共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
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The spinal cord of two tetraodontiform fishes, the Japanese file fish (Navodon modestus) and the panther puffer (Takifugu pardalis), are unusual among vertebrates in having a markedly abbreviated spinal cord with a long and flattened filum terminale. Only the rostral short part of the cord of both species is cylindrical; the greater part of the cord is markedly flat. The majority of the spinal nerve roots leave the short cylindrical part. The flattened part of the cord contains the central canal, myelinated nerve fibers, and a few motoneurons surrounding the cauda equina, and it is histologically similar to the filum terminale of amphibians and mammals. The spinal cords of other teleosts, the sun-fish and angler, also are abbreviated and possess a filum terminale and cauda equina. These orders possess an enormous head and short trunk. However, the correlation between this body form and an abbreviated cord is not causal, since the tetraodontiform species described here show ordinary body proportions. The spinal cord may be abbreviated in tetraodontiform fishes in general. 相似文献
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WeiZhong Li Heng Zhang GeFei Wang Chi Zhang XiangXing Zeng Hui Liu XiaoXuan Chen YanXuan Xu KangSheng Li 《中国科学：生命科学英文版》2012,55(6):507-515
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of the influenza virus plays a crucial role in modulating the host immune response and facilitating virus replication. The formation of a homodimer or an oligomer is necessary for NS1 to exert its function efficiently. In the present study, the NS1 protein from the A/Shantou/602/06(H3N2) virus (herein abbreviated as NS32) was found to interact with NS1 from A/Shantou/169/06(H1N1), A/Chicken/Guangdong/1/05(H5N1) and A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97(H9N2) (abbreviated as NS11, NS51 and NS92, respectively) viruses, although NS32 shares 17.4%?C20.9% sequence diversity with NS11, NS51 and NS92. This indicates that the heterologous interactions between NS1 proteins from different influenza A virus subtypes/ strains may be a common event during co-infection. 相似文献
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The abbreviated impactor measurement concept is a potential improvement to the labor-intensive full-resolution cascade impactor
methodology for inhaler aerosol aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) measurement by virtue of being simpler and therefore
quicker to execute. At the same time, improved measurement precision should be possible by eliminating stages upon which little
or no drug mass is collected. Although several designs of abbreviated impactor systems have been developed in recent years,
experimental work is lacking to validate the technique with aerosols produced by currently available inhalers. In part 1 of
this two-part article that focuses on aerosols produced by pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), the evaluation of two
abbreviated impactor systems (Copley fast screening Andersen impactor and Trudell fast screening Andersen impactor), based
on the full-resolution eight-stage Andersen nonviable cascade impactor (ACI) operating principle, is reported with a formulation
producing dry particles. The purpose was to investigate the potential for non-ideal collection behavior associated with particle
bounce in relation to internal losses to surfaces from which particles containing active pharmaceutical ingredient are not
normally recovered. Both abbreviated impactors were found to be substantially equivalent to the full-resolution ACI in terms
of extra-fine and fine particle and coarse mass fractions used as metrics to characterize the APSD of these pMDI-produced
aerosols when sampled at 28.3 L/min, provided that precautions are taken to coat collection plates to minimize bounce and
entrainment. 相似文献
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Jolyon P. Mitchell Mark W. Nagel Cathy C. Doyle Rubina S. Ali Valentina I. Avvakoumova J. David Christopher Jorge Quiroz Helen Strickland Terrence Tougas Svetlana Lyapustina 《AAPS PharmSciTech》2010,11(2):843-851
The purpose of this study was to compare relative precision of two different abbreviated impactor measurement (AIM) systems and a traditional multi-stage cascade impactor (CI). The experimental design was chosen to provide separate estimates of variability for each impactor type. Full-resolution CIs are useful for characterizing the aerosol aerodynamic particle size distribution of orally inhaled products during development but are too cumbersome, time-consuming, and resource-intensive for other applications, such as routine quality control (QC). This article presents a proof-of-concept experiment, where two AIM systems configured to provide metrics pertinent to QC (QC-system) and human respiratory tract (HRT-system) were evaluated using a hydrofluoroalkane-albuterol pressurized metered dose inhaler. The Andersen eight-stage CI (ACI) served as the benchmark apparatus. The statistical design allowed estimation of precision with each CI configuration. Apart from one source of systematic error affecting extra-fine particle fraction from the HRT-system, no other bias was detected with either abbreviated system. The observed bias was shown to be caused by particle bounce following the displacement of surfactant by the shear force of the airflow diverging above the collection plate of the second impaction stage. A procedure was subsequently developed that eliminated this source of error, as described in the second article of this series (submitted to AAPS PharmSciTech). Measurements obtained with both abbreviated impactors were very similar in precision to the ACI for all measures of in vitro performance evaluated. Such abbreviated impactors can therefore be substituted for the ACI in certain situations, such as inhaler QC or add-on device testing. 相似文献
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Rebeccah J Mathews Michael B Sprakes Michael F McDermott 《Arthritis research & therapy》2008,10(6):228
The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat (also known as NOD-like receptors, both abbreviated
to NLR) family of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors are increasingly being recognized to play a pivotal role in
the pathogenesis of a number of rare monogenic diseases, as well as some more common polygenic conditions. Bacterial wall
constituents and other cellular stressor molecules are recognized by a range of NLRs, which leads to activation of the innate
immune response and upregulation of key proinflammatory pathways, such as IL-1β production and translocation of nuclear factor-κB
to the nucleus. These signalling pathways are increasingly being targeted as potential sites for new therapies. This review
discusses the role played by NLRs in a variety of inflammatory diseases and describes the remarkable success to date of these
therapeutic agents in treating some of the disorders associated with aberrant NLR function. 相似文献
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PAUL F. CLARK 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2005,143(3):417-446
The zoeal development of Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) is redescribed and the four stages are compared with the abbreviated development of Actumnus setifer (de Haan, 1835) with three stages, and Pilumnus sluiteri De Man, 1892 with two stages. A number of characters are not affected by abbreviated zoeal development and do not change during successive stage moults. Of these, some traits remain conservative at higher taxonomic level, whereas others varied between closely related pilumnid taxa, but neither provided phylogenetic information within the three pilumnines studied. However, abbreviated zoeal development affected 23 pilumnine characters that change with successive stage moults. Their timing of appearance and rate of development occur at different stages relative to the homologous process in an ancestral sequence with more zoeas, and can be attributed to three heterochronic mechanisms; postdisplacement, predisplacement and acceleration. These processes collectively appear to provide the predominant mechanism underlying the evolution of oligomerization within pilumnine zoeas. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 417–446. 相似文献
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The distribution of species and serotypes of Salmonella among 2,498 cultures which were isolated in the United States and its territories is presented. These isolates were received for examination during the 12-month period between October 1, 1966 and September 30, 1967. These and other data obtained from the Salmonella Surveillance Summaries for the past five years indicate that a relatively small number of species and serotypes of Salmonella are regularly isolated from diagnostic specimens. Of approximately 1,300 presently known Salmonella species and serotypes, 33 account for almost 90% of the isolates reported from humans and approximately 80% of the isolates from nonhuman sources. The 50 most prevalent species and serotypes account for 97% of the isolates from humans. An abbreviated antigenic schema based on these 50 species and serotypes of Salmonella, in conjunction with adequate biochemical tests, permits complete bacteriological characterization of the common Salmonella 相似文献
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The term 'type III secretion' has seen widespread use. However, problems persist in nomenclature. We propose that the standard abbreviation for this kind of secretion should be 'T3S' and that 'type III secretion system' should be abbreviated to 'T3SS'. There is also a need for a new terminology to distinguish flagellar and non-flagellar type III secretion systems that reflects their common evolutionary ancestry but does not obscure their distinctive features. Finally, the use of the term 'type III secretion' to cover cytolysin-mediated translocation is to be deprecated because an authentic type III secretion system has already been described in gram-positive bacteria, namely the flagellar protein export apparatus. 相似文献