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1.
Pax group III genes are involved in a number of processes during insect segmentation. In Drosophila melanogaster, three genes, paired, gooseberry and gooseberry-neuro, regulate segmental patterning of the epidermis and nervous system. Paired acts as a pair-rule gene and gooseberry as a segment polarity gene. Studies of Pax group III genes in other insects have indicated that their expression is a good marker for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms
of segmentation. We have cloned three Pax group III genes from the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and examined their relationships to other insect Pax group III genes and their expression patterns during honeybee segmentation. The expression pattern of the honeybee homologue of paired is similar to that of paired in Drosophila, but its expression is modulated by anterior–posterior temporal patterning similar to the expression of Pax group III proteins in Tribolium. The expression of the other two Pax group III genes in the honeybee indicates that they also act in segmentation and nervous system development, as do these genes in other
insects. 相似文献
2.
Tan K Yang M Wang Z Radloff SE Pirk CW 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2012,198(4):319-323
When a honeybee colony loses its queen, workers activate their ovaries and begin to lay eggs. This is accompanied by a shift
in their pheromonal bouquet, which becomes more queen like. Workers of the Asian hive bee Apis cerana show unusually high levels of ovary activation and this can be interpreted as evidence for a recent evolutionary arms race
between queens and workers over worker reproduction in this species. To further explore this, we compared the rate of pheromonal
bouquet change between two honeybee sister species of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera under queenright and queenless conditions. We show that in both species, the pheromonal components HOB, 9-ODA, HVA, 9-HDA, 10-HDAA and 10-HDA have significantly higher
amounts in laying workers than in non-laying workers. In the queenright colonies of A. mellifera and A. cerana, the ratios (9-ODA)/(9-ODA + 9-HDA + 10-HDAA + 10-HDA) are not significantly different between the two species, but in queenless
A. cerana colonies the ratio is significant higher than in A. mellifera, suggesting that in A. cerana, the workers’ pheromonal bouquet is dominated by the queen compound, 9-ODA. The amount of 9-ODA in laying A. cerana workers increased by over 585% compared with the non-laying workers, that is 6.75 times higher than in A. mellifera where laying workers only had 86% more 9-ODA compared with non-laying workers. 相似文献
3.
R. A. Ilyasov A. V. Poskryakov A. V. Petukhov A. G. Nikolenko 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2016,52(3):281-291
The black honeybee Apis mellifera mellifera L. is today the only subspecies of honeybee which is suitable for commercial breeding in the climatic conditions of Northern Europe with long cold winters. The main problem of the black honeybee in Russia and European countries is the preservation of the indigenous gene pool purity, which is lost as a result of hybridization with subspecies, A. m. caucasica, A. m. carnica, A. m. carpatica, and A. m. armeniaca, introduced from southern regions. Genetic identification of the subspecies will reduce the extent of hybridization and provide the gene pool conservation of the black honeybee. Modern classification of the honeybee mitotypes is mainly based on the combined use of the DraI restriction endonuclease recognition site polymorphism and sequence polymorphism of the mtDNA COI–COII region. We performed a comparative analysis of the mtDNA COI–COII region sequence polymorphism in the honeybees of the evolutionary lineage M from Ural and West European populations of black honeybee A. m. mellifera and Spanish bee A. m. iberiensis. A new approach to the classification of the honeybee M mitotypes was suggested. Using this approach and on the basis of the seven most informative SNPs of the mtDNA COI–COII region, eight honeybee mitotype groups were identified. In addition, it is suggested that this approach will simplify the previously proposed complicated mitotype classification and will make it possible to assess the level of the mitotype diversity and to identify the mitotypes that are the most valuable for the honeybee breeding and rearing. 相似文献
4.
On the basis of comparative sequence analysis of 12 honeybee mitochondrial genes, seven genes enabling us to differentiate honeybees subspecies of the A, M, C, O evolutionary lineages were found. Applying comparative sequence analysis of ND2 gene mtDNA as an example on a statistically valid sample size, we showed a high level of differentiating ability of this gene and assumed that each of these seven genes probably can be used for differentiation of the subspecies within four evolutionary lineages. 相似文献
5.
Summary One day old honeybee workers (Apis mellifera) were observed in small experimental groups (10 workers per group). These groups were either composed of offspring workers of singly inseminated queens (super-sister groups) or multiply inseminated queens (mixed groups). The groups thus consisted of either super-sisters or a mix of super- and halfsisters. The positions of the individually labelled workers were observed with infrared sensitive video equipment over a 24 h period and analysed with digital image analysis. The spatial distribution of workers in super-sister and mixed groups differed significantly. The distance between super-sister workers was significantly less than in mixed groups (n = 339; p < 0.01). Also the distance of the workers from the group centre was significantly less in super-sister groups as compared to mixed groups (n = 3440, p<0.05). The super-sisters thus formed tighter groups than the groups including half-sisters. A genotypic analysis of the mixed groups with microsatellite DNA markers revealed that workers were significantly more frequently observed next to a super-sister rather than a half-sister (p < 0.001). Irrespective whether this results from kin recognition or not, we expect clique formation to be an important factor for the development of task specialisation among worker bees.Received 26 August 2002; revised 22 April 2003; accepted 25 July 2003. 相似文献
6.
Virgínia?Teles?Dohanik Wagner?Gonzaga?Gon?alves Leandro?Licursi?Oliveira José?Cola?Zanuncio José?Eduardo?Serr?o
Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a low-density lipoprotein receptor responsible for the mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vg) during egg formation in insects. The maturing oocyte is enveloped by a follicular epithelium, which has large intercellular spaces during Vg accumulation (patency). However, Vg has been reported in the cytoplasm of follicular cells, indicating that there may be a transcellular route for its transport. This study verified the presence of VgR in the follicular cells of the ovaries of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the wasp Polistes simillimus in order to evaluate if Vg is transported via transcytosis in these insects. Antibodies specific for vitellogenin receptor (anti-VgR), vitellogenin (anti-Vg), and clathrin (anti-Clt) were used for immunolocalization. The results showed the presence of VgR on the apical and basal plasma membranes of follicular cells of the vitellogenic follicles in both species, indicating that VgR may have been transported from the basal to the apical cell domain, followed by its release into the perivitelline space, evidenced by the presence of apical plasma membrane projections containing VgR. Co-localization proved that Vg bind to VgR and that the transport of this protein is mediated by clathrin. These data suggest that, in these social insects, Vg is transported via clathrin-mediated VgR transcytosis in follicular cells. 相似文献
7.
N. G. Lopatina I. V. Ryzhova T. G. Zachepilo V. B. Smirnov E. G. Chesnokova 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2004,40(6):662-670
Participation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) in associative learning of the honeybee Apis mellifera was studied in behavioral and electrophysiological experiments with use of pharmacological analysis. By the method of conditioned reflexes, effects of systemic injections of mGluR agonists and antagonists were studied on retention of elaborated conditioned reflexes in short-term and long-term memory. Injection of aminocyclopentandicarbonic acid (ACPD), ibotenate, and phosphoserine stimulated the memory in 3 h after the single learning procedure. The long- term memory was inhibited by mGluR antagonists — methylcarboxyphenylglycine and amino- phosphonopropionate as well as by non-competitive antagonists of mGluR1(CPCCOEt) and of mGluR5 (SIB 1757). Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated changes of characteristics of the action potential recorded from mushroom bodxies in response to stimulation of antennal lobes and during injections of mGluR III phosphoserine and the mGluR1 antagonist CPCCOEt. The obtained data allow suggesting participation of different groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the process of the honeybee associative learning.Translated from Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii, Vol. 40, No. 6, 2004, pp. 539–545. 相似文献
8.
Recent work shows that at any one place bees detect a limited variety of simple cues in parallel. At each choice point, they recognize a few cues in the range of positions where the cues occurred during the learning process. There is no need to postulate that they re-assemble the surrounding panorama in memory; only that they retain memories of the coincidences of cues in the expected retinotopic directions. The cues could be stimuli that excite groups of peripheral visual neurons. All the experimentally known cues are described, including modulation of the receptors, the locations of areas of black or colour, the nearness, size, averaged edge orientation, and radial and tangential edges. Cues of each type are separately summed within large fields, the size of which varies with the cue. Local orientation cues from edges at right angles cancel each other within each field, which also suggests that the discrimination of shape and texture is limited. Resolution depends on lateral interactions and the number of ommatidia required for each cue. To identify a new place, a few sparse cues, together with their directions, are learned in orientation flights. When the bee returns, the cues in the panorama are progressively matched as they coincide with the cues in memory. The limited number of cues, though economical for memory, may restrict the foraging behaviour and lead to flower constancy. This kind of a visual system is a candidate model for other animals or machines with economical processing systems. 相似文献
9.
R. A. Il’yasov A. V. Petukhov A. V. Poskryakov A. G. Nikolenko 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2007,43(6):709-711
The COI-COII intergenic region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied in local honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera) L. populations from the Middle and Southern Urals. Analysis of bee colonies in these regions revealed apiaries enriched in families descending from A. m. mellifera in the maternal lineage. These results confirm the suggestion of preservation of A. m. mellifera refuges in the Urals and provide grounds for work on the preservation of the gene pool of this bee variety, valuable for all Russia. 相似文献
10.
Angel R Barchuk Alexandre S Cristino Robert Kucharski Luciano F Costa Zilá LP Simões Ryszard Maleszka 《BMC developmental biology》2007,7(1):70
Background
In honeybees, differential feeding of female larvae promotes the occurrence of two different phenotypes, a queen and a worker, from identical genotypes, through incremental alterations, which affect general growth, and character state alterations that result in the presence or absence of specific structures. Although previous studies revealed a link between incremental alterations and differential expression of physiometabolic genes, the molecular changes accompanying character state alterations remain unknown. 相似文献11.
The complementary sex determination (csd) gene is the primary gene determining the gender of honey bees (Apis spp). In this study we analyzed the polymorphism of csd gene in six Apis mellifera subspecies. The genomic region 3 of csd gene in these six A. mellifera was cloned, and identified. A total of 79 haplotypes were obtained from these six subspecies. Analysis showed that region
3 of csd gene has a high level of polymorphism in all the six A. mellifera subspecies. The A. m. anatolica subspecies has a slightly higher nucleotide diversity (π) than other subspecies, while the π values showed no significant
difference among the other five subspecies. The phylogenetic tree showed that all the csd haplotypes from different A. mellifera subspecies are scattered throughout the tree, without forming six different clades. Population differentiation analysis showed
that there are significant genetic differentiations among some of the subspecies. The NJ phylogenetic tree showed that the
A. m. caucasica and A. m. carnica have the closest relationship, followed by A. m. ssp, A. m. ligustica, A. m. carpatica and A. m. anatolica that were gathered in the tree in turn. 相似文献
12.
In honeybees (Apis mellifera), the process of nectar collection is considered a straightforward example of task partitioning with two subtasks or two
intersecting cycles of activity: (1) foraging and (2) storing of nectar, linked via its transfer between foragers and food
processors. Many observations suggest, however, that nectar collection and processing in honeybees is a complex process, involving
workers of other sub-castes and depending on variables such as resource profitability or the amount of stored honey. It has
been observed that food processor bees often distribute food to other hive bees after receiving it from incoming foragers,
instead of storing it immediately in honey cells. While there is little information about the sub-caste affiliation and the
behaviour of these second-order receivers, this stage may be important for the rapid distribution of nutrients and related
information. To investigate the identity of these second-order receivers, we quantified behaviours following nectar transfer
and compared these behaviours with the behaviour of average worker hive-bees. Furthermore, we tested whether food quality
(sugar concentration) affects the behaviour of the second-order receivers. Of all identified second-order receivers, 59.3%
performed nurse duties, 18.5% performed food-processor duties and 22.2% performed forager duties. After food intake, these
bees were more active, had more trophallaxes (especially offering contacts) compared to average workers and they were found
mainly in the brood area, independent of food quality. Our results show that the liquid food can be distributed rapidly among
many bees of the three main worker sub-castes, without being stored in honey cells first. Furthermore, the results suggest
that the rapid distribution of food partly depends on the high activity of second-order receivers.
Received 31 August 2006; revised 8 December 2006; accepted 11 December 2006. 相似文献
13.
Guy Bloch Avital Meshi 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2007,193(2):181-199
Octopamine (OA) and juvenile hormone (JH) are implicated in the regulation of age-based division of labor in the honeybee,
Apis mellifera. We tested the hypothesis that these two neuroendocrine signals influence task-associated plasticity in circadian and diurnal
rhythms, and in brain expression of the clock gene period (per). Treatment with OA, OA antagonist (epinastine), or both, did not affect the age at onset of circadian rhythmicity or the
free running period in constant darkness (DD). Young bees orally treated with OA in light–dark (LD) illumination regime for
6 days followed by DD showed reduced alpha (the period between the daily onset and offset of activity) during the first 4 days
in LD and the first 4 days in DD. Oral treatment with OA, epinastine, or both, but not manipulations of JH levels, caused
increased average daily levels and aberrant patterns of brain per mRNA oscillation in young bees. These results suggest that OA and JH do not influence the development or function of the
central pacemaker but rather that OA influences the brain expression of a clock gene and characteristics of locomotor behavior
that are not thought to be under direct control of the circadian pacemaker.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
14.
Maggi M Medici S Quintana S Ruffinengo S Marcángeli J Gimenez Martinez P Fuselli S Eguaras M 《Experimental & applied acarology》2012,56(4):309-318
Although mitochondrial DNA mapping of Varroa destructor revealed the presence of several haplotypes, only two of them (Korean and Japanese haplotypes) were capable to infest Apis mellifera populations. Even though the Korean haplotype is the only one that has been reported in Argentina, these conclusions were
based on mites sampled in apiaries from a specific geographical place (Buenos Aires province). To study mites from several
sites of Argentina could reveal the presence of the Japanese genotype, especially considering sites near to Brazil, where
Japanese haplotype was already detected. The aim of this work was to study the genetic structure of V. destructor populations from apiaries located in various provinces of Argentina, in order to determine the presence of different haplotypes.
The study was carried out between January 2006 and December 2009. Phoretic adult Varroa mites were collected from honey bee workers sampled from colonies of A. mellifera located in Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Río Negro, Santa Cruz and Neuquén provinces. Twenty female mites from each
sampling site were used to carry out the genetic analysis. For DNA extraction a nondestructive method was used. DNA sequences
were compared to Korean haplotype (AF106899) and Japanese haplotype (AF106897). All DNA sequences obtained from mite populations
sampled in Argentina, share 98% of similitude with Korean Haplotype (AF106899). Taking into account these results, we are
able to conclude that Korean haplotype is cosmopolite in Argentina. 相似文献
15.
Tropilaelaps
mercedesae is a serious ectoparasite of Apis
mellifera in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the infestation rates and intensity of T. mercedesae in A. mellifera in China, and to explore the relative importance of climate, district, management practices and beekeeper characteristics
that are assumed to be associated with the intensity of T. mercedesae. Of the 410 participating apiaries, 379 apiaries were included in analyses of seasonal infestation rates and 352 apiaries
were included in multivariable regression analysis. The highest infestation rate (86.3%) of T. mercedesae was encountered in autumn, followed by summer (66.5%), spring (17.2%) and winter (14.8%). In autumn, 28.9% (93) of the infested
apiaries were in the north (including the northeast and northwest of China), 71.1% (229) were in the central and south (including
east, southeast and southwest China), and 306 apiaries (82.9%) were co-infested by both T. mercedesae and Varroa. Multivariable regression analysis showed that geographical location, season, royal jelly collection and Varroa infestation were the factors that influence the intensity of T. mercedesae. The influence of beekeeper’s education, time of beekeeping, operation size, and hive migration on the intensity of T. mercedesa was not statistically significant. This study provided information about the establishment of the linkage of the environment
and the parasite and could lead to better timing and methods of control. 相似文献
16.
E. S. Saltykova G. V. Benkovskaya A. G. Nikolaenko 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2007,43(2):191-197
Presented in the work are data on interrace differences in mechanisms of formation of antioxidant and phenoloxidase complexes in honeybees of the Middle Russian (Apis mellifera L.) and Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb.) geographic races. Different degree has been revealed of activation of these complexes depending on their localization in the insect organism and providing different strategy of adaptation to temperature stress. A diverse role of ascorbic acid in regulation of the honeybee protective system has been shown. 相似文献
17.
R. A. Calderón J. W. van Veen M. J. Sommeijer L. A. Sanchez 《Experimental & applied acarology》2010,50(4):281-297
Since its first contact with Apis mellifera, the population dynamics of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor varies from one region to another. In many regions of the world, apiculture has come to depend on the use of acaricides,
because of the extensive damage caused by varroa to bee colonies. At present, the mite is considered to contribute to the
recent decline of honey bee colonies in North America and Europe. Because in tropical climates worker brood rearing and varroa
reproduction occurs all year round, it could be expected that here the impact of the parasite will be even more devastating.
Yet, this has not been the case in tropical areas of South America. In Brazil, varroa was introduced more than 30 years ago
and got established at low levels of infestation, without causing apparent damage to apiculture with Africanized honey bees
(AHB). The tolerance of AHB to varroa is apparently attributable, at least in part, to resistance in the bees. The low fertility
of this parasite in Africanized worker brood and the grooming and hygienic behavior of the bees are referred as important
factors in keeping mite infestation low in the colonies. It has also been suggested that the type of mite influences the level
of tolerance in a honey bee population. The Korea haplotype is predominant in unbalanced host-parasite systems, as exist in
Europe, whereas in stable systems, as in Brazil, the Japan haplotype used to predominate. However, the patterns of varroa
genetic variation have changed in Brazil. All recently sampled mites were of the Korea haplotype, regardless whether the mites
had reproduced or not. The fertile mites on AHB in Brazil significantly increased from 56% in the 1980s to 86% in recent years.
Nevertheless, despite the increased fertility, no increase in mite infestation rates in the colonies has been detected so
far. A comprehensive literature review of varroa reproduction data, focusing on fertility and production of viable female
mites, was conducted to provide insight into the Africanized bee host-parasite relationship. 相似文献
18.
Two repeated DNA sequences isolated from a partial genomic DNA library of Helianthus annuus, p HaS13 and p HaS211, were shown to represent portions of the int gene of a Ty3 /gypsy retroelement and of the RNase-Hgene of a Ty1 /copia retroelement, respectively. Southern blotting patterns obtained by hybridizing the two probes to BglII- or DraI-digested genomic DNA from different Helianthus species showed p HaS13 and p HaS211 were parts of dispersed repeats at least 8 and 7 kb in length, respectively, that were conserved in all species studied. Comparable hybridization patterns were obtained in all species with p HaS13. By contrast, the patterns obtained by hybridizing p HaS211 clearly differentiated annual species from perennials. The frequencies of p HaS13- and p HaS211-related sequences in different species were 4.3x10(4)-1.3x10(5) copies and 9.9x10(2)-8.1x10(3) copies per picogram of DNA, respectively. The frequency of p HaS13-related sequences varied widely within annual species, while no significant difference was observed among perennial species. Conversely, the frequency variation of p HaS211-related sequences was as large within annual species as within perennials. Sequences of both families were found to be dispersed along the length of all chromosomes in all species studied. However, Ty3 /gypsy-like sequences were localized preferentially at the centromeric regions, whereas Ty1/ copia-like sequences were less represented or absent around the centromeres and plentiful at the chromosome ends. These findings suggest that the two sequence families played a role in Helianthusgenome evolution and species divergence, evolved independently in the same genomic backgrounds and in annual or perennial species, and acquired different possible functions in the host genomes. 相似文献
19.
Honeybees selected for the colony level phenotype of storing large quantities of pollen (pollen hoarding) in the nest exhibit greater walking activity than those selected against pollen hoarding. In this study, we use a simple walking assay to demonstrate that walking activity increases with the proportion of high pollen-hoarding alleles in pure and backcrossed strains of bees (high-strain bees > offspring generated from a high backcross > offspring generated from a low backcross > low-strain bees). The trait is heritable but is not associated with markers linked to three quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapped for their effects on pollen hoarding with demonstrated pleiotropic effects on pollen and nectar foraging and learning behavior. However, locomotion in non-selected bees is correlated with responsiveness to sucrose, a trait that correlates with foraging and learning behavior. We propose that pollen-hoarding behavior involves a syndrome of behavioral traits with complex genetic and regulatory architectures that span sensory sensitivity, foraging behavior, and learning. We propose that locomotor activity is the component of this syndrome and reflects the early maturation of the bees that become pollen foragers. 相似文献
20.
By using morphometric and molecular-genetic methods, the population of honeybees of apiaries located in the mountain-forest zone of the Crimean Peninsula under conditions of prolonged isolation from other bee farms of the peninsula was studied. The hypothesis that the bees of this apiary may show signs of lost Crimean bees was analyzed. The complex of morphological traits makes the bees of the examined apiaries closer to Italian, Krajina, and Ukrainian steppe bees and, to a lesser extent, to Carpathian bees. The results of molecular genetic analysis of the initial part of the mtDNA COI gene from GenBank for the races under consideration revealed the evolutionary proximity of the bees studied to representatives of Italian bees. The bees of the isolated apiary are united into a single haplotype. The sequences of the mtDNA COI locus were obtained from Carpathian bees from Moscow oblast and Tajikistan. In terms of differences between the Italian bee haplotype and haplotypes of bees from other regions related to Carpathian bees, it is suggested that the haplotypes of the apiary studied are more similar to Carpathian bees. The investigations do not reject the hypothesis that bees of the isolated apiary may have traits typical of Crimean bees. 相似文献