氮、磷对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖蓝藻的控制

湖泊富营养化常导致蓝藻生物量的增加,水质恶化.于2011年2月至12月对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖六个湖区的蓝藻群落结构进行研究,以了解其时空变化特征及主要影响因素.结果表明,以沉水植物为优势的元妙观湖区与南南湖蓝藻无明显的优势种;平湖蓝藻优势种为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)和湖丝藻(Limnothrix sp.),南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖的主要优势种均为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca).平湖、南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖蓝藻丰度及生物量存在显著的季节变化.相关分析显示惠州西湖夏季蓝藻生物量受氮、磷盐控制.冬季温度的影响,蓝藻生物量与氮、磷的相关性不显著.     

淮北煤矿区塌陷湖水生昆虫群落结构的季节性变化

2013年对淮北典型采煤塌陷湖泊南湖和东湖水生昆虫的群落结构进行了季节性调查。共采集到水生昆虫6目、14科、30种,其中南湖6目12科21种,东湖5目13科27种。南湖水生昆虫年平均密度为118.0 ind·m-2,最大密度259.0 ind·m-2,东湖水生昆虫年平均密度为151.3 ind·m-2,最大密度335.2 ind·m-2。南湖冬春季密度相对较高类群为龙虱科Dytiscidae、负子蝽科Belostomatidae、摇蚊科Chironomidae、划蝽科Corixidae,夏秋季为蚊科Culicidae、摇蚊科Chironomidae、蜻科Libellulidae、划蝽科Corixidae;东湖冬春季密度相对较高类群为龙虱科Dytiscidae、水龟虫科Hydrophilidae,夏秋季为蚊科Culicidae、摇蚊科Chironomidae、蜻科Libellulidae、划蝽科Corixidae。2湖水生昆虫Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度均呈明显的季节性变化。方差分析结果表明,淮北煤矿区塌陷湖水生昆虫群落结构的季节性变化差异性显著,冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,水温、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和透明度对淮北采煤塌陷区小型湖泊水生昆虫的群落结构具有决定性的影响。     

巢湖春夏季节浮游植物的动态变化

2009年3月至8月,利用原位围隔实验和野外调查,研究了巢湖春夏季节浮游植物的动态变化.结果显示:围隔中浮游植物密度和生物量的变动范围分别是(2.95～102.43)×10⁵ cells·L^-1和0.0-7.39 mg·L^-1,优势种类为鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)和圆筒锥囊藻(Dinobryon cylindricum),其最大生物量分别为0.82 mg·L^-1、0.66mg·L^-1和2.98 mg·L^-1,均出现在3月或4月.在巢湖湖水中,春季(3～5月)浮游植物平均生物量为5.43mg·L^-1,其中绿藻占47.59%、硅藻占40.81%、蓝藻占10.18%,优势种类为盘星藻属(Pediastrum)和梅尼小环藻;而夏季(6～7月)浮游植物平均生物量为7.89mg·L^-1,其中蓝藻占58.7%、绿藻占2.77%、硅藻占11.4%,优势种类为微囊藻属(Microcystis).磷和枝角类滤食对巢湖春夏季节浮游植物的生物量和群落结构有重要影响.     

淮北采煤塌陷区水体产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌流行特征分析

为了解淮北采煤塌陷区小型湖泊南湖中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌的流行情况及其特征,本研究采集淮北南湖水样,接种麦康凯琼脂培养基(MacConkey),利用双纸片协同增效试验确证产ESBLs肠杆菌,K-B纸片扩散法测定阳性菌株药敏性,PCR检测其基因型。结果发现15个水样中有3个产ESBLs肠杆菌(3/15, 20.0%),共获得3个非重复产ESBLs肠杆菌,分别为Escherichia spp.、Klebsiella spp.和Enterobacter spp.。这3个非重复产ESBLs肠杆菌均为多重耐药菌株,对青霉素等绝大多数β-内酰胺类和多种非β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药。这3株菌株均含CTX-M型ESBLs,其中2个表达CTX-M-9组,另一个产CTX-M-8/25组ESBLs。淮北塌陷区南湖水体流行产CTX-M型ESBLs多重耐药肠杆菌,是抗生素抗性细菌库,可能介导致病耐药菌的传播。本研究对于了解淮北采煤塌陷区水体生态健康和控制耐药菌的传播具有重要意义。     

淮南矿区小型煤矿塌陷湖泊浮游植物群落结构特征

在淮南潘谢矿区内设置3个水文生态环境条件差异较大的小型煤矿塌陷湖泊研究站点, 即潘谢潘集站(PXPJ)、潘谢顾桥站 (PXGQ)和潘谢谢桥站(PXXQ), 于20132014年4个季度分别对塌陷湖泊的浮游植物结构组成特征及其水生态环境因子的关系进行了分析。3个小型塌陷湖泊共鉴定出浮游植物7门9纲18目34科70属131种, 浮游植物种类主要由蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻组成。其中绿藻门种类最多, 共59种, 占浮游植物总种数45.0%; 其次是蓝藻, 总共24种, 占浮游植物总种数18.3%; 硅藻22种, 占浮游植物总种数16.8%。从各门类藻细胞密度的百分比看, PXPJ站点以绿藻、硅藻和隐藻为主, 范围77.5%90.5%; PXGQ站点蓝藻在夏秋季数量上均占据绝对优势, 分别占藻类总细胞密度的61.5%和46.2%; PXXQ站点隐藻在春季为绝对优势类群, 在总细胞密度中占的比率为94.6%, 夏秋以蓝藻为主, 分别为74.7%和81.8%。3个湖泊由于水文生态环境条件的不同, 浮游植物丰度、多样性和均匀度体现出了一定的差异。典范对应分析(CCA)表明, 光照、水温和营养盐含量与比率(TN/TP)是影响塌陷湖泊浮游植物群落结构的重要环境因子。       

淮北煤矿区塌陷湖大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年对淮北采煤塌陷湖(乾隆湖和临涣湖)大型底栖动物群落结构进行了季节性调查。共采集到大型底栖动物26种, 隶属于3门5纲17科. 乾隆湖和临涣湖年平均密度分别为230.85和215.80 ind./m2, 年平均生物量分别为56.11和36.38 g/m2。两湖大型底栖动物以摇蚊幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和苏氏尾鳃蚓为优势类群, 底栖动物最高密度均出现在夏季(乾隆湖为 278.0 ind./m2, 临涣湖为288.2 ind./m2); 生物量则主要以软体动物和水生昆虫为主, 夏季和秋季大型底栖动物生物量明显高于春季和冬季。运用Shannon多样性指数(H')、Margalef多样性指数(D)和Biotic Index生物学指数(BI)对乾隆湖和临涣湖进行水质生物评价研究, 结果显示Shannon多样性指数不适宜于该两湖的水质生物评价, BI的评价结果与水质状况基本相符。综合 Margalef多样性指数和BI生物指数评价的结果表明: 乾隆湖和临涣湖春季和冬季处于轻度污染状态, 夏季和秋季处于中度污染状态。     

洱海蓝藻水华暴发期浮游植物群落变化及影响因素

对洱海水质和浮游植物进行了调查, 分析了洱海藻类水华暴发季节水质营养水平及浮游植物多样性, 并探讨了洱海浮游植物种群演替的环境机制. 研究结果表明, 洱海蓝藻水华在6-10月份大量暴发, 蓝藻数量高达107 cells/L, 水华种类为微囊藻(Microcystis)属的一些种, 微囊藻在6-10月份占绝对优势, 最高可达90%以上. 分析5-11月洱海营养水平, 其中7月营养水平最高, 浮游植物生物量10月份最大(以叶绿素a表示). 使用SPSS里的pearson分析了浮游植物和各理化因子的关系, 结果表明相对于其他浮游植物种类, 总磷(TP)对微囊藻的影响比较大.       

仙女湖及入湖河流浮游植物功能类群与环境因子的相互关系

文章分析了仙女湖及入湖河流浮游植物群落结构和功能类群的时空分布特征, 探讨了影响其时空分布规律的关键环境因子。调查期间共鉴定表层水体中浮游植物82种(属), 包括蓝藻15种(属), 绿藻33种(属), 硅藻23种(属), 甲藻3种(属), 裸藻5种(属), 隐藻2种(属), 金藻1种(属)。各季节平均密度和生物量分别在7.95×106—2.19×109 cells/L和10.52—792.91 mg/L变化。群落功能类群的结果表明, 冬、春河流生境中具硅质结构的无鞭毛个体浮游植物(硅藻门)占据主导地位(Ⅵ功能群), 而湖区生境中具鞭毛、中等到大型的单细胞或群体浮游植物(如隐藻和甲藻)具有明显优势(Ⅴ功能群); 而夏秋季节不同生境中虽然Ⅵ型浮游植物数量仍然相对较高, 但是具伪空胞的、较大表面积/体积比的丝状个体浮游植物(Ⅲ型)以及具胶质鞘、小的表面积/体积比的群体类的浮游植物(如蓝藻, Ⅶ功能群)在某些河流和湖泊生境中的比重有显著增长。功能类群与环境因子的相关分析表明: 冬、春季Ⅴ与Ⅵ功能群浮游植物生物量主要受到总氮和总磷水平影响; 而夏、秋季节Ⅲ与Ⅶ功能群浮游植物受到水温、浊度、总氮和总磷水平的多重影响。     

太湖梅梁湾湖岸带浮游植物群落演替及其与水华形成的关系

利用2009～2010年周年观测数据,结合江苏太湖湖泊生态系统研究站15年监测数据,分析了太湖梅梁湾湖岸带浮游植物群落演替及其与蓝藻水华形成的关系.50次周监测结果表明:蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)分别占浮游植物总生物量的60%、16%和22%.冬春季绿藻、硅藻为主要优势种,夏秋季蓝藻门的微囊藻占绝对优势.4月下旬～6月初,平均温度低于20℃,蓝藻没有大规模生长,硅藻门、绿藻门生物量急剧降低,总生物量小于1mg·L^-1;随后温度超过25℃,蓝藻迅速增长并很快成为绝对优势,蓝藻增加滞后于绿藻、硅藻的减少.在营养盐充足、物理因素合适的条件下,浮游植物群落结构自然演替是蓝藻水华形成的主要原因之一.     

汤溪水库的富营养化现状研究

为了解汤溪水库的富营养化现状,于2000年丰水期和枯水期对该水库的水质和浮游生物分布进行了调查。结果表明,汤溪水库综合营养状态指数(TLI)在30～50之间,属中营养水平。浮游植物丰度为0.81×10⁶～6.57×10⁶cells·L^-1,丰水期高于枯水期。浮游植物以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,其优势种主要为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、极小直链藻(Melosira minmum)和衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)等富营养化指示种。浮游动物丰度为43.25～812.2ind.·L^-1,其优势种也多为富营养化指示种,如:螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)。与1984年相比,该水库由硅藻型变为蓝藻型,其营养水平与浮游植物丰度都显著增加。在2000年一次微囊藻水华发生时,水体表层浮游植物丰度高达11.97×10⁶cells·L^-1。     

基于rDNA ITS序列探讨粉煤灰污染对萼花臂尾轮虫种群遗传多样性的影响

本文通过rDNA ITS序列测定和分析, 比较研究了粉煤灰污染水体(灰湖)与未污染水体(凤鸣湖和汀棠湖)萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)的种群遗传多样性。结果表明, 灰湖萼花臂尾轮虫仅有1个姐妹种, 而两对照湖泊均存在2个姐妹种, 粉煤灰污染使萼花臂尾轮虫种复合体内姐妹种数量减少。就三个湖泊共有的姐妹种I而言, 灰湖轮虫种群单倍型多样性最低(h= 0.9516), 核苷酸多样性(π = 0.0066)低于汀棠湖(π = 0.0073)却高于凤鸣湖种群(π = 0.0052), 粉煤灰污染对萼花臂尾轮虫种群遗传多样性表现出一定的破坏作用; 凤鸣湖轮虫种群核苷酸多样性最低, 可能是由于水体中晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna)和桡足类动物捕食压力较高以及周围农田污染的联合作用造成的。三湖泊间, 仅汀棠湖与凤鸣湖轮虫种群间基因交流值较低(N_m = 1.95), 种群分化指数较高(F_st = 0.11358); 而灰湖与汀棠湖以及灰湖与凤鸣湖轮虫种群间基因交流水平较高(N_m均大于4), 种群分化指数较低(F_st分别为0.03535和0.00276)。AMOVA分析显示汀棠湖与凤鸣湖轮虫种群间变异所占比例较高, 为12.87%; 而灰湖与汀棠湖以及灰湖与凤鸣湖轮虫种群间变异所占比例较低, 分别为3.78%和2.78%。粉煤灰污染水体与未污染水体萼花臂尾轮虫种群间保持较高水平的基因交流, 种群分化不明显。     

两淮采煤沉陷积水区水体营养盐时空分布及富营养化进程

在淮南“潘谢”矿区选取5个站点(PXS-1、PXS-2、PXS-3、PXS-4和PXS-5),在淮北“朱 杨庄”矿区内选取东湖、中湖和南湖3个站点(HBDH、HBZH和HBNH),分析了两淮地区两个采煤沉陷积水区水系内不同水体营养盐在空间(不同区域)、时间(年龄和季节)上的分布特征.结果表明： PXS-1、PXS-3和HBDH等3个站点营养状态较高,属于“中度富营养化”水体,另外5个站点均处于“中营养 轻度富营养化”状态,淮南矿区水体营养水平总体高于淮北矿区.两淮沉陷区内水体氮磷比(N∶P)较高,淮南水域在25～117,淮北在17～157,均具有明显的季节变化,生长季N∶P低于其他季节;总磷(TP)中溶解无机磷酸盐(DIP)所占比例较小(两淮水体平均分别为15.4%和18.4%),NO₃^--N是溶解无机氮(DIN)的主要组分,两淮水域NO₃^--N占DIN的比例分别为74%和89%．相比沉陷积水年龄,人为活动可能是导致水体营养水平升高和富营养化进程加快的重要因素之一.     

Some factors controlling the major ion chemistry of small lakes: Examples from the prairie parkland of Canada

The management of recreational lakes in the prairie region of Canada requires that their physical, chemical and biological setting be clearly defined. This study relates the major ion chemistry of two lakes to significant ion contributions from groundwater, surface runoff and snow. The major ion concentrations in addition are related to several important limnological processes.Lake Wabamun is a 84.6 km² lake with a basin set in Cretaceous bedrock. Groundwater studies in the watershed indicate that rather large quantities of groundwater enter the lake from fractured coal and bedrock units. Hastings Lake has a considerably smaller surface area and is formed in a shallow depression in glacial drift. Generally, smaller quantities of groundwater enter this lake because the glacial drift has a low permeability.Evaluation of the data indicates that relative quantity and quality of groundwater inflow is probably the most important factor controlling the major ion chemistry of the lakes. Other factors are mineral precipitation, freezing out and the timing of major water inflows.     

FISH FAUNA OF THE HWAJINPO LAKE,KOREA

There are sevenlagoons onthe east coast of Korea,including Kyeongpo Lake,Hyang Lake,Mae Lake,Chung-cho Lake,Yeoungrang Lake,Songji Lake and HwajinpoLake.They are all originally natural and brackish waterlakes.Therefore,these lakes are not only historically veryimportant but also have high values for geological,andecological sciences.Natural lakes like lagoons are different from man-made lakes.That is,water level in natural lakes is almostconstant,cline by waterside is not much,and wet la…     

The microfauna of algal mats and artificial substrates in Southern Victoria Land lakes of Antarctica

The first microfaunal colonization study of continental lakes in Antarctica is reported. In addition to the general taxonomic composition of six Antarctic lakes, detailed community composition analyses of two adjacent lakes, Lake Fryxell and Lake Hoare, using polyurethane foam artificial substrates suspended in the open water and placed directly over benthic algal mats are also presented. Protozoans, rotifers, tardigrades and nematodes constituted the microfaunal community in all lakes. Higher metazoans do not occur in lakes that we studied. Protozoans were the most diverse of the four groups, and the first dinoflagellates reported from southern Victoria Land, Gymnodinium and Glenodinium, were collected from Lake Fryxell. The greatest number of protozoan taxa (55) were associated with the algal mats in the more productive Lake Fryxell. Both the physical and chemical properties and taxonomic diversity showed marked variability between all lakes that were studied, especially the adjacent lakes, Fryxell and Hoare. Ecological variables which regulate taxonomic diversity in other lakes of the world also appear to exert similar influences in remote Antarctic lakes.     

Fauna of parasites of burbot <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lota lota</Emphasis> (L.) (Gadiformes: Lotidae) from reservoirs of Baikal Rift Zone

Fauna of parasites of burbot from the Baikal Rift Zone (Lake Baikal, Lake Khuvsgul, and Tsipo- Tsipikan and Kuanda-Chara lakes) includes 46 species of 11 classes. The species composition of fauna of parasites of burbot decreases in the following sequence: Lake Baikal (37 species) > lakes Tsipo-Tsipikan (18 species) > Lake Khuvsgul (15 species) > Kuanda-Chara lakes (11 species). The burbot populations of the studied lakes form two large groups according to the results of cluster analysis of species composition of the parasite fauna. The first group includes the host populations of Tsipo-Tsipikan and Kuanda-Chara lakes; the second combines the burbot populations of the gilfs and estuaries of tributaries of Lake Baikal and Lake Khuvsgul. The use of parasitological data in addition to molecular genetic information and paleontological information brings new arguments to the discussion about the evolutionary history of burbot.     

An ecological study of two shallow,equatorial lakes: Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera,Uganda

Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera are shallow, eutrophic lakes in mid‐western Uganda. Lake Mburo recorded higher values of Secchi and eutrophic depths and lower extinction coefficient (k) values. The lakes showed a ‘red shift’ phenomenon in maximum light transmission. The average values of electrical conductivity in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera were 136 and 244 μS cm^?1, respectively. The pH values indicated high photosynthetic activity. Dissolved oxygen concentration averaged 6.9 and 7.8 mg l^?1 in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera, respectively. The lakes had high total nitrogen (TN) : total phosphorus (TP) ratios averaging 200 and 280 in Lake Mburo and Lake Kachera, respectively. The lakes are dominated by cyanobacterial blooms that reduce light penetration to less than 1 m. Lake Mburo had a lower algal biomass than Lake Kachera. Chlorophyll a concentrations correlated positively (r = 0.73, P < 0.05) with the extinction coefficient in Lake Mburo but not in Lake Kachera. The correlations between chlorophyll a and TN and TP were also high. Both lakes recorded high primary productivity, Lake Mburo showing higher values. The study highlighted the need to investigate the organism–community interrelationships in the two water bodies.     

煤矿固废资源化利用的生态效率与碳减排——以淮北市为例

工业固废的大量堆积产生多种环境危害,工业固废的资源化利用能够节约资源和缓解环境压力。建筑行业是能源消耗和碳排放的主要部门之一,其中建筑材料生产阶段的能耗和碳排放占有重要的地位。粉煤灰、煤矸石是常见的工业固体废物,尤其是在以煤炭为主要能源的地区。粉煤灰、煤矸石资源化利用的途径之一是用于制造新型墙体砖。本文以煤炭资源型城市淮北市的新型墙体砖(粉煤灰砌块、煤矸石砖)和传统墙体砖(粘土砖、粘土多孔砖)为案例,对墙体砖生产过程的生态效率和碳排放进行分析和比较。在淮北市墙体材料行业碳排放不增加的前提下,以最优生态效率为目标,建立线性规划模型,对淮北市4种主要墙体材料的产量进行规划。分析结果表明:新型墙体材料的生态效率高于传统墙体材料;煤矸石砖生产过程的碳排放系数高于传统墙体砖;粉煤灰砌块生产过程的碳排放系数介于粘土砖和粘土多孔砖之间。在淮北市墙体材料行业碳排放不增加的前提下,与现有的产量相比,淮北市应禁止粘土砖的生产,适当减少粘土多孔砖的产量,适当增加粉煤灰砌块和煤矸石砖的产量,以达到最优生态效率。在最优生态效率的情况下,淮北市新型墙体材料煤矸石砖对煤矸石工业固废的利用率将由目前的15.8%增加到25.2%。     

The zooplankton-phytoplankton interface in lakes of contrasting trophic status: an experimental comparison

We report here the results of an experimental study designed to compare algal responses to short-term manipulations of zooplankton in three California lakes which encompass a broad range of productivity (ultra-oligotrophic Lake Tahoe, mesotrophic Castle Lake, and strongly eutrophic Clear Lake). To assess the potential strength of grazing in each lake, we evaluated algal responses to a 16-fold range of zooplankton biomass. To better compare algal responses among lakes, we determined algal responses to grazing by a common grazer (Daphnia sp.) over a range ofDaphnia densities from 1 to 16 animals per liter. Effects of both ambient grazers andDaphnia were strong in Castle Lake. However, neither ambient zooplankton norDaphnia had much impact on phytoplankton in Clear Lake. In Lake Tahoe, no grazing impacts could be demonstrated for the ambient zooplankton butDaphnia grazing had dramatic effects. These results indicate weak coupling between phytoplankton and zooplankton in Clear Lake and Lake Tahoe, two lakes which lie near opposite extremes of lake trophic status for most lakes. These observations, along with work reported by other researchers, suggest that linkages between zooplankton and phytoplankton may be weak in lakes with either extremely low or high productivity. Biomanipulation approaches to recover hypereutrophic lakes which aim only to alter zooplankton size structure may be less effective if algal communities are dominated by large, inedible phytoplankton taxa.