榆耳有性结构及生活史的研究

本文通过电镜扫描、石腊切片及用苏木精染色法和ＤＡＰＩ荧光染色,对榆耳子实体有性结构进行观察,证实榆耳子实体菌盖结构分三层：上表层为毛层,表面着生有排列较密集顶端游离的菌丝,它们相互粘连呈菌丝束;中间层为髓部,由较疏松而相互交织在一起的薄壁菌丝组成,菌丝间充满胶质物质;下层为子实层,表面起伏不平,呈不规则的疣状突起,上面着生担子和囊状体,担子无隔膜棍棒形,外表有不规则的网状纹饰,其顶部着生４个瓶梗状     

榆耳提取液抑菌作用的研究

本文对榆耳的抑菌作用进行了初步探讨,试验结果表明：榆耳子实体水煎液及榆耳发酵液对痢疾杆菌、绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏杆菌导致病菌都有较好的抑制作用,是一种不可多得的集食用及药用于一体的珍贵食用菌品种。     

榆耳多糖的分离及其性质的研究

用热水抽提,乙醇沉淀的方法,从榆耳子实体获得了灰白色的多糖。该多糖经SephadexG—200凝胶层析柱和高压电泳分析证明是单一成份。红外光谱分析表明榆耳多糖呈β—糖苷键连接,该多糖的组成分为D—葡萄糖,D—半乳糖,D—甘露糖和D—木糖,其克分子比为1.0:0.5:0.6:0.7。此外还含少量的糖醛酸。蛋白质和氨基酸分析证明,榆耳多糖是一种与蛋白质相结合的物质。生物学研究表明,榆耳多糖具有促进机体免疫功能,能增加胸、脾脏器官的重量,对小鼠肉瘤有抑制作用,抑制率为23％,对小白鼠腹腔注射,半数致死量为LD50>250mg/kg。     

榆耳不同极性提取物的体外抑菌活性

采用圆滤纸片法,以金黄色葡萄球菌O41ermc、S19NMA1、ATCC25923和大肠杆菌ERcat、EΠ￡R、ATCC25923为受试菌种,对榆耳石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇和水不同极性提取物进行抑菌活性研究。结果表明:榆耳不同极性提取物对不同的菌种均有不同程度的抑制作用。     

榆耳种质资源主要农艺性状的数量评估

榆耳是我国东北地区食药用菌之一,对旸胃系统疾病具有极高的治疗效果,在中国已开始推广栽培,但目前尚不清楚哪些性状主要受遗传因素影响,哪些性状主要受环境因素影响,也无区分品种间性状差异的标准.因此本研究对26个榆耳性状进行R型聚类分析和主成分分析,明确DUS测试性状.结果 表明,榆耳农艺性状具有较大的差异,R型聚类分析可知...     

榆耳深层发酵浸膏醇提物的抗氧化活性研究

将榆耳深层发酵浸膏95%乙醇提取物过大孔树脂柱,以体积分数为10%、30%、50%的乙醇进行梯度洗脱,回收洗脱液后得3个组分,即A1、A2、A3;另将A1、A2、A3进行正丁醇萃取后得到相应的3个组分B1,B2,B3。对6个组分的抗氧化活性进行了比较研究,结果表明均具有抗氧化活性,其中A2、B3组分的还原能力较强,分别为0.215,0.218;A1组分对超氧阴离子和羟基自由基的清除效果较好,清除率分别为13.0%、79.3%。     

夜光藻有性繁殖研究进展

夜光藻是全球最主要的赤潮生物之一,也是我国近海常见的浮游甲藻。根据营养方式分为异养的红色夜光藻和混合营养的绿色夜光藻,前者广泛分布于温带和亚热带近岸水域,后者仅分布于热带西太平洋、阿拉伯海、阿曼湾和红海。夜光藻的生活史包括无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程。少部分营养细胞自发转变为配子母细胞,启动了有性繁殖。每个配子母细胞可形成大量配子,具有横沟、纵沟和2根鞭毛,形态与裸甲藻接近。配子两两融合形成合子,合子不经过休眠孢囊阶段直接发育成新的营养细胞。目前,对配子母细胞形成的调控机制、合子发育的影响因素的认识还存在分歧。研究发现,营养细胞经过一定次数的二分裂后都会转变为配子母细胞,而配子的存在能够中止此过程,使营养细胞继续进行二分裂。因此,有性繁殖可能通过产生新个体对种群增长做出贡献,还可能通过释放配子维持无性繁殖,进而促进种群增长。配子在相模湾水域全年都有分布,其丰度峰值与营养细胞丰度峰值同步或提前出现,配子的大量出现可能是赤潮形成的必要条件。对有性繁殖的研究佐证了夜光藻在甲藻的系统进化中处于较为古老的地位。此外,还简单介绍了研究夜光藻有性繁殖的主要方法,回顾了国内的夜光藻研究,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

沿海榆毡蚧的生物学特性及防治

园林重要害虫沿海榆毡蚧Eriococcus costatus(Danzig)在山西太谷1年发生1代,以2龄若虫及预蛹越冬。雌虫经卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、成虫完成生活史。雄虫则经卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、冬前蛹(无翅型)、无翅雄成虫和部分若虫到冬后化蛹(有翅型)、有翅雄成虫,完成其生活史。影响该虫种群动态的主要生态因子包括温度、湿度、食料、天敌等,其中湿度在初孵若虫期是最主要的影响因子。4月上中旬为该虫的最佳防治时期,杀虫剂宜采用内吸性、触杀型的,且脂溶性效果较好。     

叶表皮结构在榆属分类中的应用

本文利用扫描电子显微镜对榆属9种1变种的成熟叶表皮结构进行了观察,认为榆属叶表皮结构在扫描电镜下存在着明显的差别,可以作为榆属分种的辅助特征。     

鸡沙氏住白虫的生活史研究

本文报告了鸡沙氏住白虫生活史及其全程发育。经人工实验和流行区调查证明,后宽绳蚋是该虫的自然传播媒介。孢子增殖在后宽绳蚋体内、经3—4天完成发育。无性裂殖体增殖在鸡的肝、肾、心、肺、脾、脑和肠等内脏器官组织细胞内进行,经4—9天完成发育,该裂殖体有二型,即肝裂殖体和巨噬细胞裂殖体。感染9—13天后,血细胞内的配子体发育成熟。感染后第15—25天末稍血液中出现虫体的高峰期。     

甜菜多粘菌形态发育过程研究

甜菜多粘菌(Polymyxa betae)是一种专性寄生于甜菜根部的低等真菌,可作为甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(BNYVV)的传播介体并与甜菜丛根病的产生有关。对甜菜多粘菌的研究有助于了解其与所传病毒的生物学关系及其在引致甜菜丛根病中所起的作用。本文观察记录了甜菜多粘菌侵染甜菜根系及其在甜菜根细胞中的发育过程,对甜菜多粘菌各主要发育阶段进行了显微镜观察并发现在其游动孢子中有BNYVV粒体存在。根据观察结果并提出了甜菜多粘菌生活史模式图。     

REPLY TO COMMENT ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND TOXICITY OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA REVISITED1

Free‐living, marine dinoflagellates are typified by a well‐defined, haplontic life cycle with relatively few stages. The most unusual departure from this life cycle is one reported for the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder. This species is alleged to have at least 24 life cycle stages including amoebae and a chrysophyte‐like cyst form ( Burkholder et al. 1992 , Burkholder and Glasgow 1997a ) not previously known in free‐living marine dinoflagellates. Litaker et al. (2002) redescribed the life cycle of P. piscicida from single‐cell isolates and found only life cycle stages typical of free‐living marine dinoflagellates. The discrepancy between these observations and the life cycle reported in the literature prompted a rigorous study to resolve the life cycle of P. piscicida. Burkholder and Glasgow (2002) took exception to this study, arguing that Litaker et al. (2002) misunderstood the life cycle of P. piscicida and ignored recent publications. We present a rebuttal of their criticisms and suggest a simple way to resolve the discrepancies in the P. piscicida life cycle.     

鼎突多刺蚁群体结构和生活史的研究

本文报告了鼎突多刺蚁(Polyrhachis vicina Roger)的群体结构和生活史。通过研究表明,鼎突多刺蚁一年发生一代,以蚁后、雄蚁、工蚁、幼虫和卵越冬。卵和幼虫在冬天发育停滞(或极慢)。到了春天,随着气温的上升,卵和幼虫又恢复正常发育。据室内人工饲养观察,卵的发育历期为23.8±2.5天(平均温度26℃)幼虫为20.4±4.4天(26℃),工蚁蛹为19.8±5.5天(27℃)。成长工蚁在5—11月出现;8—11月,雄蚁从蛹中羽化;10月,雌蚁从蛹中羽化。雌蚁分飞交尾后,进入邻近蚁巢或回到原巢,脱翅成为蚁后。蚁巢内存在着多后现象。     

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM FROM TASMANIA,AUSTRALIA1

The toxic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham was cultured from vegetative cells and benthic resting cysts isolated from estuarine waters in Tasmania, Australia. Rapidly dividing, log phase cultures formed long chains of up to 64 cells whereas stationary phase cultures were composed primarily of single cells (23-41 pm long, 27-36 pm wide). Vegetative growth (mean doubling time 3-4 days) was optimal at temperatures from 14.5-20° C, salinities of 23-34% and light irradiances of 50-300 μE·m^?2·s^?1. The sexual life cycle of G. catenatum was easily induced in a nutrient-deficient medium, provided compatible opposite mating types were combined (heterothallism). Gamete fusion produced a large (59-73 μm long, 50-59 μm wide) biconical, posteriorly biflagellate planozygote (double longitudinal flagellum) which after several days lost one longitudinal flagellum and gradually became subspherical in shape. This older planozygote stage persisted for up to two weeks before encysting into a round, brown resting cyst (42-52 μm diam; hypnozygote) with microreticulate surface ornamentation. Resting cysts germinated after a dormancy period as short as two weeks under our culture conditions, resulting in a single, posteriorly biflagellate germling cell (planomeiocyte). This divided to form a chain of two cells, which subsequently re-established a vegetative population. Implications for the bloom dynamics of this toxic dinoflagellate, a causative organism of paralytic shellfish poisoning, are discussed.     

浮丝藻生活史及其亚显微结构特征的研究

通过观察浮丝藻（Ｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｅｍａ）的生活史、显微和亚显微结构、细胞分裂方式,系统地研究了其藻丝体的生物学特性。浮丝藻为单列细胞不分枝的丝状体,细胞圆柱形或椭圆形,细胞之间主要靠筒状的纤维素细胞壁相互连接。藻细胞中含叶绿素ａ、ｂ和β－胡萝卜素。电镜下,细胞壁明显分层,绝大多数是２～３层;色素体片状、周生,通常２至多条类囊体重叠;１～２个蛋白核在色素体体上,蛋白核外常有淀粉鞘,有时１至多条类囊体重叠;１～２个蛋白核在色素体上,蛋白核外常有淀粉鞘,有时１至多条类囊体侵入蛋白核内;１～２个线粒体位于色素体旁,嵴不分枝;高尔基复合体靠近细胞周边,分泌许多潴泡;细胞核１个,球形或不规则方形,常靠近细胞的一端;光镜下细胞两端的折光亮点在电镜下是１至多个泡囊,泡囊内通常含些被染色很深的物质。浮丝藻的形态学、细胞分裂和生活史观察结果都证明,浮丝藻的细胞在整个生活史中没有营养分裂,细胞分裂时母细胞产生两个有独立、完整细胞壁的似亲孢子,一系列似亲孢子通过存留的、不连续的筒状或杯状母细胞壁连接成形状上象丝状体的结构。因此,藻丝体形成和成长的过程是一个无性繁殖过程,这样的藻丝体本质上是一种假丝体。     

STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND TAXONOMY OF LIGNIERA VERRUCOSA

Miller , Charles E. (A. and M. College of Texas, College Station.) Studies on the life cycle and taxonomy of Ligniera verrucosa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(10): 725–729. Illus. 1959.—A study of the roots of Veronica persica Poir. and V. hederaefolia L. plants infected with Sorosphaera veronicae Schroeter revealed intracellular cystosori and zoosporangial sori of Ligniera verrucosa. The zoosporangial phase of this species has been heretofore unknown. The plasmodia of L. verrucosa occur in root hairs, and other epidermal and sub-epidermal cells of the roots. Zoosporangial and cystosoral plasmodia are indistinguishable until cleavage has started. It is thought that plasmodia produced during early infection develop into zoosporangia, while those produced later develop into resting spores. Zoospores discharged from zoosporangia may reinfect host cells developing there into zoosporangial or cystosoral plasmodia. No evidence for any sexual process was observed. The spherical zoosporangia making up a single zoosporangial sorus may be interconnected; a single discharge pore may serve to liberate zoospores from different zoosporangia. In the Plasmodiophorales the classical basis for generic distinction has been the arrangement of the resting spores in the sorus. Ligniera, because of the supposedly uncharacteristic nature of its cystosori, has been suggested as a host-variety of Sorosphaera. A comparative study of the cystosori and zoosporangia of Ligniera and Sorosphaera growing in a single host has led to the conclusion that these genera should be considered distinct.     

广东肝血簇虫(Apicomplexa:Haemogre-garinidae)感染试验和生活史的研究

作者利用致乏库蚊(Culex fatigans)作为实验媒介,把寄生在灰鼠蛇(Ptyas korros)的广东肝血簇虫(Hepatozoon guangdongensis)感染到无虫的灰鼠蛇(渔游蛇(Natrix piscator)、三索锦蛇(Elaphe radita)和中国水蛇(Enhydris chinesis);观察其生活史。首次描述了由x裂殖体产生的小裂殖子,进入红细胞,经滋养体和幼小配子母体阶段发育成配子母体的过程,以及由y裂殖体产生的大裂殖子继续在内脏进行无性生殖的细节;在对广东肝血簇虫生活史进行研究的基础上,提出一种新的肝血簇虫在脊椎动物体内发育的模式和血液时期各期虫体划分的形态学标准。