葛根素提取及其抑菌实验研究

以湘西葛根为实验材料,选取水、甲醇和95％的乙醇作为提取溶剂,索氏提取法提取其葛根素。以提取率为指标,综合提取工艺中加入量、提取时间的影响,采用正交实验筛选出乙醇提取工艺,最佳参数为每次加入10倍量、回流提取时间3．5h。用滤纸片法研究葛根提取液对大肠杆菌等8种常见食品腐败菌的抑菌活性,结果表明,各种菌体的抑菌效果为：大肠杆菌〉金黄色葡萄球菌〉枯草芽孢杆菌〉假丝酵母青霉,对青霉无抑菌作用。各种菌的抑菌效果与浓度的关系为,葛根素浓度升高,抑菌效果增强。     

木贼生物碱的提取及其功能的研究

以木贼为研究对象,提取生物碱,并对其体外抗氧化及抑菌功能进行研究,采用乙醇提取法和盐酸提取法确定生物碱的最佳提取条件,并研究木贼生物碱对羟自由基、超氧自由基、DPPH自由基的清除效率及其对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果。当乙醇浓度80%、料液比13 mL/g、浸泡时间18 h、浸提液pH值5时,木贼生物碱的提取含量最高。研究发现,木贼生物碱对羟自由基、超氧自由基、DPPH自由基的清除能力随着生物碱浓度提高而增强,其中对DPPH自由基的清除效果最佳,达到98.1%。木贼生物碱对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌效果,最明显的是大肠杆菌,抑菌浓度为5 mg/mL。木贼生物碱通过乙醇提取效果较好,且体外抗氧化及对大肠杆菌等具有明显的抑制作用。本研究可为广泛应用木贼的药用价值奠定基础。     

新疆部分特色林果果壳的抗菌活性研究

目的:研究新疆特色林果核桃、巴达木果壳乙醇提取物的抑菌特性。方法:用滤纸片法检验果壳乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和变形杆菌的抑菌活性,通过液体培养基稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度。结果:巴达木乙醇提取物(25%乙醇提取10 h)对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为25%;核桃乙醇提取物(25%乙醇提取24 h)对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌效果,MIC为6.25%。结论:核桃、巴达木果壳乙醇提取物对受试菌具有较好的抑菌效果,为进行大规模开发利用提供了有效依据。     

蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖的抑菌抗氧化活性

利用乙醇沉淀法提取蔓茎堇菜Viola diffusa和柔毛堇菜V.principis多糖并分别进行抑菌及抗氧化试验。结果表明,蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖提取率分别为7.0%和8.3%。不同倍数体积无水乙醇沉淀提取的多糖抑菌和抗氧化能力不同。抑菌效果显示,蔓茎堇菜多糖对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈分别可达8.46mm和8.59mm,柔毛堇菜对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈均可达9.13mm,但两种堇菜多糖对黑曲霉和啤酒酵母未呈现抑制活性;抗氧化研究发现,蔓茎堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为243.64U·mL^-1,柔毛堇菜多糖抗氧化活性为411.78U·mL^-1。由此可见,无论是抑菌还是抗氧化活性方面,柔毛堇菜极显著优于蔓茎堇菜(P<0.01)。蔓茎堇菜和柔毛堇菜多糖都具有一定的抑菌抗氧化活性,均可作为食药两用植物资源进行开发利用。     

汤姆青霉PT95和Q1菌株产酶活力及抗菌活性研究

为探讨汤姆青霉菌株产酶活力以及抑菌性能。实验采用Folin酚法、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)糖化力法、二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法和对硝基苯酚法进行蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力测定;同时采用牛津杯法测定发酵滤液对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑制作用,并测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明PT95菌株产蛋白酶活力为230.473 U、纤维素酶活力为3.463 U,产淀粉酶活力为1.679 MMU、脂肪酶活力10.793 U;Q1菌株产蛋白酶活力为167.247 U、纤维素酶活力为2.147 U,产淀粉酶活力为1.402 MMU、脂肪酶活力为6.350 U;PT95菌株对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌抑菌率分别可以达到53.73%和19.47%,Q1菌株对三种待测菌都有抑菌作用,抑菌率分别是56.37%(枯草芽孢杆菌)、26.87%(金黄色葡萄球菌)和19.47%(大肠杆菌),两株菌株发酵液中均存在抑菌物质,且均对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌率最高,两株菌的发酵液对枯草芽孢杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.64和0.32 mg/mL。     

紫苏籽油抗菌活性研究

以革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性菌枯草芽孢杆菌作为供试菌株,采用滤纸片法测定评估了紫苏籽油经过皂化提取之后其提取液抑制大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的能力,并将所得的结果与大豆油的抑菌作用进行比较。结果表明,紫苏籽油提取液对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌两个供试菌株的抑制效果较强,且对于枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果要优于大肠杆菌,且紫苏籽油对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果要优于大豆油。     

文冠果油中植物甾醇的提取及其抑菌特性研究

以文冠果油为原料,采用皂化法提取文冠果植物甾醇.通过均匀试验设计研究了碱液用量、提取温度、提取时间等因素对文冠果油中植物甾醇纯度和提取率影响,初步确定了皂化法提取工艺条件,并采用抑菌圈法分析了甾醇粗提物对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、毛霉和青霉的抑菌特性.结果表明,文冠果植物甾醇提取的较佳工艺参数为:浓度1 moL/L的氢氧化钠碱液与油用量比为14:1(mL/g),提取温度75℃,提取时间40 min.文冠果甾醇粗提物对毛霉和青霉无抑制作用,对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有明显抑制作用,且对大肠杆菌的抑制作用尤为突出,文冠果植物甾醇是一种较好的抗菌剂.     

响应面法优化苦丁茶熊果酸提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

为优化苦丁茶熊果酸的提取工艺,并探讨其抑菌活性。在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面分析法,研究了液料比、提取温度、乙醇浓度对苦丁茶熊果酸得率的影响。以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、生孢梭菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉为供试菌,探究了苦丁茶熊果酸的抑菌活性及最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果表明,最优提取工艺为:液料比为17∶1(mL/g)、乙醇浓度为83%、提取温度83℃;抑菌实验表明,苦丁茶熊果酸对7种菌均有一定的抑制效果,对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为6. 25 mg/mL,对生孢梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC为12. 5 mg/mL,对白色念珠菌、黑曲霉的MIC为25 mg/mL。     

蝉蜕活性成分的提取及其抑菌活性的研究

本文报道了对传统中药蝉蜕抑菌活性成分提取与抑菌活性研究结果。对4种提取方法和7种提取溶剂的提取效果进行了平行比较研究,研究结果显示,以体积分数95%乙醇作为提取溶剂,4种提取方法中,以超声波法提取时的浸膏得率最高。采用超声波提取法时,在7种提取溶剂中,以95%乙醇提取浸膏的得率最高。抑菌试验结果表明,不同方法获得提取物与对照组相比对Escheridia coli均有明显的抑菌作用(P≤0.05),但不同提取方法得到的提取物之间,并无显著的抑菌活性差异。其中采用超声波提取法,以95%乙醇为提取溶剂时,所得提取物的抑菌活性最高,对E.coli的最小抑菌浓度为0.078 mg/mL。该研究结果是蝉蜕抑菌成分的首次报道。     

迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法及其抑菌作用研究

本文研究了迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法和抑菌作用,结果表明,用食用乙醇提取迷迭香中防腐物质的最佳提取工艺参数为:固液比1:15、提取温度80℃、提取时间为15 h。迷迭香醇提取物对实验用常见食品污染菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为6.25 g.L-1,对大肠杆菌和汉逊氏酵母菌为12.5 g.L-1,对青霉和黑曲霉为25 g.L-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性pH范围均为4~7,对汉逊氏酵母菌、青霉和黑曲霉为4~6。     

高效液相色谱法测定辣椒素

用95%醋酸钠饱和乙醇溶液抽提辣椒树脂油中的辣椒素,经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离,在紫外波长280 nm处测定。用此法分析测得福建特产"小米椒"的辣椒素含量为10.38%。     

美洲大蠊粪便粗提物的聚集活性

用不同溶剂不同方法提取美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana(L.)粪便,测定美洲大蠊各虫态的诱集活性。结果表明,采用直接浸泡提取方法,丙酮、乙醇、正己烷和二氯甲烷4种粗提物对美洲大蠊各虫态都具有明显的诱集作用,其中乙醇和丙酮粗提物的引诱效果最好,正己烷次之,二氯甲烷最弱。4种溶剂粗提物对美洲大蠊雄成虫和高龄若虫聚集活性最强,对低龄若虫聚集活性最弱。用乙醇溶剂对粪便粗提,3种提取方法均对美洲大蠊有很强的诱集效果,其中索氏抽提诱集效果最弱,直接浸泡和超声波提取效果好,且差异不显著,但直接浸泡提取效果更好。     

Free radical scavenging of grape pomace extracts from Cabernet sauvingnon (Vitis vinifera)

Pressed grape pomace obtained from the wine production of Cabernet sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) vintage was dried until 9.8% moisture content, ground and submitted to extraction of soluble components from different extraction techniques. Low pressure extractions were performed with ethanol maceration followed by fractionation with n-hexane, dichloromethane, butanol and ethyl acetate. These solvents were furthermore applied for soxhlet extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was also performed to obtain grape pomace extracts by using pure CO(2) and CO(2) with ethanol as co-solvent in concentrations of 10, 15 and 20%w/w. The operating condition used in high pressure extractions was 150bar and 40 degrees C. The antioxidant activity of the grape pomace extracts was determined considering the free radical scavenging assay using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and was correlated with the total phenol content determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results obtained in DPPH tests indicate the highest antioxidant activity of 96.6+/-0.3%AA, with an IC(50) value of 13+/-1, for the extracts obtained with ethyl acetate in solid-liquid extraction. The highest yield values were achieved in soxhlet extraction with ethanol (13.2%w/w) and with butanol (12.2%w/w), and also by SFE with 15% ethanol (9.2%w/w). The lipophilic composition of grape pomace extracts was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the identification of components like linoleic acid and ethyl linoleate, with important therapeutic activities.     

Determination of metformin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple, selective and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with spectrophotometric detection was developed for the determination of antihyperglycemic agent metformin in human plasma using a novel sample extraction procedure. Liquid-liquid extraction of metformin and ranitidine (as internal standard) from plasma samples was performed with 1-butanol/n-hexane (50:50, v/v) in alkaline condition followed by back-extraction into diluted acetic acid. Chromatography was carried out using a silica column (250 mmx4.6 mm, 5 microm) under isocratic elution with acetonitrile-40 mM aqueous sodium dihydrogen phosphate (25:75, v/v), pH 6. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 15.6 ng/ml and the calibration curves were linear up to 2000 ng/ml. The mean absolute recoveries for metformin and internal standard using the present extraction procedure were 98 and 95%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 8.3%.     

Differential extractability of creatine phosphate and ATP from cardiac muscle with ethanol and perchloric acid solution.

To compare the extractability of creatine phosphate with that of ATP by alcohol extraction, both compounds were extracted from normal perfused rat heart tissues by using various stepwise concentrations of ethanol and 0.4 M HClO4. Powdered samples (6-15 mg wet wt) from the freeze-clamped tissues were homogenized in 2 ml of the ethanol solutions. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed; each centrifuged sediment was rehomogenized with 2 ml of 0.4 M HClO4 and centrifuged. The supernatant was neutralized with 0.4 m KHCO3. The same powdered samples were directly homogenized with 2 ml of 0.4 M HClO4 and treated in the same manner. Only a small amount of ATP in the tissues was extracted by an 85% or higher concentration of ethanol. Further, about 13% of the tissue ATP was not extractable by the subsequent perchloric acid extraction. In contrast to ATP, creatine phosphate in the tissues was partially extracted by 95% ethanol and nearly all of the tissue creatine phosphate was extracted by 70% ethanol. The total creatine phosphate obtained by 70% ethanol and by subsequent perchloric acid extraction was significantly higher than that obtained by direct perchloric acid extraction. From these results, it was concluded that the extractability of creatine phosphate in the tissue by alcohol extraction is clearly different from that of ATP. Additionally, the stepwise extraction is recommended as a useful method for the extraction of energy metabolites in perfused rat heart tissue.     

Water activity control: a way to improve the efficiency of continuous lipase esterification

During continuous lipase-catalyzed oleic acid esterification by ethanol in n-hexane, the oleic acid conversion, initially at 95%, decreases to 20% after 2 h. This decrease is caused by the accumulation of the water produced in the course of the reaction in the packed-bed reactor (PBR). In order to improve the PBR efficiency, it is necessary to evacuate the water produced. In this study, different approaches have been tested to control the water content in the PBR during continuous esterification. The first approach consisted in improving the water solubility by increasing the reaction medium polarity. The addition of polar additives to n-hexane, the use of more polar solvents, and the use of solvent-free reaction medium were tested as a means to favor the water evacuation from the PBR. First of all, the use ofn-hexane supplemented with acetone (3 M) or 2-methyl-2-propanol (1 M) enabled the conversion to be maintained at higher values than those obtained in pure n-hexane. The replacement of n-hexane by a more polar solvent, like the 5-methyl-2-hexanone, resulted in the same effect. In all cases, conversions at steady-state were always less than 95%, as obtained in pure n-hexane. This is explained by a decrease in the enzyme activity due to the increase in the medium polarity. Nevertheless, an increase in enzyme quantity allowed 90% conversion to be maintained during 1 week using 3 M acetone amended n-hexane. Good results (a steady-state conversion of about 80%) were obtained when esterification was carried out in a solvent-free reaction medium containing 2 M 2-methyl-2-propanol as a polar additive. The second approach consisted in the evaporation of the accumulated water by use of an intermittent airflow. Although this process did not enable constant esterification rate to be maintained, it did enable the initial conversion (95%) to be restored intermittently.     

一种高效的白桦树皮中白桦脂醇分离、纯化方法

通过比较白桦树皮中白桦脂醇的不同的提取方法,获得一种简单、高效的白桦脂醇提取、纯化方法。通过对不同浸提时间比较、超声震荡方法及旋转蒸发仪回收提取3种白桦脂醇提取方案的比较,进一步利用甲醇-氯仿重结晶法、无水乙醇重结晶法及大孔吸附树脂层析法对获得的白桦脂醇初提取物进行纯化。获得了白桦脂醇提取及纯化的最佳方案。用95%乙醇溶液,液固比50∶1(mL∶g)浸泡白桦树皮样品120 h后,用滤纸过滤,收集滤液,将滤液50℃加热回流5 h,减压蒸馏得到米白色固体粉末。接着以70 mL乙酸乙酯为溶剂,将得到的固体加热回流90 min,趁热过滤。滤液使用坩埚50℃浓缩至干。再以无水乙醇为溶剂进行重结晶,无水乙醇∶固体=30 mL∶1 g,-20℃重结晶,重结晶产率可达38.00%,最高纯度达到99.81%。优化后的白桦脂醇提取纯化方法操作简便,产量较高、试剂安全,是一种可用于规模化提取的有效方法。     

β-Carotene extraction from Dunaliella salina by supercritical CO2

This paper reports the results of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina as potential alternative to conventional organic solvent extraction. In pilot-scale scCO₂ experiments, the pressure, temperature, and co-solvent concentration were varied. The supercritical extraction at 500 bar, 70 °C, and 10 wt% ethanol as co-solvent yielded in the highly efficient pigment recovery of over 90%. Techno-economic assessment demonstrated higher energy consumption for the scCO₂ extraction that was compensated by lower solvent costs. Thus, comparable pigment production costs to the reference extraction with n-hexane were estimated for the scCO₂ process. Due to the green solvent properties of scCO₂ and ethanol, this approach is highly promising for extraction of algal biomass in industrial scale.

     

Improved simultaneous determination method of beta-carotene and retinol with saponification in human serum and rat liver

Among the many simultaneous determination methods for carotenoid and retinoid, there are only a few reports including the saponification process. However, the yields of beta-carotene and retinol were higher when using this process. In this study, the analytical conditions, including saponification, were investigated. The extraction solvent was n-hexane and the sample solvent was HPLC mobile phase in the beta-carotene and retinol analysis. BHT as an antioxidant was added at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.025%, respectively, to ethanol and n-hexane phase in the extraction process for serum. The recovery rates were 99.7, 93.7 and 98.3% for beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate in serum, respectively, and 107.1, 92.8 and 98.8% for beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver, respectively. The within-day coefficients of variation (C.V.) were 6.0% for serum and 4.7% for liver in the case of beta-carotene, 7.1% for serum, and 5.1% for liver in the case of retinol. The between-day coefficients of variation were 2.7% for serum and 2.7% for liver in the case of beta-carotene, and for retinol, 6.4% for serum and 2.7% for liver.     

蛇床子有效成分的RP—HPLC测定及其4种提取方法的比较研究

以蛇床子素、欧前胡素、佛手柑内酯为指标成分,建立了蛇床子有效成分分离测定的HPLC新方法,并对95%乙醇冷浸、超声、回流、索氏提取蛇床子所得的香豆素成分进行HPLC分析与比较。结果表明,HPLC新方法适合于蛇床子成分的质量控制,其中蛇床子不同提取液中各香豆素成分含量测定差异较大,且以超声提取为最佳。