Phylogeny and historical biogeography of silky lacewings (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)

Psychopsidae (silky winged lacewings) are a small family of N europtera characterized by broad hirsute wings that impart a physical resemblance to moths. The fossil record includes many psychopsid‐like taxa from the L ate T riassic to E arly O ligocene from all major continents. Extant species have a disjunct, tripartite distribution comprising A frotropical, Southeast A sian and A ustralian regions that is significant to historical biogeography. Two subfamilies are currently recognized: Z ygophlebiinae in the A frotropics, and P sychopsinae in A ustralia and Southeast A sia. This study explores phylogeny and historical biogeography of P sychopsidae, using data from biogeography, comparative morphology and molecular sequences (16S , 18S , CAD , COI ). Our results show that: (i) the morphological phylogeny is incongruent with molecular data; (ii) A frotropical S ilveira N avás represent a separate lineage that warrants placement in its own subfamily; (iii) the family originated in P angea; and (iv) the present genus level distribution resulted from two vicariance events associated with G ondwanan fragmentation.     

Jurassic lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) of Western Siberia

A lacewing assemblage from the Middle Jurassic of the West Siberian Kubekovo locality, the only know Jurassic lacewing fauna of Russia, is discussed. One new genus and two new species of Osmylidae from Kubekovo, Kubekius multiramosus gen. et sp. nov. and Epiosmylus longus sp. nov. are described. Thaumatomerobius mirabilis Ponomarenko, 1985 is transferred to the family Saucrosmylidae, which has only been recorded in the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou.     

A revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera)

Existing classifications of Tenebrionidae are reviewed briefly. The inclusion of the families Alleculidae, Lagriidae, and Nilionidae in Tenebrionidae is confirmed. The splitting off from this complex of a family, Tentyriidae, by Doyen is discussed and rejected. Various taxa which had been included in Tenebrionidae are excluded, amongst which Syrphetodes, Brouniphylax, Exohadrus, Arthopus, Cotulades, Docalis, and Latometus (=Elascus) have not previously been formally excluded. A new family, Archeocrypticidae, is established and defined briefly for Archeocrypticus, Sivacrypticus, and Enneboeus.

Data from matrices based on adult and larval characters comparing Tenebrionidae with most other families of Tenebrionoidea (=Heteromera) are presented for derived characters in common, and for overall similarity. The families most closely related to Tenebrionidae according to these data are Zopheridae, Chalcodryidae, Merycidae, Archeocrypticidae, Synchroidae, Colydiidae, and Monommatidae; none is very close to Tenebrionidae, which has had a long independent history.

Characters of the subfamilies recognised are tabulated, and interpreted in a phylo‐genetic dendrogram. Phylogeny is discussed in relation to adaptive changes in the biology of the various subfamilies, which are Zolodininae new subfamily, Pimeliinae new sense (including Tentyriinae), Toxicinae new sense, Phrenapatinae new sense (including Archeoglenini new tribe), Diaperinae new sense, Gnathidiinae, Tenebrioninae new sense, Alleculinae, Nilioninae, Lagriinae new sense, Cossyphinae, and Cossyphodinae new status.

Biology, economic importance, copulation, orientation of the aedeagus, and distribution are discussed briefly.

Definitions of the family and subfamilies and a key to subfamilies are given, and keys to tribes are included for the smaller subfamilies. The previously unknown larvae of the genera Zolodinus, Menimus, Archeoglenes, Lepispilus, and Nyctoporis are described in detail. Pupae of Zolodinus and Nyctoporis are described. Keys to larvae include many other genera which were hitherto unknown or poorly known.     

Phylogeny and historical biogeography of leafhopper subfamily Iassinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with a revised tribal classification based on morphological and molecular data

Phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the leafhopper subfamily Iassinae were explored by analysing a dataset of 91 discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data from nuclear 28S rDNA and histone H3 genes and mitochondrial 12S rDNA. Bayesian, maximum‐likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses yielded similar tree topologies that were well resolved with strong branch support except at the base of the tree, resulting in equivocal support for inclusion of Bythoniini as a tribe of Iassinae but strong support for the monophyly of Iassinae (excluding Bythoniini) and most previously recognized iassine tribes. Divergence times for recovered nodes were estimated using a Bayesian relaxed clock method with two fossil calibration points. The results suggest that the deepest divergences coincided with Gondwanan vicariant events but that more recent divergences resulted from long‐range dispersal and colonization. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the group most likely has a Neotropical origin. The following changes to the taxonomic classification are proposed: establishment of three new tribes, Batracomorphini trib.n. (based on type genus Batracomorphus Lewis), Hoplojassini trib.n. (based on type genus Hoplojassus Dietrich and including one other South American genus), Lipokrisnini trib.n. (based on type genus Lipokrisna Freytag and including two other endemic Caribbean genera); Krisnini is redefined to include only the Old World genera Krisna and Gessius; Iassini is redefined to include only the type genus and four endemic Afrotropical genera; Bascarrhinus Fowler and Platyhynna Berg, recently treated as genera incertae sedis, are placed in Hyalojassini; Thalattoscopus Kirkaldy is added to the previously monobasic tribe Trocnadini. Iassinae now includes 12 tribes, all of which appear to be monophyletic. Revised morphological diagnoses of the subfamily and each of the included tribes are provided and a key to tribes is also given. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41295B68‐2DAB‐4C4F‐B260‐F7C054922173 .     

“中生代的蝴蝶”——脉翅目丽蛉类昆虫

丽蛉类昆虫是脉翅目昆虫在中生代特有的一类绝灭昆虫,被誉为"中生代的蝴蝶",其体型巨大、脉序复杂,部分身体特征高度特化,与现代脉翅目昆虫表现出明显的差异,而其在脉翅目演化中的地位也是一直难以确定。同时,由于化石保存的局限性,该类昆虫多是依靠不完整的结构进行分类,缺少系统的总结和修订,也为该类群的深入研究带来了很大的困难。本文对中生代丽蛉类昆虫进行了总结,统计了至今全世界所发现的所有丽蛉类昆虫名录,概述了其研究历史,地质年代及地理分布,系统发育研究进展,功能形态学研究及生态学特性等问题,并提出了研究该类群有待解决的问题及研究展望。     

Phylogeny of a new supertribe Cephenniitae with generic review of Eutheiini and description of a new tribe Marcepaniini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Genera of Eutheiini are reviewed and Eutheimorphus is removed from this tribe of ant‐like stone beetles (Scydmaeninae) and transferred to Cephenniini. A monogeneric Marcepaniini trib.n. is described to accommodate Marcepania gen.n. from Malaysia, with five species: M. semengohensis sp.n. (the type species of Marcepania), M. tuberculata sp.n. , M. seramaensis sp.n. , M. minutissima sp.n. and M. elongata sp.n. A phylogenetic analysis of all genera of Cephenniini, Eutheiini and Marcepaniini based on adult morphological characters resulted in recovering a well‐supported monophyletic clade Eutheiini + (Marcepaniini + Cephenniini) and these tribes are included in Cephenniitae stat.n. (Eutheiini and Cephenniini are therefore removed from Scydmaenitae). Only a weak support for monophyly of Eutheiini was found, but morphological characters allow for maintaining this presumably relic group as a separate tribe. Previously proposed monophyletic groups within Cephenniini were recovered as such, but after inclusion of Eutheimorphus, a sister taxon to the ‘Cephennomicrus group’, the latter lineage gained weak statistical support. The evolutionary history of Cephenniitae is discussed, with focus on known northern hemisphere fossils classified in Scydmaenitae and Hapsomelitae, but possibly closely allied to Cephenniitae. Establishing the supertribe Cephenniitae is the first step toward a profound reclassification of Scydmaeninae on a robust phylogenetic basis. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0E1B12D-9587-4C4F-A908-A12A0C424A8C .     

The phylogeny of lance lacewings (Neuroptera: Osmylidae)

The first phylogeny of the lacewing family Osmylidae is presented here based on a total evidence analysis of DNA sequences for multiple gene loci and morphology for representatives of almost all extant genera. Our phylogeny shows a basal dichotomy in the family, with subfamilies Protosmylinae, Spilosmylinae and Gumillinae comprising one lineage, and the other lineage including Osmylinae, Porisminae, Eidoporisminae, Kempyninae and Stenosmylinae. The status of Paryphosmylus Krüger and Lysmus Navás as members of Protosmylinae is affirmed as well as the placement of Gumillinae near Protosmylinae and Spilosmylinae. Our results suggest that Porisminae, Eidoporisminae and Stenosmylinae evolved from a common ancestor, and their relationships, including likely paraphyly of Stenosmylinae, requires further assessment. Divergence time analysis revealed that the family originated during the Late Permian before the break‐up of the supercontinent Pangaea and that present generic distributions are not due to Gondwanan biogeographic events. All major subfamily‐level lineages were present by the end of the Triassic, in agreement with the rich Mesozoic‐aged fossil record for the family.     

New species of the pleasing lacewing genus Dilar Rambur, 1838 (Neuroptera,Dilaridae) from the Hengduan Mountains,southwestern China

The genus Dilar Rambur, 1838 (Neuroptera, Dilaridae) is the most species-rich genus of the family Dilaridae and is diverse in China, previously with 32 described species. Here we report two new species of Dilar from the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains, Sichuan, southwestern China, namely Dilar muliensis sp. nov. and Dilar punctulosus sp. nov. A revised key to species of Dilar from China is provided.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:27EC214B-6587-4E38-BDAC-295F7389ABF3.     

Two new lacewings (Neuroptera) from the Upper Jurassic locality Shar-Teg (Mongolia)

Two new lacewing species, Prohemerobius minor sp. nov. (Prohemerobiidae) and Sogjuta shartegica sp. nov. (Osmylidae), are described from Upper Jurassic deposits of the Mongolian locality Shar-Teg.     

Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach

We present a time‐calibrated phylogeny of the charismatic green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Previous phylogenetic studies on the family using DNA sequences have suffered from sparse taxon sampling and/or limited amounts of data. Here we combine all available previously published DNA sequence data and add to it new DNA sequences generated for this study. We analysed these data in a supermatrix using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the family that recovers strong support for the monophyly of all subfamilies and resolves relationships among a large proportion of chrysopine genera. Chrysopinae tribes Leucochrysini and Belonopterygini were recovered as monophyletic sister clades, while the species‐rich tribe Chrysopini was rendered paraphyletic by Ankylopterygini. Relationships among the subfamilies were resolved, although with relatively low statistical support, and the topology varied based on the method of analysis. Greatest support was found for Apochrysinae as sister to Nothochrysinae and Chrysopinae, which is in contrast to traditional concepts that place Nothochrysinae as sister to the rest of the family. Divergence estimates suggest that the stem groups to the various subfamilies diverged during the Triassic‐Jurassic, and that stem groups of the chrysopine tribes diverged during the Cretaceous.     

Phylogeny of split‐footed lacewings (Neuroptera,Nymphidae), with descriptions of new Cretaceous fossil species from China

A phylogeny of the lacewing family Nymphidae based on morphology and DNA sequences is presented including representatives of all living genera and selected fossil genera. Widely distributed Jurassic and Cretaceous genera gave rise to recent taxa now restricted to Australasia. Two previously defined clades (i.e. Nymphinae and Myiodactylinae) were recovered and reflect the diverging adult and larval morphology of members of these two subfamilies. From Chinese Cretaceous deposits, a new genus (Spilonymphes gen. nov.) is described with one new species, as well as new species described in the genera Baissoleon Makarkin and Sialium Westwood.     

Molecular phylogeny of the green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Abstract  The first quantitative analysis of phylogenetic relationships of green lacewings (Chrysopidae) is presented based on DNA sequence data. A single nuclear and two mitochondrial genes are used in the analysis: carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase (CAD) (i.e. rudimentary locus), large subunit ribosomal gene (16S) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). This study represents the first use of the CAD gene to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the lacewings. DNA sequences for 33 chrysopid species from 18 genera, representing all subfamilies and tribes, were compared with outgroups sampled from families Hemerobiidae, Osmylidae and Polystoechotidae. Parsimony analyses of the combined data set recovered all of the previously established subfamilial and tribal groups as monophyletic clades (although relatively weakly supported) except Apochrysinae sensu lato . The enigmatic Nothancyla verreauxi Navás has historically been difficult to place in a subfamily group based on morphological characteristics; molecular data presented herein do not adequately resolve this problem.     

Stridulatory structures in three green lacewings (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)

The stridulatory structures that occur in Meleoma Fitch, Brinckochrysa Tjeder and Chrysocerca Weele (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) have been examined for the first time, using scanning electron microscopy. The structures are made up of rows of tubercles, formed by modified microtrichia and setae or sclerotized plates, situated laterally on the second abdominal segment and inner surface of the hind femora. Although superficially similar in the 3 genera, the stridulatory structures have different derivations, and have probably arisen in the Chrysopidae on separate occasions. The arrangement of tubercles within each genus varies among species, and is sexually dimorphic. Sound is thought to be produced by rubbing the abdomen against the hind femora and probably forms part of a courtship display.     

Phylogeny of the subfamily Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of a new genus from the Oriental Realm

Abstract.  A new Oriental fishfly genus, Sinochauliodes gen.n. , is described, including four species: S. fujianensis ( Yang & Yang, 1999 ) comb.n. , S. griseus ( Yang & Yang, 1999 ) comb.n. , S. maculosus sp.n. and S. squalidus sp.n. A cladistic analysis based on adult morphological characters clarified the phylogenetic status of the new genus and allowed the reconstruction of the intergeneric relationships of the subfamily Chauliodinae. Two main clades within Chauliodinae were recognized from the cladistic analysis. The Asian fishflies, together with the two Nearctic genera, Chauliodes and Nigronia , formed a monophyletic lineage, and the new genus was assigned as the sister group to the genus Parachauliodes . The biogeography of the Asian fishflies is discussed.     

The Rapismatidae (Neuroptera): montane lacewings of the oriental region

Abstract. The rare neuropteran family Rapismatidae, known only from the highlands of India and Nepal, S.E. Asia and Indonesia, is reviewed, and the affinities of the family are discussed. Nine species are recognized, of which seven are here described as new: two new synonymies are established.     

Phylogeny and a revised classification of the Monogenoidea Bychowsky, 1937 (Platyhelminthes)

A hypothesis (CI=57.3%) on the evolutionary relationships of families comprising the class Monogenoidea is proposed based on 141 character states in 47 homologous series and employing phylogenetic systematics. Based on the analysis, three subclasses, the Polyonchoinea, Polystomatoinea and Oligonchoinea, are recognised. The analysis supports independent origins of the Montchadskyellidae within the Polyonchoinea and of the Neodactylodiscidae and Amphibdellatidae within the order Dactylogyridea (Polyonchoinea); the suborder Montchadskyellinea is raised to ordinal status and new suborders Neodactylodiscinea and Amphibdellatinea are proposed to reflect these origins. The Gyrodactylidea (Polyonchoinea) is supported by three synapomorphies and comprises the Gyrodactylidae, Anoplodiscidae, Tetraonchoididae and Bothitrematidae. The analysis supports recognition of the Polystomatoinea comprising Polystomatidae and Sphyranuridae. Evolutionary relationships within the Oligonchoinea indicate independent origins of three ordinal taxa, the Chimaericolidea (monotypic), Diclybothriidea (including Diclybothriidae and Hexabothriidae) and Mazocraeidea (with five suborders). The suborder Mazocraeinea comprises the Plectanocotylidae, Mazocraeidae and Mazoplectidae, and is characterised by two synapomorphies. The suborder Gastrocotylinea, characterised by presence of accessory sclerites in the haptoral sucker, is divided into two infraorders, the monotypic Anthocotylina infraorder novum and Gastrocotylina. Two superfamilies of the Gastrocotylina are recognised, the Protomicrocotyloidea and Gastrocotyloidea; the Pseudodiclidophoridae is considered incertae sedis within the Gastrocotylina. The suborder Discocotylinea comprises the Discocotylidae, Octomacridae and Diplozoidae and is supported by four synapomorphies. The monotypic Hexostomatinea suborder novum is proposed to reflect an independent origin of the Hexostomatidae within the Mazocraeidea. The terminal suborder Microcotylinea comprises four superfamilies, the Microcotyloidea, Allopyragraphoroidea, Diclidophoroidea and Pyragraphoroidea. The analysis supports incorporation of the Pterinotrematidae in the Pyragraphoroidea and rejection of the monotypic order Pterinotrematidea. The following taxa are also rejected for reasons of paraphyly and/or polyphyly: Articulonchoinea, Bothriocotylea, Eucotylea, Monoaxonematidea, Tetraonchidea, Gotocotyloidea, Anchorophoridae and Macrovalvitrematidae. The Sundanonchidae, Iagotrematidae and Microbothriidae were not included in the analysis because of lack of pertinent information regarding character states.     

A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae)

A reclassification of the tribe Sileneae compatible with molecular data is presented. The genus Eudianthe ( E. laeta and E. coeli-rosa ) is restored. Viscaria, Ixoca (= Heliosperma ), and Atocion together form a well supported monophyletic group distinct from Silene and Lychnis , and are recognized at generic level. With Agrostemma and Petrocoptis , the number of genera in the tribe sums up to eight. The new combinations Silene samojedora, Silene ajanensis, Lychnis abyssinica, Atocion asterias, Atocion compacta, Atocion lerchenfeldiana , and Atocion rupestris are made.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Thyridosmylus (Neuroptera: Osmylidae)

The first phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thyridosmylus Krüger is presented. All species from China were scored in a morphological analysis, along with extralimital species from India (Thyridosmylus pustulatus Kimmins) and Madagascar (Thyridosmylus marmoratus Fraser), and were compared with out‐group exemplars from Spilosmylus Kolbe, Thaumatosmylus Krüger and Osmylus Latreille. A monophyletic Thyridosmylus sister to Spilosmylus is confirmed based on this analysis, with the Malagasy Thyridosmylus marmoratus as sister to the Oriental Thyridosmylus species. Based on the results of this analysis, the biogeography of world Thyridosmylus is discussed. It is proposed that the genus originated in Gondwana no later than the Late Cretaceous (88 Ma) before the break‐up of the Madagascar–India continent. A new species, Thyridosmylus paralangii sp.n., is described from Guangxi Province, whereas two species [Thyridosmylus langii (McLachlan) and Thyridosmylus perspicillaris minor Kimmins] are recorded from China for the first time. Four synonyms are identified: Thyridosmylus laetus Yang et al. syn.n. , Thyridosmylus similaminor Yang syn.n. , Thyridosmylus vulgatus Yang syn.n. and Thyridosmylus mimoroides Yang syn.n. A key to the species of the world is provided.