、50%、30%和15%自然光强)对其光合特性和生长的影响。结果表明:随着光照强度的降低,广西地不容最大净光合速率(P_(max))、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)先减小,而后稍有增大;表观量子效率(AQY)在30%和50%光强下显著高于100%和15%光强处理;叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量随光强的减弱而增大,Car/Chl随光强的减弱而减小,Chla/Chlb比值在各处理间无显著差异;单叶面积随生长光强的减弱而增大,比叶重(LMA)则随着生长光强的减弱而减小;30%光强下广西地不容块根生物量最高,光照过强和过弱都不利于其生物量的积累。广西地不容对光强的适应范围较广,但光照过强或过荫均对生长造成不良影响,光合速率降低,生长减缓,块根生物量积累下降,30%光强是其当年生苗生长的最佳光强。     

遮荫对江南油杉幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响北大核心CSCD

为探究有利于江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)幼苗生长发育的最适光照条件,该研究以1.5年生江南油杉幼苗为研究对象,对其进行为期2年不同光照强度(即全光照和遮荫率40%、60%、80%)处理,分析其形态生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、生物量积累及分配等对不同光环境的适应机制。结果表明：(1)随遮荫程度的增强,江南油杉幼苗的地径生长量、叶片厚度逐渐减小,株高生长量、叶面积和比叶面积逐渐增大,叶片干质量呈先升后降的趋势;(2)遮荫造成叶片的叶绿素含量、初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、电子传递速率(ETR)均呈现显著增加的趋势;(3)遮荫处理下幼苗的叶、茎、根生物量和总生物量总体表现出随着光照强度的降低而减小的变化趋势,幼苗根生物量比和根冠比均减小,而叶生物量比、茎生物量比以及光合组织与非光合组织生物量比均增大。研究发现,全光照下江南油杉幼苗生长发育受到了抑制,遮荫显著影响江南油杉苗期生长及叶绿素荧光特性,适度遮荫能提高幼苗叶片的光捕获能力、光能利用效率,增强幼苗光合能力,促进生长;江南油杉幼苗在遮荫率为60%的环境下受光胁迫较小,其生长、叶片表观特征、光合能力以及生物量积累与分配等表现最优。     

3种速生树种落叶水浸提液对走马胎幼苗生长的化感效应

林药复合种植的关键在于科学理解造林树种与药材之间是否具有增益效应,其中避免化感抑制是重要方面之一。本研究选择以民族药用植物—走马胎（Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf）为研究对象,探讨走马胎与3种速生树种尾叶桉（Eualyptus urophylla S.T.Blakely）、湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelm.）和杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook.）复合种植中存在的化感作用。结果显示：与对照组CK相比,桉树落叶水浸提液降低了走马胎株高至少2.59%,对走马胎幼苗的株高有显著性抑制作用（P<0.05）,对走马胎幼苗的根长、地下部分干重以及生物量有极显著性抑制作用（P<0.01）,且随着浓度的增高,抑制作用增强。湿地松落叶水浸提液对走马胎幼苗的株高、根长以及地上部分干重出现低浓度促进高浓度没有显著性影响的双浓度效应,而对走马胎幼苗的基径、地下部分干重以及生物量呈现低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双浓度效应;杉木落叶水浸提液对走马胎幼苗生长的影响呈现低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双浓度效应现象。综合各项指标得出：走马胎与桉树之间存在较强的负化感效应,而走马胎与湿地松或杉木之间存在“低促高抑”的化感效应;     

遮荫对3年生东北铁线莲生长特性及品质的影响

采用人工遮荫的方法,研究了遮荫处理(全光照CK、遮荫30%、50%、70%和90%)对东北铁线莲生长特性和品质的影响。结果表明:东北铁线莲株高随着遮荫梯度的增加而增高;30%遮荫处理茎粗最粗,根茎生物最高,与其它处理差异显著;而茎生物量、叶生物量则是30%遮荫处理与CK、70%和90%处理差异显著;东北铁线莲各器官生物量对光照强度的响应不同,表现为根茎生物量比、根冠比随着光照强度的减弱而降低,茎生物量比和叶生物量比则随着光照的减弱而增加,说明在遮荫的条件下,东北铁线莲优先将生物量分配给茎和叶,用来增加叶面积,以便于接受更多的光能,维持自身的生长发育。东北铁线莲光合色素含量随着遮荫梯度的增加而增加,90%遮荫下的东北铁线莲叶片光合色素含量最高,与其他处理差异显著;相反叶绿素a/b的值却最低;尤其是3年生东北铁线莲叶片中叶绿素 b含量随着光照强度的减弱而升高,能够使东北铁线莲充分吸收散射光,保持较强的光合能力。30%遮荫处理东北铁线莲净光合速率为10.86 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1,显著高于其它处理;随着光照强度的减弱东北铁线莲Gs先增加后降低,Ci则是先降低后增加,30%遮荫处理与其它处理间差异显著,但随着遮荫梯度的增加,东北铁线莲的净光合速率降低,光合作用合成产物总量减少,导致70%和90%遮荫条件下生物量较低;遮荫不利于东北铁线莲有效成分齐墩果酸的积累,不同处理,东北铁线莲齐墩果酸含量差异较大,以全光照和30%遮荫处理齐墩果酸含量较高,与其它处理间差异显著。因此,在生产实践上,对其进行适度遮荫,既保证东北铁线莲药材的质量,又提高药材产量;同时,若不以采收种子为目的,建议在8月份以后采收东北铁线莲药材。     

Leishmania tropica: the effect of darkness and light on biological activities in vitro

Leishmania parasites can be exposed to effects of light in their vectors and hosts, at various periods. However, there is no information about the effects of light on Leishmania parasites. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of light on various cell parameters of Leishmania tropica, in vitro. All experiments were conducted on L. tropica promastigotes and amastigote-macrophage cultures, using flow cytometric analysis, MTT and phenol–sulfuric acid assay, DAPI and Giemsa. The results showed that the morphology of parasites has changed; the cell cycle has been affected and this caused parasites to remain at G0/G1 phase. Furthermore the proliferation, infectivity, glucose consumption and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities of parasites were decreased. Thus, for the first time, in this study, the effects of light on biological activities of Leishmania parasites were shown. These new information about parasites’ biology, would be very important to investigate the effects of light on the parasites in infected vectors and hosts.     

The effect of light quality on the growth and development of in vitro cultured Doritaenopsis plants

The influence of light quality on growth and development of in vitro grown Doritaenopsis hort. (Orchidaceae) plants was investigated. Growth parameters like leaf and root fresh/dry mass and leaf area were highest with plants grown under red plus blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). Leaf length was greater with the plants grown under red LED. Carbohydrate (starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose) and leaf pigment (chlorophylls and carotenoids) biosynthesis of the plants was significantly increased in plants grown under red plus blue LEDs compared to red or blue LED and fluorescent light treatments. This study suggests that the production of quality Doritaenopsis plants is possible by culturing the plants in vitro under a mixture of blue plus red light sources.     

Light inhibition of internode elongation in green plants

The clongation of the first internode of fully greenVigna sinensis L. is inhibited by white light (W). This inhibition is fluence-rate dependent between 0 and 70 Wm^–2. The kinetics of elongation rate in the light after darkness were investigated with linear displacement transducers. The internode elongation rate does not exhibit any endogenous rhythm. A rapid inhibition occurs during the first 2 or 3 h after the onset of light, and a second type of inhibition (slow reaction) increases from the beginning to the 8th hour of light. The rapid inhibition is not fluence-rate dependent between 20 and 70 Wm^–2, but the slow reaction is. There is no rapid inhibition in a low fluence rate white light to high fluence rate white light transition, only the slow reaction is observed. The responses to different wavebands, i.e., blue light (B), yellow and green light (YG), and red light (R), are the same for the two inhibition reactions. Each waveband used separately does not reproduce the full effect observed in W. Results show a stimulation with B, a greater inhibition activity with YG than with R, and a synergistic action of B and R which when given together lead to an inhibition similar to that obtained in W. Plants returned from the light to darkness progressively recover a high elongation rate without any latent period. The W light regulating internode elongation rate is mainly perceived by the growing internode itself.Abbreviations B blue light - D darkness - F far-red light - HW high fluence rate white light - LW low fluence rate white light - R red light - W white light - YG yellow and green light     

Lichen diversity on steppe slopes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga and its dependence on microclimate

Isolated steppes on sunlit southern slopes are a characteristic feature of the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Lichen diversity of such steppe slopes was studied in the western Khentey Mountains, located between the Mongolian capital Ulan Bator and Lake Baikal. Functional types of lichen species were analyzed and measurements of microclimate were carried out as a first approach to figure out relevant site factors that control lichen distribution in the different habitat types of the steppe slopes. Such habitats include meadow steppe, siliceous rock and savanna-like Ulmus pumila open woodlands. Dominance of chlorolichens with either yellow or orange lichen substances (usnic acid, parietin, pulvinic acid derivatives) or melanin in the cortex, which absorb both ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light usable for photosynthesis (PAR) suggests that effective protection against high solar irradiation is a crucial selective factor for lichens on the steppe slopes. The slopes are subject to high irradiation because of their steepness and because of the ultracontinental climate. In Betula platyphylla–Larix sibirica light taiga forest bordering the steppe on northern slopes, lichens with and without effective photoprotection co-occur. A second important factor, apparently influencing lichen distribution of the study area is water availability. Low precipitation, which falls in numerous small rain showers, combined with frequent dewfall in summer favors chlorolichens and explains the limitation of cyanolichens to particularly moist microsites, such as water runoffs on rocks or moss cushions on inclined or horizontal tree trunks. Ecophysiological measurements to prove these hypotheses on the significance of sunlight and water availability for lichen performance in the study area have not yet been carried out.     

Is light-dependent formation of inorganic pyrophosphate in Anacystis a photosynthetic process?

The cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans contained levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP) which were about 50% of those of ATP in dark and light. Steady-state levels of PP were not decreased by the inhibitor of non-cyclic electron transport DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea]. During transition from dark to light levels of PP increased rapidly. The rate of increase corresponded to a rate of synthesis of about 150 mol x mg chl^-1 x h^-1. PP formation was affected by DCMU in a similar manner to ATP synthesis.The question whether the light-dependent formation of PP is a photosynthetic process or is linked to reactions releasing PP has been studied using a newly developed cell-free system from Anacystis. Rates of ATP synthesis by phenazine metosulfate-catalyzed cyclic photophosphorylation in this system were about 170 mol x mg chl^-1 x h^-1. Formation of PP could only be observed in presence of a trapping system which converted PP to ATP, otherwise PP was split by a particle-bound inorganic pyrophosphatase. In absence of ADP neither ATP nor PP was formed.It is concluded that the light-dependent formation of PP in Anacystis is not a photosynthetic process and that the PP is derived from ATP.Abbreviations AMS adenosine 5-monosulfate - APS adenosine 5-phosphosulfate - APSase adenosine 5-triphosphate sulfurylase - chl chlorophyll - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea - Hepes N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid - Mes 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - PCA perchloric acid - PMS phenazine metosulfate - PPase inorganic pyrophosphatase     

Modulation of pigment profiles of Calothrix elenkenii in response to environmental changes

Cyanobacteria are versatile tetrapyrrole synthesizers that can regulate their tetrapyrrole content and composition in response to environmental signals. The present investigation analyses the interplay between light and dark regimes (continuous light, light-dark cycles (16:8) and continuous darkness) and aerobic, air-tight, and anaerobic environments (argon-enriched), on the relative composition of various pigments and growth attributes of Calothrix elenkenii as a prelude to exploiting C. elenkenii's bioindustrial potential as a source of pigments. Incubation in an anaerobic environment stimulated hormogonia formation and induced colouration/thickening of cells. Aerobically grown cultures of Calothrix, under continuous illumination produced the maximum amount of total phycobiliproteins and sugars, although chlorophyll accumulation and nitrogenase activity were highest in the light-dark environment. However, the beta-carotene content was observed to vary under anaerobic conditions with different light-dark regimes. This C. elenkenii strain can be a valuable source of pigments under optimized environmental conditions.     

Population niche structure

Summary The response of twenty maternal families of the annual Abutilon theophrasti to two resource gradients, nutrient and light, was investigated. The structure of the population niche for both biomass and reproductive output was found to be quite different on the two gradients. On the light gradient there was a great diversity of responses among the families while on the nutrient gradient the families responded in a similar manner. On both gradients the plants showed a significant genotype/environment interaction. Three strategies for the production of seed variation have been proposed-all offspring are adapted to the same restricted environment, each offspring of an individual is adapted to a particular environment somewhat different thant that of its siblings, and all the offspring are able to grow in a wide range of environments. We found evidence for all three of these strategies amongst the families. The range of responses seen amongst families (of the same species) in this study was as broad as that found in previous studies among species of the old field annual community to which Abutilon theophrasti belongs. This has significant implications to the nature of competitive interactions and to the evolution of differential resource use in plant populations.     

二年生三七农艺和质量性状对环境光强的响应特征

为探究光照强度对二年生三七(Panax notoginseng)农艺性状和质量性状的影响,采用人工遮荫的方法,对三七植株的农艺性状、解剖结构、生物量和皂苷含量进行研究。结果表明,三七生物量积累以透光率为13.5%时最大;三七总皂苷含量在透光率9.2%时最高,透光率为13.5%时单株皂苷含量较大。当透光率降低,三七的叶片和茎部生物量增加;透光率增加时,三七通过增加叶片上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度和叶片厚度来减少光捕获。因此,在透光率为9.2%~13.5%时对三七的生长、生物量及皂苷的积累有促进作用。