药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发影响因素研究

目的：探究药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发的影响因素,为规模化种植提供依据。方法：探讨了不同浸种时间（0,2,4,6,8,10 d）,不同土壤含水量（70%,50%,30%,10%）,不同播种深度（0,1,3,5,7 cm）,不同光照条件（光/暗=0 h/24h,光/暗=24 h/0 h,光/暗=12 h/12 h）,不同基质（沙土,营养土,黄土,1/2黄土+1/2营养土）,不同消毒方式（0.1%NaClO溶液/3 d,0.2%NaClO溶液/3 d,2.0%NaClO溶液/15 d,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d）对羊乳种子发芽率的影响。结果：随着浸种时间（0～10 d）的加长,羊乳种子发芽率呈降低趋势;随着土壤含水量（10%～70%）的升高,羊乳种子发芽率先升后降;0～7 cm播种深度范围内,羊乳种子发芽率呈先升后降趋势,最适播种深度为3 cm;黑暗条件更利于羊乳种子萌发;4种基质中,黄土处理的羊乳种子发芽率最高;高浓度低频率消毒方式可提高羊乳种子的发芽率。结论：将未浸种的羊乳种子播于含水量为30%的黄土中3 cm深,保持黑暗条件,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d消毒可有效提高其发芽率。     

霍山石斛种苗繁殖与栽培研究

为探讨霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng)的种苗繁殖与栽培技术,对霍山石斛的人工辅助授粉方式、无菌播种和试管苗移栽技术进行了研究。结果表明,人工辅助授粉时,栽培大棚内的异花授粉结果率可达65%以上,而自花授粉结果率不到4%,异花授粉的果实发育更好,但二者果实成熟所需时间基本一致。在无菌培养条件下,试管开花植株的异花授粉结果率可达到18.18%,并且果实成熟所需时间比栽培大棚的短67 d。不论是栽培大棚和无菌培养的异花授粉的成熟种子,还是在4℃下贮存2.5年的种子,无菌播种的萌发率均超过80%,比自花授粉的种子萌发率高20%左右。培养基中添加土豆、香蕉和苹果汁等添加物,对霍山石斛的壮苗均有明显的促进作用,以添加香蕉匀浆的效果最好。试管苗移栽的适宜基质为分层基质:下部3/10树皮+上部7/10木屑,其移栽成活率(78%)和萌芽数较高(每丛2.7个芽),这可能与该基质良好的保水性和透气性等有关。     

胶膜菌属真菌S7(Tulasnella sp.)及提取物对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响

兰科植物种子细小,无胚乳,自然条件下依赖共生的真菌为其提供营养实现种子萌发.前期研究表明,在燕麦琼脂(oatmeal agar, OMA)培养基上与兰科铁皮石斛种子共生培养时,胶膜菌属真菌S7(Tulasnella sp.)能促进种子萌发.本文用S7培养物在6种基质上进行播种实验,考察S7的田间使用效果;将S7提取物分别加入OMA和MS培养基中,考察S7提取物对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响.研究发现:(ⅰ)不使用S7,种子在3种基质上能够出芽,最高出芽率为1.96%±1.26%,在1种基质上能形成幼苗,最高成苗率为0.96%±1.07%.使用S7,种子在6种基质上都能够出芽并形成幼苗;种子在泥炭土:锯末(1:1)基质上的萌发效果最好,出芽率和成苗率分别达到26.68%±6.26%和20.97%±6.93%.这些结果验证了S7具有促进铁皮石斛种子萌发作用,可应用于田间播种,同时说明播种基质能够影响S7的作用.(ⅱ) OMA培养基中添加高浓度S7菌丝体提取物后,培养50天形成原球茎,比对照组提前了20天; 60天时形成叶片,对照组原球茎未见继续发育;培养80天种子萌发率为54.90%±2.46%,与对照组相比提高了57.6%(P0.05),出芽率为9.11%±4.17%,对照组仅为0.41%±0.38%.这些结果提示, S7菌丝体提取物中含有可以促进种子萌发与原球茎发育的物质.本研究为进一步探索该菌的实际应用价值,并探索共生真菌中促进兰科种子萌发的活性代谢产物奠定了基础,为兰科种子共生萌发的机制研究开拓了新的思路.     

辣木组培苗移栽驯化

对印度改良辣木Moringa oleifera PKM2组培生根苗的培养时间及炼苗时间、移栽驯化时间、移栽基质等因素进行研究。结果表明,组培苗移栽前生根培养15 d、炼苗4 d成活率最高,达90.67%;移栽驯化最佳时间为10月份;移栽驯化基质以水藓泥炭+珍珠岩(4∶1)最为适宜。     

刚果12号桉和剥粒菠萝的组织培养与快速繁殖

1.刚果12号桉植物名称:刚果12号桉(Eucalyptus“12ABL”)材料类别:种子。培养条件:播种培养基为MS(不含激素)。诱导培养基为MS附加BA 1～2mg/L(单位下同),NAA 0.1～0.2,椰乳200。分化培养基附加NAA 0.5～1,BA 0.2～0.5。生根培养基附加IBA 0.5～1,NAA 0.2～0.5。培养基pH 5.8,温度28～30℃。光照每天10～12小时,光强2000 lx。     

红花龙胆组培快繁体系研究

为建立红花龙胆组培快繁体系,对红花龙胆合适外植体、消毒方法、最佳增殖培养基、生根培养基及移栽驯化方法进行了研究。结果表明,带节茎段为红花龙胆组织培养的最佳外植体;5%的次氯酸钠消毒10 min,污染率为0,成活率达80%;芽诱导增殖最佳培养基为:MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+2.5 mg·L~(-1)ZT,增殖系数为8.94;最佳生根培养基为:1/2MS+0.3 mg·L~(-1)IBA,生根率为100%;1∶1的珍珠岩∶草炭为最佳移栽基质,其移栽成活率达100%。为红花龙胆快速育苗与规模化种植提供技术参考。     

红花种质资源色价及主要产量性状的聚类分析

以筛选出来的69份无刺红花资源为材料,利用相关性分析及聚类分析对其花瓣色价、单株果球数、单株果球种子数、果球直径、百粒重、单株种子产量、单株花瓣产量7个性状进行评估。结果表明:69份材料间存在较大的差异,对红花种子产量贡献最大的农艺性状是单株果球数;对红花花瓣色价进行分析,将69份红花资源分为3类,色价在6.3~14.1之间,其中色价极高型材料有14份,平均值达到12.38。对7个性状指标进行综合聚类分析,可以将69份红花资源分为5大类群,各类群性状变化丰富,其中组Ⅳ综合表现最好,是选育高色价、高产红花的优良材料。69份红花资源在色价和产量指标等方面表现出多样性,遗传较丰富,但色价高的资源材料相对较少。红花种质资源色价及主要产量性状的综合分析,可为红花资源的有效利用及选育高色价、高产红花新品种奠定基础。     

胚乳和外源赤霉素对五味子[Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill]种子发芽的影响

以组织培养和土壤播种的未经层积处理的五味子种子为材料,检测胚乳和外源赤霉素(GA3)对发芽影响的结果表明,在不加生长调节物质的MS培养基上,去掉外种皮带全胚乳的种子发芽率只有2.7%,而带1/2和1/3胚乳的种子发芽率则分别为46%和70.6%;培养基中添加GA3,可提高去掉外种皮带全胚乳和带1/2胚乳种子的发芽率,而对带1/3胚乳的种子则无效果.土壤播种时,用10～1000mg·L-1GA3对去掉外种皮种子进行1～10d前处理,其中100mg·L-1GA3前处理10d的发芽率最高,达到38.7%.     

EST—CAPS标记在尾叶桉×细叶桉F1中分离的研究

对7个EST-CAPS标记在尾叶桉×细叶桉F1中分离的研究表明：5个EST-CAPS标记呈1∶1的分离,但其中1个偏离孟德尔分离（α=0.05）;另外2个EST-CAPS标记呈1∶1∶1∶1的分离,且均符合孟德尔分离。孟德尔正态分离的EST-CAPS标记比例达85.7%,偏分离标记比例为14.3%,表明EST-CAPS标记是一种可靠的遗传标记,可用于桉属树种遗传图谱构建和相关研究。另外,探讨了偏分离的可能原因。     

响应面优化回流提取桂花不同品种种子油工艺及脂肪酸组成分析

为优选桂花不同品种种子油的提取工艺及分析其脂肪酸组成,本文运用响应面法对桂花种子油的回流提取工艺进行优化,并利用GC-MS法测定桂花种子油的脂肪酸组成,同时还考察了桂花种子油的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,桂花四大品种种子油的最佳提取工艺分别为金桂:回流时间72. 0 min、温度80. 0℃、料液比1∶13mL/g;银桂:回流时间120 min、温度80. 0℃、料液比1∶12 mL/g;丹桂:回流时间60. 0 min、温度70. 0℃、料液比1∶13 mL/g;四季桂:回流时间71. 0 min、温度71. 0℃、料液比1∶13 mL/g。在上述条件下,桂花四大品种种子油的提取率分别为15. 0%、17. 8%、18. 0%和16. 0%。进一步的GC-MS检测发现丹桂和银桂种子油中不饱和脂肪酸可达96. 0%以上,且主要以油酸和亚油酸为主。体外抗氧化活性结果显示,当质量浓度为5μg/mL时,桂花种子油对DPPH的清除率均大于79. 0%。上述研究结果为桂花种子这种农业废弃资源的再利用和开发提供了参考。     

盐生植物角果碱蓬种子二型性对环境的适应策略

角果碱蓬(Suaeda corniculata)是藜科一年生盐生植物, 在我国分布于北方盐碱滩涂和盐碱荒漠地区。角果碱蓬具有棕色和黑色两种异型体种子(简称棕色和黑色种子)。对采自内蒙古鄂托克前旗盐渍化生境的角果碱蓬二型种子的形态、休眠和萌发特性开展对比研究, 测定了二型种子休眠和萌发行为对温度、光照和盐分(NaCl)的响应, 以揭示盐生植物异型种子对温带盐漠生境的适应对策。结果表明: (1)二型性种子在大小、种皮特性和结实比例方面有显著差异。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子个体较大, 种皮透水性强。黑色种子与棕色种子的结实比例约为5.6 : 1。(2)新成熟的棕色种子的萌发对各温度梯度和光照条件不敏感, 萌发率较高(84%-100%); 而新成熟的黑色种子萌发率较低(8%-78%), 萌发对光照敏感。(3)黑色种子具有浅度生理休眠, 种皮划破、赤霉素处理和低温层积均可有效地提高种子的萌发率。(4)二型种子萌发对土壤盐分的胁迫具有不同的响应。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子对盐分胁迫不敏感, 在较高的盐分浓度下仍有较高的萌发率, 低温层积处理能够降低黑色种子对盐胁迫的敏感性, 有效地提高种子的初始萌发率、萌发恢复率和最终萌发率。角果碱蓬二型种子不同的形态、休眠和萌发特性, 提高了该物种在高度异质性生境中的适合度, 对种群成功地适应温带盐漠环境具有重要的意义。     

Fruit phenology of Prunus jamasakura and the feeding habit of the Asiatic black bear as a seed disperser

We investigated the relationship between the fruit phenology of Prunus jamasakura and the fruit-feeding period of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). The purposes of this study were to determine (1) when bears feed on the fruit of P. jamasakura in relation to phenology; (2) whether ingestion damages seeds; and (3) how ingestion influences seed germination. We assessed the relationship between the phenology of fruit maturation (size, sugar concentration, color, persistence, and germination percentage) and the feeding period of bears in the field, as judged from bear shelves and claw marks. We also compared the germination percentage of seeds ingested by captive bears with that of uningested. Bears fed on the fruit from days 50 to 66 after flowering, when most of the fruits were on the tree and became large, the germination percentage of seeds increased, and the sugar concentration became high. Bears fed only on mature fruits and so obtained high-quality nutrients. Germination tests showed that ingestion of fruits by the bears caused no physical damage to the seeds. Ingested seeds did not show a significant difference in germination percentage from seeds, whose pulp was artificially removed. These results indicate that bears are potentially effective dispersers from a qualitative perspective and, to some extent, from a quantitative perspective.     

新疆干旱区植物藜的种子异型性及其萌发机理

新疆干旱区分布的植物藜(Chenopodium album)的种子有黑色和褐色两种类型。对藜的异型性种子从形态结构、不同环境因素及激素或化学物质对萌发的影响以及同工酶谱等方面进行了研究,并对其萌发及适应异质环境的机理进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)藜的异型性种子在形态结构、萌发休眠特性等方面都存在明显差异:黑色种子种皮厚且硬,休眠,萌发慢,萌发率低;褐色种子种皮薄而软,不休眠,萌发快且萌发率高;(2)黑色种子的休眠可通过切除胚根外缘种皮得以完全解除;(3)赤霉素、乙烯利对黑色种子的萌发无明显促进作用;KNO3可较显著促进黑色种子的萌发;协同使用乙烯利和KNO3时,可显著提高黑种子萌发率,完全打破休眠;(4)黑色种子和褐色种子的酯酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶同工酶谱带存在差异;(5)黑色种子的萌发需要光照,而褐色种子则对光不敏感;低温贮藏对二者的萌发均无显著影响,尽管黑色种子的萌发率有波动。研究结果初步显示黑色种子的休眠是内源(胚)和外源(种皮)因素共同所致。藜的种子异型性及其萌发机理的形成是其对新疆干旱区异质化环境的高度适应。     

稀土和锌对黑稻种子发芽的影响

用三个浓度的稀土溶液和硫酸锌溶液对黑稻种子浸种 2 4 h后 ,进行种子的标准发芽试验。 3天后测定种子的发芽势 ,7天后测定发芽率 ,并同期对芽长进行测定。三种浓度的稀土溶液和硫酸锌溶液对黑稻种子的发芽势及同期芽长均有明显促进作用 ,对发芽率则无影响。用硫酸锌溶液浸种应是一种简单易行的补充农田缺锌的方法之一     

原始老龄林内兴安落叶松种子命运的试验研究

兴安落叶松土壤种子库的支出主要有３个方面：种子萌发、动物取食和生活力丧失。兴安落叶松种子在６月份迅速萌发,占全年总萌发量的９０％。７月中下旬,土壤已经不存在有生活力的种子。在生长季初期,鼠类对种子取食率仅１％,到生长季中后期接近２０％。然而,此时幼苗发生基本结束,被食种子大部分为生活力很弱或丧失生活力者。红背Ｐｉｎｇ是主要的食种子者。落叶松在时间上逃避了鼠类取食种子。一般,鼠类仅就地取食１０％的落     

Effect of priming treatments on seed germination and seedling growth in bamboo [Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees]

Instances of flowering of bamboo species Dendrocalamus strictus are few and far between which are taken as opportunity by nurserymen to collect seeds for propagation. Germination of seeds is reported to be poor. Therefore, different seed priming treatments were applied to D. strictus seeds collected from Ranchi in order to obtain uniform and high germination. Under laboratory conditions, dehusking of seeds before sowing ensured cent percent germination. Seed priming with KNO₃ 1% solution resulted in 80.4% increase in germination followed by hydropriming by 16 h (73.1% increase). In field conditions, dehusked seeds gave 23.0% germination without any priming treatment. Priming treatment with KNO₃ 1% gave the highest rise in germination (39.1%) followed by hydropriming for 16 h (26.1%). Seeds with their seed coats intact could give germination of 9.5% when germinated without any treatment. A rise of 115.8% in germination was obtained by priming with KNO₃ 1% (final germination count 20.5%). The next best treatment was hydropriming for 16 h (final germination 18.5%, a rise of 94.7%). KNO₃ 1% also induced the earliest and the most rapid germination. When seedlings germinated in laboratory were transferred to soil, all seedlings from all treatments established successfully without any mortality whatsoever. Therefore, it is recommended that seeds should be primed for 8 h with 1% KNO₃ and germinated in laboratory or in farm house under normal atmospheric condition before transplanting the seedlings to soil.     

Seed germination and seedling emergence of Euryodendron excelsum H. T. Chang: implications for species conservation and restoration

Euryodendron excelsum H. T. Chang is a critically endangered plant from the family Theaceae that is endemic to China. It is now present in only one remnant population in a very narrow range and with a highly isolated and fragmented distribution pattern. The species is distributed close to the local villages and faces extinction because of the high level of anthropogenic disturbance. Thus, conservation and restoration of this species is urgent. The species reproduces by seed, but its germination requirements and seedling emergence are rarely understood. In this study, the germination requirements, desiccation tolerance and seedling emergence of the species were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The results indicated that seeds of E. excelsum were non‐dormant. Optimal temperatures for germination were 15°C to 25°C; the germination percentage decreased and the mean germination time increased at high temperature. Seed germination was inhibited in the dark, suggesting that the seeds were positive photoblastic. Water stress also significantly inhibited germination percentage; no seeds germinated at 15% polyethylene glycol 6000. The fresh seeds had moderate moisture content of 28.6% and showed strong tolerance of dehydration. Thus, the seeds of E. excelsum tended to be orthodox. Seeds on the soil surface had the highest emergence percentage, which declined with depth of burial. Soil types significantly affected seedling emergence; seeds had higher emergence percentage in sandy soil than in mixed soil and clayed soil. Our study demonstrated that ex situ conservation and reintroduction of E. excelsum using seedling propagation from seeds is feasible.     

沙冬青种子萌发及幼苗生长特性

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)是亚洲中部荒漠特有种,由于其分布的环境条件特殊,现存植被天然更新困难,人工育苗、造林存在一定问题。为改善种皮透水性,获得整齐一致的发芽,分别用21.5 (室温)、40、60、80和90 ℃的温水浸种5 min。结果表明: 60 ℃温水浸种效果最好,与对照相比,显著地提高了种子发芽势,并有效地降低硬实率。对比分析了15、20、25、30、35和40 ℃环境温度下种子萌发的特性,种子发芽最适温度是30 ℃,而胚根及下胚轴伸长最快的温度为25~30 ℃。较低温度下种子发芽延续时间较长,并且种子萌发后下胚轴和胚根伸长缓慢,易形成畸形(胚根严重扭曲、缢裂)幼苗。15 ℃时畸形幼苗占发芽种子数的28.1%,而30~40 ℃时仅占5.2%~8.6%。温度过高不利于种子萌发及幼苗生长,40 ℃时,吸胀种子绝大部分丧失活力,发芽种子在35 ℃以上温度下生长2~3 d,胚根胚轴组织呈水渍状坏死。另外,催芽后的种子播种在河沙中子叶出土最快,出土率可达63%,显著高于在粘质壤土中出土率(11%)。不同粒径的种子播种后幼苗生长特性表现出一定的差异,粒径5 mm以下小粒种子播种后幼苗长势弱,苗期成活率低,生长70 d后幼苗成活率仅为35.4%,而粒径5 mm以上种子同期幼苗成活率达56.2%。据上述试验结果,结合自然分布区内环境条件的资料,分析了沙冬青濒危原因,并为植被恢复育苗措施提出建议。     

Comparison of germination and seed bank dynamics of dimorphic seeds of the cold desert halophyte Suaeda corniculata subsp. mongolica

Background and Aims

Differences in dormancy and germination requirements have been documented in heteromorphic seeds of many species, but it is unknown how this difference contributes to maintenance and regeneration of populations. The primary aim of this study was to compare the seed bank dynamics, including dormancy cycling, of the two seed morphs (black and brown) of the cold desert halophyte Suaeda corniculata and, if differences were found, to determine their influence on regeneration of the species.

Method

Seeds of the two seed morphs were buried, exhumed and tested monthly for 24 months over a range of temperatures and salinities, and germination recovery and viability were determined after exposure to salinity and water stress. Seedling emergence and dynamics of the soil seed bank were also investigated for the two morphs.

Key Results

Black seeds had an annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycle, while brown seeds, which were non-dormant at maturity, remained non-dormant. Black seeds also exhibited an annual cycle in sensitivity of germination to salinity. Seedlings derived from black seeds emerged in July and August and those from brown seeds in May. Seedlings were recruited from 2·6 % of the black seeds and from 2·8 % of the brown seeds in the soil, and only 0·5 % and 0·4 % of the total number of black and brown seeds in the soil, respectively, gave rise to seedlings that survived to produce seeds. Salinity and water stress induced dormancy in black seeds and decreased viability of brown seeds. Brown seeds formed only a transient soil seed bank and black seeds a persistent seed bank.

Conclusions

The presence of a dormancy cycle in black but not in brown seeds of S. corniculata and differences in germination requirements of the two morphs cause them to differ in their germination dynamics. The study contributes to our limited knowledge of dormancy cycling and seed bank formation in species producing heteromorphic seeds.     

The Effect of Low Temperature during Imbibition on Germination Characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Tetracentraceae) Seeds

In this paper, the effects of low temperature, soil moisture and freezing time on the germination of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. seeds were studied by simulating wild environment conditions, and the factors influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population were discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The imbibition process of Tsinense seed can be divided into four stages, the water absorbing capacity of Tsinense seed after imbibition would increase with the increase of soil moisture, and the seeds would be fully imbibed under the condition of 30% soil moisture; (2) The germination rate, germination force and water content of Tsinense seed increased with the increase of storage time, and the vigor index gradually decreased after increasing before; (3) At different low temperature, the germination rate of Tsinense seed reached the highest when the soil moisture is 20% or 30%; (4) When treated at 20% soil moisture for 2-4 days or 21-28 days, 0℃ is best for the germination rate of Tsinense seed; when treated at 30% soil moisture for 14-28 days, -7℃ is best fort he germination rate of Tsinense seed; (5) When treated at the same condition of freezing time, the germination rate of seeds in fallen leaves had no significant difference with the decrease of low temperature; under the same condition of low temperature (0℃ low temperature except), the germination rate increased after frozen 28 days. The results showed that there is no significant influence of low temperature during imbibition on germination characteristics of Tetracentron sinense seeds and indicating that low temperature during imbibition is not the main factor influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population.