Local genetic ancestry in <Emphasis Type="Italic">CDKN2B-AS1</Emphasis> is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in an African American cohort extracted from de-identified electronic health records

Background

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most prevalent clinical subtype of glaucoma in the United States, affects African Americans at a higher rate compared with European Americans. Risk factors identified for POAG include increased age and family history, which coupled with heritability estimates, suggest this complex condition is associated with genetic and environmental factors. To date, several genome-wide studies have identified loci significantly associated with POAG risk, but most of these studies were performed in populations of European-descent.

Methods

To identify population-specific and trans-population genetic associations for POAG, we genotyped 11,521 African Americans using the Illumina Metabochip as part of the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study accessing BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s biorepository linked to de-identified electronic health records. Among this study population, we identified 138 cases of POAG and 1376 controls and performed Metabochip-wide tests of association. We also estimated local genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, a POAG-associated locus established in European-descent populations.

Results

Overall, we did not identify significant single SNP-POAG associations after adjusting for multiple testing. We did, however, detect a significant association between POAG risk and local African genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, where on average cases were of 90% African descent compared with controls at 58% (p?=?2?×?10^??6).

Conclusions

These data suggest that CDKN2B-AS1 is an important locus for POAG risk among African Americans, warranting further investigation to identify the variants underlying this association.

     

Rhizosphere processes induce changes in dissimilatory iron reduction in a tidal marsh soil: a rhizobox study

Background and aims

Although the role of microbial iron respiration in tidal marshes has been recognized for decades, the effect of rhizosphere processes on dissimilatory ferric iron reduction (FeR) is poorly known. Herein, we examined the FeR surrounding the root zone of three tidal marsh plants.

Methods

Using in situ rhizoboxes, we accurately separated rhizobox soil as one rhizosphere zone, and three bulk soil zones. Dissimilatory and sulfidic-mediated FeR were quantified by accumulation of non-sulfidic Fe(II) and Fe sulfides over time, respectively.

Results

The rates of dissimilatory FeR attained 42.5 μmol Fe g^?1 d^?1 in the rhizosphere, and logarithmically declined by up to 19.1 μmol Fe g^?1 d^?1 in the outer bulk soil. The rates of sulfidic-mediated FeR were less than 2 μmol Fe g^?1 d^?1 among all zones. Poorly crystalline Fe(III), DOC and DON, porewater Fe²⁺, and SO₄^2? were all enriched in the rhizosphere, whereas non-sulfidic Fe(II) and Fe sulfides gradually accumulated away from the roots. Iron reducers (Geobacter, Bacillus, Shewanella, and Clostridium) had higher populations in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Higher rates of dissimilatory FeR were observed in the Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora rhizoboxes than in the Cyperus malaccensis rhizoboxes.

Conclusions

The radial change pattern of dissimilatory FeR rates were determined by allocation of poorly crystalline Fe(III) and dissolved organic carbon. The interspecies difference of rhizosphere dissimilatory FeR was associated with the root porosity and aerenchyma of the tidal marsh plants.

     

Production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-10,<Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-12-conjugated linoleic acid using permeabilized whole-cell biocatalyst of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yarrowia lipolytica</Emphasis>

Objective

To improve the production of trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) from linoleic acid in recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica.

Results

Cells of the yeast were permeabilized by freeze/thawing. The optimal conditions for t10,c12-CLA production by the permeabilized cells were at 28 °C, pH 7, 200 rpm with 1.5 g sodium acetate l^?1, 100 g wet cells l^?1, and 25 g LA l^?1. Under these conditions, the permeabilized cells produced 15.6 g t10,c12-CLA l^?1 after 40 h, with a conversion yield of 62 %. The permeabilized cells could be used repeatedly for three cycles, with the t10,c12-CLA extracellular production remaining above 10 g l^?1.

Conclusion

Synthesis of t10,c12-CLA was achieved using a novel method, and the production reported in this work is the highest value reported to date.

     

Ammonium inhibition through the decoupling of acidification process and methanogenesis in anaerobic digester revealed by high throughput sequencing

Objective

To reveal the shifts of microbial communities along ammonium gradients, and the relationship between microbial community composition and the anaerobic digestion performance using a high throughput sequencing technique.

Results

Methane production declined with increasing ammonium concentration, and was inhibited above 4 g l^?1. The volatile fatty acids, especially acetate, accumulated with elevated ammonium. Prokaryotic populations showed different responses to the ammonium concentration: Clostridium, Tepidimicrobium, Sporanaerobacter, Peptostreptococcus, Sarcina and Peptoniphilus showed good tolerance to ammonium ions. However, Syntrophomonas with poor tolerance to ammonium may be inhibited during anaerobic digestion. During methanogenesis, Methanosarcina was the dominant methanogen.

Conclusion

Excessive ammonium inhibited methane production probably by decoupling the linkage between acidification process and methanogenesis, and finally resulted in different performance in anaerobic digestion.

     

Synthesis of disaccharides using β-glucosidases from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus niger</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. awamori</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus dulcis</Emphasis>

Objective

Glucose conversion into disaccharides was performed with β-glucosidases from Prunus dulcis (β-Pd), Aspergillus niger (β-An) and A. awamori (β-Aa), in reactions containing initial glucose of 700 and 900 g l^?1.

Results

The reactions’ time courses were followed regarding glucose and product concentrations. In all cases, there was a predominant formation of gentiobiose over cellobiose and also of oligosaccharides with a higher molecular mass. For reactions containing 700 g glucose l^?1, the final substrate conversions were 33, 38, and 23.5% for β-An, β-Aa, and β-Pd, respectively. The use of β-An yielded 103 g gentiobiose l^?1 (15.5% yield), which is the highest reported for a fungal β-glucosidase. The increase in glucose concentration to 900 g l^?1 resulted in a significant increase in disaccharide synthesis by β-Pd, reaching 128 g gentiobiose l^?1 (15% yield), while for β-An and β-Aa, there was a shift toward the synthesis of higher oligosaccharides.

Conclusion

β-Pd and the fungal β-An and β-Aa β-glucosidases present quite dissimilar kinetics and selective properties regarding the synthesis of disaccharides; while β-Pd showed the highest productivity for gentiobiose synthesis, β-An presented the highest specificity.

     

Single point mutations enhance activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-epoxysuccinate hydrolase

Objectives

To enhance activity of cis-epoxysuccinate hydrolase from Klebsiella sp. BK-58 for converting cis-epoxysuccinate to tartrate.

Results

By semi-saturation mutagenesis, all the mutants of the six important conserved residues almost completely lost activity. Then random mutation by error-prone PCR and high throughput screening were further performed to screen higher activity enzyme. We obtained a positive mutant F10D after screening 6000 mutations. Saturation mutagenesis on residues Phe10 showed that most of mutants exhibited higher activity than the wild-type, and the highest mutant was F10Q with activity of 812 U mg^?1 (k _cat /K _m , 9.8 ± 0.1 mM^?1 s^?1), which was 230 % higher than that of wild-type enzyme 355 U mg^?1 (k _cat /K _m , 5.3 ± 0.1 mM^?1 s^?1). However, the thermostability of the mutant F10Q slightly decreased.

Conclusions

The catalytic activity of a cis-epoxysuccinate hydrolase was efficient improved by a single mutation F10Q and Phe10 might play an important role in the catalysis.

     

Evaluation of European Schizophrenia GWAS Loci in Asian Populations via Comprehensive Meta-Analyses

Schizophrenia is a severe and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder. Recent genetic analyses including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated multiple genome-wide significant variants for schizophrenia among European populations. However, many of these risk variants were not largely validated in other populations of different ancestry such as Asians. To validate whether these European GWAS significant loci are associated with schizophrenia in Asian populations, we conducted a systematic literature search and meta-analyses on 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Asian populations by combining all available case-control and family-based samples, including up to 30,000 individuals. We employed classical fixed (or random) effects inverse variance weighted methods to calculate summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 19 GWAS loci, we replicated the risk associations of nine markers (e.g., SNPs at VRK2, ITIH3/4, NDST3, NOTCH4) surpassing significance level (two-tailed P?<?0.05), and three additional SNPs in MIR137 and ZNF804A also showed trend associations (one-tailed P?<?0.05). These risk associations are in the same directions of allelic effects between Asian replication samples and initial European GWAS findings, and the successful replications of these GWAS loci in a different ethnic group provide stronger evidence for their clinical associations with schizophrenia. Further studies, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of these GWAS significant loci, will become increasingly important for understanding of the pathogenesis to schizophrenia.     

Association of <Emphasis Type="Italic">TSHR</Emphasis> Gene Copy Number Variation with TSH Abnormalities

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the pituitary gland and promotes thyroid growth and function, with increased TSH levels typically associated with hypothyroidism. By consulting the literature, we found that the TSHR, PAX8, and PDE4B genes are associated with thyroid function. Recently, copy number variations (CNVs) have been used as genetic markers to investigate inter-individual variation. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the TSHR, PAX8, and PDE4B gene CNVs and TSH abnormalities, by calculating variations in gene copy number. Four hundred and eighty-one participants, 232 healthy controls and 249 patients with TSH abnormalities, were selected from three distinct areas in China with different iodine statuses. RT-PCR was used to detect CNVs. Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were measured by As³⁺–Ce⁴⁺ catalytic spectrophotometry. There was an association between a CNV at the TSHR gene and TSH abnormalities (p?=?0.002). The distribution of PAX8 and PDE4B gene CNVs between patients with TSH abnormalities and healthy controls was not significantly different. UIC >?200 μg/l (OR?=?1.49, 95% CI?=?1.01–2.22) and the TSHR gene (OR?=?6.01, 95% CI?=?1.96–18.41) were found to be risk factors for TSH abnormalities. PAX8 and PDE4B gene CNVs were not significantly associated with TSH abnormalities. There was no significant interaction between UIC and any of the examined CNVs. In conclusion, the TSHR gene CNV was associated with the development of TSH abnormalities. No significant associations were revealed between urinary iodine levels and candidate gene CNVs.     

Engineering phytosterol transport system in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium</Emphasis> sp. strain MS136 enhances production of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione

Objectives

To enhance the yield of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) from phytosterols, a phytosterol transport system was constructed in Mycobacterium sp. strain MS136.

Results

9-OHAD can be produced via the controlled degradation of phytosterols by mycobacteria. This involves an active transport process that requires trans-membrane proteins and ATP. A phytosterol transport system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was constructed in Mycobacterium sp. strain MS136 by co-expression of an energy-related gene, mceG, and two integrated membrane protein genes, yrbE4A and yrbE4B. The resultant of the Mycobacterium sp. strain MS136-GAB gave 5.7 g 9-OHAD l^?1, which was a 20% increase over 4.7 g l^?1 by the wild-type strain. The yield of 9-OHAD was increased to 6.0 g l^?1 by optimization of fermentation conditions, when 13 g phytosterols l^?1 were fermented for 84 h in 30 ml biotransformation medium in shake flasks.

Conclusions

Phytosterol transport system plays an active role in the uptake and transport of sterols, cloning of the system improved the mass transfer of phytosterols and increased the production of 9-OHAD.

     

Enantioconvergent hydrolysis of racemic styrene oxide at high concentration by a pair of novel epoxide hydrolases into (<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol

Objectives

To prepare (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol ((R)-PED) with high enantiomeric excess (ee _p) and yield from racemic styrene oxide (rac-SO) at high concentration by bi-enzymatic catalysis.

Results

The bi-enzymatic catalysis was designed for enantioconvergent hydrolysis of rac-SO by a pair of novel epoxide hydrolases (EHs), a Vigna radiata EH3 (VrEH3) and a variant (AuEH2^A250I) of Aspergillus usamii EH2. The simultaneous addition mode of VrEH3 and AuEH2^A250I, exhibiting the highest average turnover frequency (aTOF) of 0.12 g h^?1 g^?1, was selected, by which rac-SO (10 mM) was converted into (R)-PED with 92.6% ee _p and 96.3% yield. Under the optimized reaction conditions: dry weight ratio 14:1 of VrEH3-expressing E. coli/vreh3 to AuEH2^A250I-expressing E. coli/Aueh2 ^A250I and reaction at 20 °C, rac-SO (10 mM) was completely hydrolyzed in 2.3 h, affording (R)-PED with 98% ee _p. At the weight ratio 0.8:1 of rac-SO to two mixed dry cells, (R)-PED with 97.4% ee _p and 98.7% yield was produced from 200 mM (24 mg/ml) rac-SO in 10.5 h.

Conclusions

Enantioconvergent hydrolysis of rac-SO at high concentration catalyzed by both VrEH3 and AuEH2^A250I is an effective method for preparing (R)-PED with high ee _p and yield.

     

Non-capsulated mutants of a chemical-producing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</Emphasis> strain

Objectives

To investigate the outcomes of capsule lost on cell transformation efficiency and chemicals (1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and 2-ketogluconic acid) production by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Results

The cps gene cluster showed low sequence homology with pathogenic strains. The wza is a highly conserved gene in the cps cluster that encodes an outer membrane protein. A non-capsulated mutant was constructed by deletion of wza. Phenotype studies demonstrated that non-capsulated cells were less buoyant and easy to sediment. The transformation efficiency of the non-capsulated mutant reached 6.4 × 10⁵ CFU μg^?1 DNA, which is 10 times higher than that of the wild strain. 52.2 g 1,3-propanediol L^?1, 30.7 g 2,3-butanediol L^?1, and 175.9 g 2-ketogluconic acid L^?1 were produced by non-capsulated mutants, which were 10–40% lower compared to wild strain. Furthermore, viscosities of the three fermentation broths decreased to approximately 1.3 cP from the range of 1.8–2.2 cP.

Conclusions

Non-capsulated K. pneumoniae mutants should allay concerns regarding biological safety, improve transformation efficiency, lower viscosity, and subsequently ameliorate the financial burden of the downstream process of chemicals production.

     

Decreased formation of branched-chain short fatty acids in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</Emphasis> by metabolic engineering

Objectives

To reduce the unpleasant odor during 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) production, the genes of leucine dehydrogenase (bcd) and phosphate butryltransferase (ptb) were deleted from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HZ-12, and the concentrations of branched-chain short fatty acids (BCFAs) and DNJ were compared.

Results

By knockout of the ptb gene, 1.01 g BCFAs kg^?1 was produced from fermented soybean by HZ-12Δptb. This was a 56% decrease compared with that of HZ-12 (2.27 g BCFAs kg^?1). Moreover, no significant difference was found in the DNJ concentration (0.7 g kg^?1). After further deletion of the bcd gene from HZ-12Δptb, no BCFAs was detected in fermented soybeans with HZ-12ΔptbΔbcd, while the DNJ yield decreased by 26% compared with HZ-12.

Conclusions

HZ-12Δptb had decreased BCFAs formation but also maintained the stable DNJ yield, which contributed to producing DNJ-rich products with decreased unpleasant smell.

     

Nitrogen Metabolism Genes from Temperate Marine Sediments

In this study, we analysed metagenomes along with biogeochemical profiles from Skagerrak (SK) and Bothnian Bay (BB) sediments, to trace the prevailing nitrogen pathways. NO₃ ^? was present in the top 5 cm below the sediment-water interface at both sites. NH₄ ⁺ increased with depth below 5 cm where it overlapped with the NO₃ ^? zone. Steady-state modelling of NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ porewater profiles indicates zones of net nitrogen species transformations. Bacterial protease and hydratase genes appeared to make up the bulk of total ammonification genes. Genes involved in ammonia oxidation (amo, hao), denitrification (nir, nor), dissimilatory NO₃ ^? reduction to NH₄ ⁺ (nfr and otr) and in both of the latter two pathways (nar, nap) were also present. Results show ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are similarly abundant in both sediments. Also, denitrification genes appeared more abundant than DNRA genes. 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the relative abundance of the nitrifying group Nitrosopumilales and other groups involved in nitrification and denitrification (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Nitrosococcus and Nitrosomonas) appeared less abundant in SK sediments compared to BB sediments. Beggiatoa and Thiothrix 16S rRNA genes were also present, suggesting chemolithoautotrophic NO₃ ^? reduction to NO₂ ^? or NH₄ ⁺ as a possible pathway. Our results show the metabolic potential for ammonification, nitrification, DNRA and denitrification activities in North Sea and Baltic Sea sediments.     

Electrical capacitance of bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>) root systems was related to tissue density—a test for the Dalton Model

Aims

The capacitance method offers a rapid and non-destructive method for root measurement. We tested a four terminal (4 T) capacitance (C, Farads) measurement circuit, which removes parasitic errors. We also tested the plausibility of Dalton Model’s assumptions that roots act as cylindrical capacitors and that their entire length contributes to measured C.

Methods

Faba bean (Vicia faba) was grown in sand and harvested at different ages to determine fresh root mass. Length and radii were determined using scanning software. Tissue density ρ was determined from observing buoyancy in water and from scanned dimensions. Relative permittivity ε _r was calculated using an empirical model fitted to the data.

Results

Parasitic errors were small. C was a poor predictor of root dimensions. An empirical model L ∝?(C/ρ ^k )^m, was a reasonable predictor (R²?=?0.56; P?<?0.05) of root length L and was not related to root allometry. This relation also allowed calculation of a plausible average value of ε _r .

Conclusions

The well-watered conditions ensured that contact resistances were low. It appeared that the entire root system was contributing to measured C and average calculated ε _r was plausible for cortex tissue, if roots were assumed to be cylindrical capacitors (i.e. the Dalton Model)

     

A novel malic enzyme gene, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mime2</Emphasis>, from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mortierella isabellina</Emphasis> M6-22 contributes to lipid accumulation

Objective

This study was aimed at cloning and characterizing a novel malic enzyme (ME) gene of Mortierella isabellina M6-22 and identifying its relation with lipid accumulation.

Methods

Mime2 was cloned from strain M6-22. Plasmid pET32aMIME2 was constructed to express ME of MIME2 in Escherichia coli BL21. After purification, the optimal pH and temperature of MIME2, as well as K_m and V_max for NADP⁺ were determined. The effects of EDTA or metal ions (Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Zn²⁺) on the enzymatic activity of MIME2 were evaluated. Besides, plasmid pRHMIME2 was created to express MIME2 in Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae YM25235, and its cell lipid content was measured by the acid-heating method. The optimal pH and temperature of MIME2 are 5.8 and 30 °C, respectively.

Results

The act ivity of MIME2 was significantly increased by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mn²⁺ at 0.5 mM but inhibited by Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺ (p?<?0.05). The optimal enzymatic activity of MIME2 is 177.46 U/mg, and the K_m and V_max for NADP⁺ are 0.703 mM and 156.25 μg/min, respectively. Besides, Mime2 transformation significantly increased the cell lipid content in strain YM25235 (3.15?±?0.24 vs. 2.17?±?0.31 g/L, p?<?0.01).

Conclusions

The novel ME gene Mime2 isolated from strain M6-22 contributes to lipid accumulation in strain YM25235.

     

Combinatorial analysis of enzymatic bottlenecks of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-tyrosine pathway by <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-coumaric acid production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Objective

To identify new enzymatic bottlenecks of l-tyrosine pathway for further improving the production of l-tyrosine and its derivatives.

Result

When ARO4 and ARO7 were deregulated by their feedback resistant derivatives in the host strains, the ARO2 and TYR1 genes, coding for chorismate synthase and prephenate dehydrogenase were further identified as new important rate-limiting steps. The yield of p-coumaric acid in the feedback-resistant strain overexpressing ARO2 or TYR1, was significantly increased from 6.4 to 16.2 and 15.3 mg l^?1, respectively. Subsequently, we improved the strain by combinatorial engineering of pathway genes increasing the yield of p-coumaric acid by 12.5-fold (from 1.7 to 21.3 mg l^?1) compared with the wild-type strain. Batch cultivations revealed that p-coumaric acid production was correlated with cell growth, and the formation of by-product acetate of the best producer NK-M6 increased to 31.1 mM whereas only 19.1 mM acetate was accumulated by the wild-type strain.

Conclusion

Combinatorial metabolic engineering provides a new strategy for further improvement of l-tyrosine or other metabolic biosynthesis pathways in S. cerevisiae.

     

Optimization of continuous-flow solid-phase denitrification via coupling carriers in enhancing simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organics for agricultural runoff purification

Coupling of biodegradable corncob and plastic carrier was optimized in continuous-flow solid-phase denitrification systems for enhancing simultaneously removal of nitrogen and organics in agricultural runoff. In compared with preposition of plastic carriers and mixed distribution method, it was demonstrated that the preposition of corncobs simultaneously enhanced nitrate (6.64 ± 1.35 mg L^?1 day ^?1) and organics removal (6.33 ± 1.44 mg L^?1 day^?1) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h. The operation performance could be further enhanced with extension of HRT to 12 h. The dominant genera found in corncob were denitrifiers for nitrate reduction (Bosea, Simplicispira, Desulfovibrio, Klebsiella, etc.) and fermentative bacteria (Pleomorphomonas, Actinotalea, Opitutus, Cellulomonas, Bacteroides, etc.) responsible for corncob degrading to simple organics for other denitrifiers. However, much lower and different denitrifiers abundances (Bradyrhizobium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, etc.) exhibited on plastic filler than those of corncob. It well explained that the biofilm on plastic carrier was mainly related with organics removal while the biofilm on corncobs inclined to effectively remove nitrate, and simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organics could be achieved in coupling carriers system with preposition of biodegradable corncob.     

Comparison of mitral annulus geometry between patients with ischemic and non-ischemic functional mitral regurgitation: implications for transcatheter mitral valve implantation

Background

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is a new therapeutic option for high surgical risk patients with mitral regurgitation (MR). Mitral valve (MV) geometry quantification is of paramount importance for success of the procedure and transthoracic 3D echocardiography represents a useful screening tool. Accordingly, we sought to asses MV geometry in patients with functional MR (FMR) that would potentially benefit of TMVR, focusing on the comparison of mitral annulus (MA) geometry between patients with ischemic (IMR) and non ischemic mitral regurgitation (nIMR).

Methods

We retrospectively selected 94 patients with severe FMR: 41 (43,6%) with IMR and 53 (56,4%) with nIMR. 3D MA analysis was performed on dedicated transthoracic 3D data sets using a new, commercially-available software package in two moments of the cardiac cycle (early-diastole and mid-systole). We measured MA dimension and geometry parameters, left atrial and left ventricular volumes.

Results

Maximum (MA area 10.7?±?2.5 cm² vs 11.6?±?2.7 cm², p?>?0.05) and the best fit plane MA area (9.9?±?2.3 cm² vs 10.7?±?2.5 cm², p?>?0.05, respectively) were similar between IMR and nIMR. nIMR patients showed larger mid-systolic 3D area (9.8?±?2.3 cm² vs 10.8?±?2.7 cm², p?<?0.05) and perimeter (11.2?±?1.3 cm vs 11.8?±?1.5 cm, p?<?0.05) with longer and larger leaflets, and wider aorto-mitral angle (135?±?10° vs 141?±?11°, p?<?0.05). Conversely, the area of MA at the best fit plane did not differ between IMR and nIMR patients (9?±?1.1 cm² vs 9.9?±?1.5 cm², p?>?0.05).

Conclusions

Patients with ischemic and non-ischemic etiology of FMR have similar maximum dimension, yet systolic differences between the two groups should be taken into account to tailor prosthesis’s selection.

Trial registration

N.A.