北京城区麻雀的逃逸距离及其影响因素

行为的改变促进野生动物与人类共存,其中逃逸距离的改变是鸟类适应城市生境的重要机制。本研究量化城市常见鸟类麻雀Passer montanus的逃逸距离,并分析其影响因素。2019年夏季对北京城区14个公园和15个高校的1 326只麻雀的观测发现,麻雀的警戒距离为5.67 m±1.13 m、惊飞距离为4.92 m±1.12 m、飞逃距离为6.51 m±1.75 m。麻雀的逃逸距离受到麻雀群体大小、捕食风险和生境特征的共同影响:警戒距离、惊飞距离和飞逃距离均随着危险稀释而减小;警戒距离随着生境中庇护场所的减少而增加;惊飞距离随着人类干扰的增多而减小;当生境中捕食者较多时,麻雀选择较近的飞逃距离。本研究有助于增进对逃逸距离在种内变异的了解,并可为探讨野生动物在城市生境的适应机制提供基础资料。     

人为干扰对武汉市城市绿地鸟类群落结构的影响

城市绿地生态系统是城市景观的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态与文化价值。鸟类是城市绿地生态系统的指示类群,研究人类活动对鸟类资源的影响能够为城市生态景观的建设与维护提供重要理论依据。本研究于2021年10月至2022年5月,采用样线法对武汉市不同干扰强度的城市绿地内林鸟群落进行调查。共记录到鸟类11目34科100种,其中国家二级重点保护鸟类9种,在物种组成上以雀形目为主(76种,占调查到总鸟种数的76%),在居留型上以留鸟为主(42种,42%),在区系上主要属于东洋界(45种,45%)。繁殖季鸟类物种数高于非繁殖季,主要是由于夏候鸟和旅鸟的增加导致。在不同干扰强度中,重度干扰斑块的平均鸟类个体数最多,轻度干扰斑块的鸟类物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,而中度干扰斑块的鸟类个体数、物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均为最低,且繁殖季和非繁殖季鸟类群落结构在不同人为干扰强度中的格局未发生变化。综上所述,武汉市城市绿地的鸟类多样性较为丰富,随着干扰强度增加,鸟类多样性出现非线性差异,揭示了人为干扰与自然干扰对生态影响的差异;在面积狭小、破碎化严重的斑块中,人为干扰可能有利于城市绿地鸟类多样性的维持。     

青藏高原两种雪雀惊飞距离的比较研究

在分析鸟类对人类干扰耐受程度的研究中,惊飞距离是常用的衡量指标之一,它是指人在鸟类惊飞之前能接近鸟类的距离,反映了鸟类对人为侵扰的适应程度。本文通过对青藏高原广泛分布的白腰雪雀Montifringilla taczanowskii和棕颈雪雀M.ruficollis惊飞距离的比较研究,旨在探讨2种鸟类对人类干扰适应性的差异。结果显示,体型较大的白腰雪雀的惊飞距离(12.50 m±0.36 m,n=46)显著大于棕颈雪雀的惊飞距离(11.03 m±0.43 m,n=33);觅食个体的惊飞距离显著小于观望个体(P0.001);随着入侵者起始距离的增加,2种雪雀惊飞距离逐渐增大(P0.001)。结果表明,鸟类初始状态和入侵者起始距离能够显著影响鸟类的惊飞距离,体型较大的鸟类对人类干扰的适应性较差。     

骨顶鸡日行为活动对游憩干扰的反应

近年来,湿地生态旅游在我国各地逐渐兴起,水鸟作为湿地生态系统的重要成分,其行为是否因游憩活动而改变成为了重要的研究内容。本文以黑龙江省安邦河自然保护区为研究区,调查了骨顶鸡(Fulica atra)对湿地游憩活动的行为反应,用瞬时扫描取样法分别观察了码头区、游船区和对照区骨顶鸡成鸟及幼鸟的日行为活动。结果表明,码头区成鸟比对照区取食时间显著减少,隐藏的时间明显增加,游走和整理活动显著降低;游船区成鸟比对照区出现更多的攻击和隐藏行为。游憩区幼鸟与对照区的取食、隐藏和躲避时间有显著差异。游憩干扰还表现在码头区成鸟的取食节律片段化,成鸟和幼鸟隐藏频率较高的时段与游人的活动高峰相一致。研究认为,游船区干扰对骨顶鸡的影响较码头区小,幼鸟比成鸟对干扰的适应能力更强。由于高强度的游憩干扰对骨顶鸡等水鸟种群秋迁前的能量蓄积不利,因此建议增加码头路边隔离绿化带,在游船与骨顶鸡领域间设置浮标隔离带,加强对游憩活动的管理。     

暂时与群体分离的个体藏马鸡的反捕食警戒

通过与同伴分担捕食风险 ,生活在稳定群体中的个体动物可以获得长期的适合度利益 ,但同时它们不得不承担食物竞争所带来的潜在代价。这种代价常常取决于食物资源的类型。当好的食物资源出现时 ,一些个体可以离开群体而独享这种资源。了解这些临时游离者如何组织其反捕食行为 ,在进化生态学上是有意义的。藏马鸡 (Crossoptilonharmani)是西藏雅鲁藏布江中游高山灌丛植被的一种典型的非繁殖季节集群鸟类。野外观察表明 ,为了独享好的食物资源 ,一些个体常常远离当前群体的活动范围。分离事件更可能发生于大的群体 ,但其发生率与参与者的数量呈负相关 ;而参与分离的个体愈多 ,分离持续的时间就愈长。分离者的个体警惕水平随着临时群体大小的增加而下降 ,遵从在其它自然大小鸟类群体所发现的一般性规律。分离行为的发生和持续时间被认为是个体对当前食物回报和捕食风险进行权衡的结果。这种利益 -代价权衡也可以解释藏马鸡所具有的强烈集群行为     

惊飞距离--杭州常见鸟类对人为侵扰的适应性

惊飞距离是指人在鸟类惊飞之前能接近鸟类的距离,反映了鸟类对人为侵扰的适应程度。2002年9月至2003年1月,在杭州6个区的调查中共见到42种鸟类,以其中的9种优势种兼广布种为研究对象分析了鸟类沿侵扰梯度惊飞距离的变化及影响惊飞距离的主要因子。根据植被类型、建筑比例、干扰因素等差异,将栖息地分为5类：建筑区,城市园林,西部山区,水荡,农田。选取体重、活动高度、观测点可视度、引人注目程度、迁徙状态作为探讨惊飞距离的5个变量。研究结果表明：①不同栖息地的人为侵扰程度有极显著差异：建筑区的人为侵扰程度与城市园林有显著差异,西部山区、农田和水荡之间无显著差异。②在不同栖息地中,惊飞距离具有显著差异;随着人为侵扰程度的提高,同种鸟类在不同栖息地中的惊飞距离呈减小趋势。③鸟类对人为侵扰的惊飞距离与选取变量问的关系显著：体形大小、观测点可视度与惊飞距离呈显著正相关,活动高度与惊飞距离呈显著负相关,而引人注目性与惊飞距离不相关。说明多数鸟类对人为侵扰已有了一定的适应性;体形较大、在植被稀疏的栖息地中以及靠近地面活动的鸟类惊飞距离较大,对人为侵扰的适应性较差。     

鸟类惊飞距离及其影响因素

惊飞距离(FID)是指捕食者(包括人类)接近目标个体并导致其逃避时,捕食者与目标个体之间的距离。惊飞距离能很好地衡量动物个体在特定环境下的恐惧反应和风险权衡,是研究动物逃避行为的常用指标,并为物种保护提供科学依据。鸟类是研究逃避行为的理想对象,本文综述了影响鸟类惊飞距离的各种因素,可分为3类:栖息地因素(距隐蔽处的距离和生境开阔度等)、鸟类自身因素(生活史、体型和群体大小等)以及与捕食者相关的因素(捕食者的接近方向和速度等)。城市化也会影响鸟类的惊飞距离,导致城市中的鸟类通常比乡村生境的同种鸟类拥有更短的惊飞距离。习惯化、适应和生境选择是解释惊飞距离城乡差异的3种假说。研究鸟类的惊飞距离及其影响因素,有助于理解鸟类的逃避行为及其风险权衡机制,为物种保护中设立合理的缓冲区域及制定有效的保护管理措施提供科学依据。目前国内有关鸟类惊飞距离的研究多为行为观察和单一因素的影响,有待从不同因素的交互作用角度探讨鸟类的逃避行为并用于物种保护。     

生物入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵是全球生物多样性面临的最主要威胁之一, 入侵种在改变入侵地环境的同时也使当地的生物受到极大影响。鸟类在生态系统中处于较高的营养级, 生态系统中任何一个环节的变化都可能对鸟类造成一定的影响。本文回顾了哺乳动物、鸟类、无脊椎动物和植物等不同生物类群的入侵对本地鸟类生态影响方面的研究进展。外来生物对鸟类的影响主要表现在以下几方面: (1)外来哺乳动物对成鸟、幼鸟或鸟卵的捕食作用; (2)外来鸟类与本地鸟类竞争栖息地和食物资源, 与当地的近缘种杂交而造成基因流失; (3)外来无脊椎动物改变本地鸟类的栖息环境和食物状况, 甚至直接捕食本地鸟类; (4)外来植物入侵改变入侵地的植物群落组成和结构, 造成本地鸟类的栖息地丧失或破碎化, 并通过改变入侵地生态系统的食物链结构而对高营养级的鸟类产生影响。最后, 作者还提出了该领域有待解决的问题和今后可能的研究方向。     

动物的警戒行为——回顾及展望

警戒行为是动物对群体内部或外部刺激的行为反应,主要表现为抬头环视周围环境,具有反捕食和社会性监视功能,有利于个体适合度的增加。诸多研究表明,多种因素可以影响到动物警戒行为的强度和模式。内部因素主要包括个体的年龄、性别、所处空间位置和群体大小等,外部因素主要是捕食风险和人类活动的干扰。近年来,动物警戒同步性研究引起了广泛关注。同步警戒和协调警戒对立于独立警戒而存在,强调个体能够受到周围个体警戒状态的影响,继而表现出相同或相反的行为,并且其强度与群体大小等因素有关。在今后的研究中,可以在警戒行为影响因素和同步性方面进行更加深入而全面的探索。此外,警戒行为的个体差异和时空变化等也将是重要的研究方向。     

三门峡湿地成幼大天鹅昼间越冬行为差异分析

冬季幼鸟与成鸟面临着不同的生存压力,成鸟负责照顾幼鸟使其获得最大的生存率,这使得它们的行为选择不同。2016年12月—2017年3月,在河南省三门峡湿地,采用瞬时扫描法记录了成、幼大天鹅Cygnus cygnus的行为类型,并对越冬期成、幼大天鹅昼间行为选择的差异进行了分析。结果表明,在整个越冬期,成鸟占比最高的行为是警戒(29.1%),并高于幼鸟(18.5%);幼鸟占比最高的行为是运动(22.7%),并高于成鸟(18.2%)。对不同越冬阶段的行为差异分析表明,成鸟在越冬初期占比最高的行为是警戒(27.6%),幼鸟的是觅食(26.5%)。在越冬初期,幼鸟经过长时间的迁徙,急需补充能量,因此觅食行为占比最高,此时成鸟为保护幼鸟的安全,在警戒上的时间较其他行为更多;进入越冬中期,成、幼鸟的警戒行为均有所增加(成鸟:32.3%;幼鸟:20.8%),占比最高,此时湖面结冰,大天鹅受到天敌攻击的几率增加,因此成、幼鸟警戒行为均有所增加,且此时天然食物减少,成、幼鸟的觅食行为有所下降(成鸟:8.8%;幼鸟:13.5%),并增加了休息时间,以减少能量消耗来抵御严寒;到了越冬后期,成鸟的警戒行为(27.2%)仍是占比最高的行为,但与前期、中期相比,后期有所下降,幼鸟占比最高的行为是运动(26.3%),如飞行等,此时春季迁徙即将来临,幼鸟需要增加运动来锻炼飞行能力;成鸟此时也需积累能量,因此警戒行为与其他2个时期相比有所下降。在整个越冬阶段,成鸟警戒的比例都是最高的,表明成鸟始终以减少觅食和休息时间来保证幼鸟的安全作为首要任务。     

A Unique Genetic Distance

The problem of measuring distances between discrete frequency distributions is considered. Three conditions are stated, which are believed to reflect basic, intuitive requirements to be met by a distance measure of the above kind with particular reference to genetic frequency distributions. These conditions chiefly concern aspects of maximum distance and linearity. It is shown that exactly one function meets the conditions, and this function, having all properties of a metric, is explicitly given.     

The Statistical Properties of Genetic Absolute Distance

The statistical properties of one estimator of absolute genetic distance (1/2) ^K∑_i=1 |pxi-yr|, tween two populations X and Y, are presented. It is shown that using this distance in small samples can be misleading particularly when populations are close to each other.     

Species delimitation and geography

Despite the importance of the geographical arrangement of populations for the inference of species boundaries, only a few approaches that integrate spatial information into species delimitation have thus far been developed. Persistent differentiation of sympatric groups of individuals is the best criterion for species status. Species delimitation becomes more prone to error if allopatric metapopulations are considered because it is often difficult to assess whether observed differences between allopatric metapopulations would be sufficient to prevent the fusion of these metapopulations upon contact. We propose a novel approach for testing the hypothesis that the multilocus genetic distances between individuals or populations belonging to two different candidate species are not larger than expected based on their geographical distances and the relationship of genetic and geographical distances within the candidate species. A rejection of this null hypothesis is an argument for classifying the two studied candidate species as distinct species. Case studies show that the proposed tests are suitable to distinguish between intra‐ and interspecific differentiation. The regression approach proposed here is more appropriate for testing species hypotheses with regard to isolation by distance than (partial) Mantel tests. Our tests assume a linear relationship between genetic and (transformed) geographical distances. This assumption can be compromised by a high genetic variability within populations as found in a case study with microsatellite markers.     

杀虫灯诱杀昆虫的有效距离及生态学参数

采用人工标记释放回收技术,探讨了杀虫灯诱杀斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Hübner的有效距离及不同安装高度的诱杀效果。诱杀结果表明,标记释放虫源离灯越远,其灯下回收率越低;灯高0.8m的灯下回收率显著高于灯高1.3m。提出了用"可控距离CID"、"诱杀中距离MTD50"、"诱杀黄金距离GTD61.8"3个生态学参数量化与规范杀虫灯对昆虫的诱杀距离。拟合结果表明,高0.8m杀虫灯诱杀斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的可控距离分别为115.1m、110.9m,诱杀中距离分别为71.8m、67.4m,诱杀黄金距离分别为61.5m、57.1m,可控面积分别是4.2hm2、3.9hm2;高1.3m杀虫灯诱杀斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的可控距离分别为108.1m、107.8m,诱杀中距离分别为66.6m、64.7m,诱杀黄金距离分别为56.7m、54.5m,可控面积分别是3.7hm2、3.6hm2。     

Determination of Taxonomic Status of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica Zymodemes Using Isoenzyme Analysis

ABSTRACT Entamoeba histolytica infection results in either asymptomatic colonization or invasion of host tissues leading generally to clinical symptoms. Zymodeme studies have demonstrated a correlation between isoenzyme profiles and clinical presentation. Thus, strains have been attributed to pathogenic or nonpathogenic groups according to their zymodeme. To determine the taxonomic relationship of these two groups, the isoenzyme profiles of 14 loci of 38 E. histolytica strains (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) and seven strains of other species of the same genus were analyzed. Genetic distance analysis clearly demonstrates the existence of two separate groups within the species E. histolytica .     

Cranial metric and discrete trait variation and biological differentiation in the terminal Late Archaic of Ohio: the Duff site cemetery

Cranial metric and discrete traits were collected from adult individuals of the terminal Late Archaic Duff site cemetery (33 LO 111). Comparisons of cranial metric traits among eight terminal Late Archaic samples including the Duff site sample showed that all samples shared the same generalized variance and by inference the same pattern of shape variation. Some significant size differences were found but these were interpreted as reflecting only minor differences in the underlying polygenic system or differences in environmental interactions. The overall similarity in cranial metrics among the terminal Late Archaic samples strongly suggests that they represent populations that, at least, shared a recent common ancestor. Analysis of discrete trait variation in all the terminal Late Archaic samples showed that the biological distances between samples are associated significantly with the between-sample geographical distances. This association accounts for approximately 25% of the variation in discrete trait frequencies. These results along with the results of the analysis of cranial metrics indicate that all of the terminal Late Archaic samples considered here are related, but geographically nearer samples are more closely related than distant ones.     

Consequences of population topology for studying gene flow using link‐based landscape genetic methods

Many landscape genetic studies aim to determine the effect of landscape on gene flow between populations. These studies frequently employ link‐based methods that relate pairwise measures of historical gene flow to measures of the landscape and the geographical distance between populations. However, apart from landscape and distance, there is a third important factor that can influence historical gene flow, that is, population topology (i.e., the arrangement of populations throughout a landscape). As the population topology is determined in part by the landscape configuration, I argue that it should play a more prominent role in landscape genetics. Making use of existing literature and theoretical examples, I discuss how population topology can influence results in landscape genetic studies and how it can be taken into account to improve the accuracy of these results. In support of my arguments, I have performed a literature review of landscape genetic studies published during the first half of 2015 as well as several computer simulations of gene flow between populations. First, I argue why one should carefully consider which population pairs should be included in link‐based analyses. Second, I discuss several ways in which the population topology can be incorporated in response and explanatory variables. Third, I outline why it is important to sample populations in such a way that a good representation of the population topology is obtained. Fourth, I discuss how statistical testing for link‐based approaches could be influenced by the population topology. I conclude the article with six recommendations geared toward better incorporating population topology in link‐based landscape genetic studies.     

Managing human disturbance: factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve

Escape behaviour in response to perceived predators can be employed as a guide when designating protected areas around sensitive bird species to minimise the impact of human disturbance. A key measure of escape response is flight-initiation distance (FID), the distance at which a prey animal initiates its escape when approached by a potential predator. We tested the predictions of optimal escape theory by determining the factors that influence FID of bird species in a Nigerian reserved area and its surrounding habitats, and so the potential utility of FID in managing human disturbance on birds, for the first time within a West African context. We tested how FID varied with group size, proximity to vegetation acting as protective cover, levels of human use, and survival rate, and whether these relationships varied by species. We collected 504 FIDs for seven bird species in Amurum Forest Reserve and its surrounding habitats (Jos, Nigeria). The FID was lower in larger groups and when species were closer to protective cover. The FID was lower outside of the protected area because animals in sites with higher levels of human presence and use may become habituated. The FID was higher for species with higher survival, being consistent with predictions from life history theory. Overall, birds perceived humans as a potential threat and responded in accordance to the predictions of optimal escape theory, with FID increasing with increased cost of staying. Reserve managers in Africa could use species- and context-specific FIDs to designate buffer distances for the protection of wildlife from human disturbance.