红火蚁自然种群耐寒性的研究

为综合评价红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren的抗寒能力, 依据2005-2006年在深圳野外获得的红火蚁自然种群测定了其不同品级及虫态的过冷却点和低温处理后的存活率。研究结果表明：红火蚁各品级及其3个虫态的过冷却点之间存在显著差异。工蚁与雌、雄有翅蚁之间的过冷却点不存在差异, 而雌、雄有翅蚁之间的过冷却点存在差异;不同虫态过冷却点大小依次为蛹﹤成虫﹤幼虫。红火蚁自然种群在越冬前后存在过冷却点波动的现象, 表现为从10月份开始红火蚁野外种群的过冷却点开始逐渐下降, 在2月份达到最低, 为-12.68℃, 3月份回升到-9.51℃。红火蚁低温下的存活率S^T与低温暴露温度T和暴露时间t之间的关系均符合逻辑斯谛曲线方程。当处理时间为0.5 h, 红火蚁在-14℃时存活率为15.3%;当处理时间为1, 2和4 h, 工蚁在处理温度分别为-13, -9和-9℃才可全部致死。当处理温度为-10℃, 需要经过240 min工蚁才全部死亡, 在-11℃, 则需要120 min。相同低温的不同变幅和持续作用对工蚁的存活有较大的影响。总体来说, 经过相同的处理时间, 低温变幅越大存活率越低, 而且存活率降至0所需要的时间也不同, 4±9℃处理时在经过9 d即降为0, 而4±0℃处理则要长于15 d。与对照相比, 4±6℃和4±9℃处理4 d能显著提高工蚁在低温下的存活率。结果提示,不同变幅的持续低温作用对红火蚁的抗寒能力有着驯化作用, 红火蚁对极端气候有较强的适应能力。     

昆虫的耐寒性及其影响因素

昆虫是变温动物,种群的繁衍面临如何安全度过漫长而寒冷的冬季的挑战.为了安全越冬,昆虫必须适应冬季的低温,增强耐寒能力是昆虫的一种重要的季节适应机制.近年来,关于昆虫耐寒性的研究不断开展,研究内容涉及影响耐寒性的因素、耐寒性的机制等方面.影响昆虫耐寒性的因素包括环境因素,如气候的季节变化、纬度或海拔的差异等,以及昆虫自身的发育阶段、滞育发生等.     

光照与飞蝗卵耐寒性的关系

用热电偶法测定长光照(L：D=14：10)和短光照(L：D=10：14)条件下饲养的飞蝗所产卵的过冷却点;并对长、短光照组分别设置5个温度(0、-5、-10、-15和-20℃)处理,每一温度又设置5个时间(6h,1、3、5和10d)处理,然后检查其28℃的孵化数,以此计算低温存活率和半致死温度。长、短光照组卵的过冷却点没有差异;两种光照条件下的低温存活率随着卵处理温度的降低和时间的延长而下降,在-5和-10℃时短光照组的低温存活率显著高于长光照组;卵的半致死温度随低温处理时间的延长而升高,短光照组的半致死温度明显低于长光照组。接受短光照的飞蝗母本能产出耐寒性较高的卵,暗示秋天所产的卵能更成功地越冬。     

东北地区亚洲玉米螟野生滞育幼虫耐寒性研究

为明确东北地区亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)野生滞育幼虫耐寒能力和耐寒性策略,利用比较过冷却点(supercooling points,SCP)和低温存活率的方法,对东北地区7个地理种群(佳木斯、德惠、公主岭、沈阳、瓦房店、普兰店和旅顺)亚洲玉米螟野生滞育幼虫的耐寒能力和耐寒性策略进行了研究。结果表明,试虫SCP介于-6.18^-29.98℃间,7种群SCP均值介于-13.95-29.98℃间,7种群SCP均值介于-13.95^-25.85℃间,种群间差异显著(P<0.05),但种群SCP高低与其纬度分布无关;7种群12 h低温暴露死亡率随纬度升高而降低,差异显著(P<0.05),其致死中温(LT50)介于-52.19-25.85℃间,种群间差异显著(P<0.05),但种群SCP高低与其纬度分布无关;7种群12 h低温暴露死亡率随纬度升高而降低,差异显著(P<0.05),其致死中温(LT50)介于-52.19^-68.19℃间,LT50亦随纬度升高而降低,种群间差异显著(P<0.05);试虫-30℃以上低温暴露12h无死亡,-30℃以下处理后死亡率随温度降低而升高,-80℃冷冻处理12 h后仍有部分能够复苏,表明东北地区亚洲玉米螟耐寒能力极强,以耐结冰的耐寒性策略越冬,SCP不能评价其耐寒性强弱,低温存活率和LT50可以作为界定其耐寒性强弱的指标。     

昆虫耐寒性的测定与评价方法

昆虫耐寒性因其重要的理论和实践意义成为当前生态学研究中一个热点领域。近年来 ,大量的文献从不同的角度报道了昆虫耐寒性及其生态学意义。该文根据近期昆虫耐寒性研究的文献并结合作者的实验结果 ,从研究方法的角度概述昆虫耐寒性实验研究中应注意的几个问题 ,包括持续低温和瞬间低温 ,恒定低温和变化的低温 ,以及冷却速率对昆虫耐寒性的影响。同时介绍评价昆虫耐寒性的几个参数和模型 ,并对耐寒性的定量表达和评价方法进行讨论。     

水稻二化螟越冬幼虫耐寒性物质的动态变化

为从生理生化水平上探讨二化螟越冬幼虫耐寒机制,分别对不同时期采集的二化螟越冬幼虫过冷却点及水、灰分、元素、脂肪、脂肪酸、甘油、总糖和蛋白质含量进行了测定.结果表明：越冬期幼虫过冷却点及游离水、游离脂肪、总糖和蛋白质含量变化均呈先减后增,而结合水、灰分、高含量元素（K、Na、Mg、Fe、Ni和Cr）、结合脂肪和甘油含量则呈相反变化;越冬期幼虫脂肪酸组分出现变化,但主要成分均为9-十六碳烯酸、9-十六烷酸和9-十八碳烯酸,其中前二者含量呈先减后增变化而后者则相反.越冬幼虫体内理化成分含量的动态变化可以反映其耐寒性强弱.     

驯化对始红蝽(Pyrrhocoris apterus)耐寒能力的影响及越冬适应策略

为阐明越冬期间始红蝽应对低温胁迫的耐寒策略及其影响因素,从生理生化水平探讨始红蝽成虫的耐寒能力,逐月测定了12月至翌年3月始红蝽低温驯化前后的过冷却点、低温存活率、LT_(50)以及始红蝽体内耐寒物质含量。结果表明,越冬期间始红蝽自然种群过冷却点最低为(-14.01±0.53)℃,-5、-10℃驯化30min后的始红蝽过冷却点最低降至为(-19.32±0.86)℃、(-25.56±1.09)℃。0℃驯化30min后暴露于-5、-10、-15℃1h的最高存活率依次为100%、39.1%±8.6%、10%;始红蝽自然种群LT_(50)最低为-8.53℃,0℃驯化后降至-9.21℃。越冬期间雌雄始红蝽体内自由水/结合水比值和游离蛋白质含量先下降后上升,12月达到最大值,雌雄分别为144.50±26.22和140.32±21.92,(15.81±0.10)mg/g和(15.47±0.01)mg/g;脂肪、海藻糖和甘油含量先上升后下降,2月达到最大值,雌雄脂肪含量分别为(16.33±0.48)mg/g和(13.15±1.32)mg/g,海藻糖含量分别为(11.98±0.01)mg/g和(10.88±0.02)mg/g,甘油含量分别为(14.74±0.01)mg/g和(15.06±0.03)mg/g。研究证明,低温驯化后始红蝽的过冷却点和LT_(50)明显降低,低温存活率显著提高,越冬期间始红蝽可通过调整体内抗逆物质含量以增强虫体耐寒能力。     

异色瓢虫不同色斑型成虫的耐寒性研究

【目的】研究异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridi不同色斑型成虫的耐寒能力,以明确其色斑型比例所呈现的季节性变化的适应意义。【方法】本文测定了异色瓢虫实验种群和自然种群不同色斑型成虫的过冷却点(Supercooling point,SCP)及低温存活率。【结果】同一发育温度下异色瓢虫实验种群不同色斑型成虫的SCP和低温存活率均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是低温暴露中饲养在25℃下成虫的存活率下降更为剧烈。异色瓢虫自然种群黑底型与黄底型成虫的SCP呈现出明显的季节性变化,其SCP在7月份最高,分别为﹣8.2℃和﹣7.5℃;在1月份达到最低,分别为﹣16.8℃和﹣18.2℃。越冬开始(11月)黑底型成虫的SCP低于黄底型成虫的,整个越冬期间黄底型成虫的SCP一直低于黑底型成虫的,但是异色瓢虫黑底型与黄底型越冬成虫的低温存活率却没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。【结论】越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫的SCP低于黑底型的,这样可以通过体液过冷却的方式来避免结冰造成的伤害,以增强其越冬种群的耐寒能力,这也可能是越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫数量显著上升的一个原因。     

松突圆蚧种群耐寒性的季节变化

采用过冷却点、低温暴露死亡率、冷识别温度和致死中低温累积等指标评价不同季节松突圆蚧的耐寒性.结果表明:各季节松突圆蚧的过冷却点波动在-22.4～-3.1 ℃之间,以冬季雌成虫的平均过冷却点最低(-14.83 ℃),显著低于夏季雌成虫、冬季1龄若虫和初孵若虫(P＜0.01),但其它发育阶段在冬、夏季之间均无显著差异;冬季1龄若虫、2龄性分化前若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫、雌成虫和种群总体在-20～0 ℃下的死亡率、冷识别温度和致死中低温累积均明显低于夏季;1龄若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫和种群总体的致死中低温累积与季节性平均气温均呈显著正相关(R＞R0.05=0.950,n-2=2),但各发育阶段的过冷却点与其致死中低温累积的相关性均未达显著水平.松突圆蚧冬季种群耐寒性最强,夏季种群最弱;该虫耐寒性的这一季节适应性并不依赖于过冷却点,而与气温的季节变化密切相关.     

斑须蝽生物学特性及成虫耐寒性的研究

斑须蝽Dalycoris baccarum(Linnaeus)是多种作物和苗木的重要害虫。在鲁西南一年发生3代，以成虫主要在越冬菜叶夹缝、作物根际、枯枝落叶，树皮及房屋缝隙等处越冬。其越冬成虫结冰点和过冷却点分别为-5．2℃和-8．5℃。冬季极端低温对其越冬成活率有明显影响．第一代发生较轻．第二代发生重。成虫具弱趋光性，第二代上灯量占全年总量的77．56%。     

线虫耐寒性研究进展

对于分布在温带和寒带的线虫,它们只有战胜冬季寒冷的挑战,才能有利于种群的存在与发展。因此,耐寒性是线虫生物学研究中不可忽视的内容。综述了关于线虫在低温胁迫下的耐寒性测定方法、耐寒对策及耐寒机制等方面的研究进展。线虫的耐寒性和昆虫一样,可通过过冷却点和低温存活率两种指标进行评价,但在具体的实验方法上,线虫耐寒性研究有其不同之处。线虫的耐寒对策和耐寒机制具有多样化。耐寒对策主要有耐冻和避冻,二者能共同渗透于线虫的耐寒过程中。耐寒机制包括特殊发育阶段的形成、低温驯化作用、低分子量抗冻物质的聚集、以及高分子量抗冻蛋白和热休克蛋白的产生,等等。此外,还强调应从多个角度研究线虫的耐寒性,如寒冷敏感型线虫的研究、寄生线虫的耐寒对策研究以及交叉胁迫的研究。     

红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫耐寒能力及耐寒物质的研究

为明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的耐寒能力以及主要耐寒物质,对越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点及冰点进行了测定,同时对越冬期及非越冬期幼虫和成虫体内的抗冻保护物质进行了测定.结果表明,越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点差异不显著,分别为-18.34±0.26℃和-18.59±0.63℃,冰点差异...     

异色瓢虫成虫耐寒能力的季节性变化

为研究异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis自然种群耐寒能力的季节性变化,测定了其过冷却点、体内含水量及总脂肪含量和低温存活力。结果表明：异色瓢虫成虫低温存活力呈现出明显的季节性变化,越冬前成虫的耐寒性显著强于夏季成虫和越冬后成虫。冷驯化（5℃, 5 d）可以显著提高夏季成虫的低温存活力。雌雄成虫过冷却点和体内含水量随气温的降低而降低,升高而升高。过冷却点7月份最高,分别为−7.6℃和−8.0℃;越冬中期（2008-01-15）最低,分别为−18.1℃ 和−16.9℃。雌雄成虫体内含水量9月份最高,分别为66.87%和68.01%,10月份显著降低,越冬后期（2008-02-19）最低,分别为52.94%和51.53%。越冬期间过冷却点和体内含水量显著低于其他时期。而雌雄成虫体内总脂肪含量在越冬开始就达到最高,分别为50.07%和47.93%,随后又逐渐降低,越冬期间显著高于其他时期。由此可知异色瓢虫自然种群的耐寒性呈现出明显的季节性变化,文中还就异色瓢虫自然种群耐寒性影响因素及其越冬策略进行了讨论。     

Supercooling ability and cold hardiness of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus

Supercooling point (SCP) and cold‐hardiness of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) were investigated. Mature eggs from the oviduct were supercooled on average to ?28.0 °C and from oilseed rape buds to ?24.4 °C; first instars were supercooled to ?21.0 °C and second instars to ?16.8 °C. Despite their high supercooling ability, none of the eggs survived 24 h exposure to ?2.5 °C. The supercooling ability of adults varied significantly among feeding and non‐feeding beetles: high SCPs prevailed during the whole warm period, being about ?12 °C; low values of SCP of ?20 °C dominated in non‐feeding beetles. In spring and autumn, beetles displayed the same acclimation efficiency: after 1 week of exposure at 2.0 °C with no access to food their SCPs were depressed equally by about 3 °C. Meligethes aeneus beetles have a different response to low temperatures depending on the season. The lowest tolerance was found in reproductively active beetles after emergence from overwintering sites; the time needed to kill 50% of individuals (Ltime₅₀) was 56.2 h at ?7 °C and the lower lethal temperature needed to kill 50% (Ltemp₅₀) after 24 h exposure was ?8.6 °C. Cold hardiness increased from midsummer to midwinter; Ltime₅₀ was 80 h in August, 182.8 h in September, and 418.1 h in January. Lethal temperature after 24 h exposure was ?9.1 °C in August and ?9.8 °C in September. In February, after diapause, the beetles started to loose their cold tolerance, and Ltemp₅₀ was slightly increased to ?9.5 °C. Hibernating beetles tolerated long exposure at ?7 °C well, but mortality was high after short exposure if the temperature dropped below ?9 °C for 24 h. Despite the season, the beetles died at temperatures well above their mean SCP; consequently, SCP is not a suitable index for cold hardiness of M. aeneus.     

瓜实蝇耐低温相关生理指标的测定

【目的】了解瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett)对低温的耐受性,分析其不同发育阶段耐寒力差异。【方法】以不同发育阶段瓜实蝇为实验材料,分别测定并比较了过冷却点、水分、脂肪、甘油和糖类含量的变化情况。【结果】其不同龄期的过冷却点差异显著,5日龄蛹的过冷却点最低,为﹣17.04℃,1日龄幼虫的过冷却点最高,为﹣11.82℃,同一日龄的雌、雄成虫之间的过冷却点无显著差异;其幼虫期和蛹期虫体的含水量随着龄期的增长而下降,从1日龄幼虫79.64%下降到5日龄蛹65.31%,5日龄蛹的含水量显著低于其他龄期瓜实蝇,成虫期各龄期雌成虫含水量均显著高于雄成虫;5日龄幼虫脂肪含量最高,为32.90%,1日龄雄成虫和14日龄雄成虫脂肪含量最低,均为15%;幼虫期甘油含量随着龄期的增长而下降,从3.32μg/mg下降到1.12μg/mg,而蛹期逐渐上升,14日龄雌成虫甘油含量最高,为5.90μg/mg;1日龄幼虫总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量均最高,分别为7.51、0.94和1.93μg/mg,显著高于其他龄期瓜实蝇,蛹期糖类含量逐渐下降,而成虫期糖类含量随龄期增长而逐渐升高。【结论】本研究结果可为正确评估瓜实蝇的地理适应性和低温检疫处理提供依据。     

Experimental studies on the cold tolerance of Alaskozetes antarcticus

The cold tolerance mechanism of the Antarctic terrestrial mite Alaskozetes antarcticus (Michael) was investigated in cultured animals. Freezing is fatal in this species and winter survival occurs by means of supercooling, which is enhanced by the presence of glycerol in the body. There is an inverse, linear relationship between the concentration of glycerol and the supercooling point, which may be as low as ?30°C. Feeding detracts from supercooling ability by providing ice nucleators in the gut which initiate freezing at relatively high sub-zero temperatures. Experiments on the effects of various environmental factors showed that low temperature acclimation gave rise to increased glycerol concentrations and suppressed feeding, while desiccation also stimulated glycerol production. Photoperiod had no effect on cold tolerance in this species. The juvenile instars of A. antarcticus were found to possess a greater degree of low temperature tolerance than adults.     

天敌昆虫耐冷藏力研究进展

低温冷藏是延长天敌昆虫货架期的有效方法之一.昆虫的存活率、生殖力、田间寄生(捕食)力等是评估天敌昆虫耐冷藏力的重要指标.昆虫耐冷藏力受冷藏前、冷藏中和冷藏后的各种外源(非生物)因子和内源(生物)因子的影响.这些因子主要包括温度、湿度、光周期、氧浓度、冷藏持续时间、冷藏前的预处理、冷藏过程中的温度处理(混合低温)等外源因子和虫体能量物质的储备、繁殖方式、年龄/龄期、滞育(休眠)状态、营养等内源因子.本文对影响天敌昆虫耐冷藏性的内源因子和外源因子的种类以及产生这些影响的生理学机制等进行了综述,以期为天敌昆虫低温储藏技术研究和生产方案的制定提供依据.     

Effects of acclimation and diapause on the thermal tolerance of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a worldwide pest species that overwinters as diapausing females. Cold hardening is presumed to start during diapause development to ensure the successful overwintering of this species. To address this hypothesis, we compared cold tolerance between non-diapausing and diapausing females. We measured supercooling point (SCP) and survival to acute cold stress by exposing the mites at a range of sub-zero temperatures (from −4 to −28 °C for 2 h). The mean SCPs of non-diapausing and diapausing females were −19.6±0.5 and −24.7±0.3 °C respectively, and freezing killed the mites. Diapausing females were significantly more cold tolerant than non-diapausing ones, with LT₅₀ of −19.7 and −13.3 °C, respectively. Further, we also examined the effects of cold acclimation (10 d at 0 or 5 °C) in non-diapausing and diapausing females. Our findings indicated that diapause decreased SCP significantly, while cold acclimation had no effect on the SCP except for non-diapausing females that were acclimated at 5 °C. Acclimation at 5 °C enhanced survival to acute cold stress in diapausing and non-diapausing females, with LT₅₀ of −22.0 and −17.1 °C, respectively. Altogether, our results indicate that T. urticae is a chill tolerant species, and that diapause and cold acclimation elevate cold hardiness in this species.     

Geographic variation in cold hardiness of eggs and neonate larvae of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris

Cold hardiness of eggs and neonate larvae of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) was examined using six geographical populations in Japan. Particular attention was paid to cold hardiness of eggs and neonate larvae of the subtropical population (Ishigaki), because the east Japan populations are considered to have been introduced from a subtropical area, and the overwintering stage in the east Japan populations is incidentally shifted from the original mature larval stage to the egg or neonate larval stages. When the eggs were exposed to low temperatures for 1 h, the decrease in hatchability became significant at –12°C in the southernmost two populations (Ishigaki and Naze), and at –16°C in the northern populations. After 1 h exposure to –20°C, few eggs could hatch in the Ishigaki population, whereas 27–55% of the eggs survived in the northern populations. Pre-chilling of the eggs at 10°C for 10 days enhanced the cold hardiness in all populations. This effect was particularly distinct in the subtropical population; the eggs of the Ishigaki population became as cold hardy as those of the northern populations after acclimation. These results suggest that the subtropical population is capable of establishing itself in east Japan, where the winter is cold.     

Metabolism and cold tolerance of Chinese white pine beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) during the overwintering period

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