慢性丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器病变特点研究

目的观察不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器超微结构,了解不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎患者肝细胞超微结构特征。方法收集6例经肝穿刺活检病理确诊的轻度、中度、重度丙型肝炎肝组织标本各2例,同时选取2例肝移植中的正常供肝组织作为对照,对照光镜特点,对各病例电镜下的肝细胞器超微结构特点进行分析总结。结果光镜下观察到轻度慢性丙型肝炎以肝细胞水肿变性为主;中度慢性丙型肝炎以汇管区炎症为主伴淋巴滤泡形成;重度慢性丙型肝炎肝小叶内易见肝细胞点状坏死,纤维组织增生并可见弓形纤维或假小叶形成。电镜下观察到与正常肝细胞相比较,轻度慢性丙型肝炎病例中肝细胞胞浆内粗面内质网减少、滑面内质网增多;中度慢性丙型肝炎表现为肝细胞胞浆内脂滴稍增多,部分伴脂滴融合,胞浆内局灶可见胶原纤维;而重度慢性丙型肝炎的肝细胞内可见线粒体凝聚、融合和变性,糖原增多,脂滴进一步呈大泡型脂变并融合,细胞核内可见包涵体形成。结论不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞具有不同的超微结构特征。     

肝病患者肝细胞内HBV DNA原位杂交研究——形态、分布及意义

应用生物素标记HBV DNA(乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸)作探针,对129例肝病患者肝组织作原位杂交研究。发现HBV DNA主要存在肝细胞浆内,可分为胞浆致密型、疏松型和包涵体型。HBV DNA阳性肝细胞在肝实质中分为三种型:小叶型、局灶型与散在点状分布。HBV DNA在慢性活动型肝炎中检出率最高(81％),显著高于肝硬化,慢性小叶型肝炎、急性肝炎及原发性肝癌组。乙肝复制指标阳性患者肝细胞内HBV DNA检出率明显高于非复制组;并观察到HBV DNA阳性肝细胞与肝细胞坏死灶关系密切,多数紧紧毗邻肝细胞坏死灶/或和位于坏死灶中间,尤以局灶型分布的HBV DNA阳性肝细胞为显著。     

大鼠烧伤复合内毒素脏器损伤中诱导型一氧化氮合酶的免疫组织化学定位及意义初探

选用烧伤复合内毒素血症大鼠模型,应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法观察肝、肾组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）的定位分布与含量变化。结果表明：在肝损伤中,ｉＮＯＳ主要定位于肝窦内皮细胞、枯否细胞和肝细胞胞浆,在损伤严重时,定位于多发性、溶解性坏死灶内残留的窦内皮细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞以及坏死灶基质内。在肾损伤中,ｉＮＯＳ主要定位于肾小管上皮细胞胞浆。并且ｉＮＯＳ与ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６的蛋白和基因表达密切相关。提示：ｉＮＯＳ及合成产物ＮＯ在烧伤复合内毒素性脏器损伤中起着重要作用,并推测ＮＯ可能是单核／巨噬细胞激活反应的信号传导分子之一     

鸭病毒性肠炎病毒强毒株的形态发生学与超微病理学研究

应用透射电镜和超薄切片技术,研究鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus,DEV)CH强毒株人工感染成年鸭后,病毒在宿主细胞内的形态发生及各组织器官的超微结构变化.结果表明,感染后不同时间剖杀及发病后死亡鸭的肝、肠、脾、胸腺、法氏囊等组织器官中,均观察到典型的疱疹病毒粒子.病毒主要的靶细胞为淋巴细胞、网状内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、肠道上皮细胞、肠道平滑肌细胞和肝细胞等.DEV的核衣壳有空心型、致密核心型、双环型和内壁附有颗粒型四种形态,存在胞核和胞浆两种装配方式.病毒核衣壳可在核内获得皮层,通过核内膜获得囊膜成为成熟病毒;也可通过内外核膜进入胞浆,在其中获得皮层,然后在各种质膜上获得囊膜,最后成熟病毒释放到细胞外.伴随着病毒的复制、装配和成熟,细胞中出现多种核内和胞浆包涵体、核内致密病毒核酸颗粒、微管和中空短管以及胞浆内膜包裹的电子致密小体、双层管等病毒相关结构.超微研究表明,组织细胞有坏死和凋亡两种变化.坏死细胞肿胀甚至破裂,线粒体肿胀空泡化,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱落,有的细胞器甚至完全崩解,染色质或固缩或溶解.凋亡细胞则染色质聚集,胞浆凝聚深染,细胞膜上有大量空泡,并有凋亡小体形成.细胞坏死与凋亡往往同时存在,疾病发生过程中,脾、胸腺、法氏囊以及小肠固有层中的淋巴细胞凋亡数量明显增多.     

流行性出血热病毒对乳鼠致病特点的观察

本文观察了两株从病人体内新分离的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒114株和435株对乳鼠的致病特点,并在感染的乳鼠脑内找到了EHF病毒。免疫荧光检查发现,病毒抗原广泛存在于感染鼠的脑、肺、肝、肾等脏器。脑内和腹腔两条感染途径的比较发现,病毒抗原在上述脏器中的分布基本一致,但前者脑内的病毒感染滴度较后者高一个对数单位。对病毒的动态观察发现,EHF病毒首先在乳鼠腹腔感染6小时后的腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)中分离到、并持续阳性;病毒血症出现在感染后2天,随之在脑、肺、肝、肾和脾脏中查到。以上结果表明:EHF病毒对乳鼠具有广泛的嗜性,脑内感染途径能获得较高滴度的感染性病毒。提示EHF病毒在鼠mφ中增殖并携带至全身播散,可能是造成乳鼠全身性弥漫性感染的主要原因。     

BALB/C乳鼠作为流行性出血热动物实验模型的初步研究

用EHF病毒76/118株、陈株、H_(8278)株、,A_(54)株经脑内注射BALB/C小鼠,乳鼠均能发生感染,并引起规律性发病,表现为耸毛、个体瘦小、动作迟缓、后肢麻痹僵直,直至死亡。在乳鼠脑、肺、肝等脏器内均可检出病毒抗原,并可分离出病毒,传3代的乳鼠脑悬液经VeroE—6细胞滴定,病毒滴度有明显增高,说明Balb/C乳鼠对EHF病毒是敏感的,可作为EHF的实验动物模型。幼鼠和成鼠虽然也能感染EHF,但在脑、肺、肝等脏器中均查不出病毒抗原,而抗体水平却很高,最高可达1∶1280。     

小鼠腹腔注射硫酸铍的病理形态学观察

目的研究腹腔注射硫酸铍（BeSO4.4H2O）对小鼠主要脏器的损害作用。方法将30只6周龄昆明（KM）雄性小鼠随机分为三组,分别予以不同剂量硫酸铍生理盐水溶液腹腔注射染毒,隔日一次,染毒两周。观察主要脏器的病理组织学变化并测定脏器系数。结果与对照组比较,染毒组心、脾、肾、睾丸脏器系数无显著差异,肝、肺脏器系数差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组肺、肝病理学组织检查未见异常,低剂量组小鼠肺组织可见淤血、出血、支气管扩张出血,肺泡腔内有少量炎性渗出物、支气管周围炎、间质性肺炎、小叶性肺炎等;高剂量组小鼠肺组织可见支气管扩张出血,支气管腔内有大量炎性渗出物,支气管周围肺泡扩张,间质性肺炎、小叶性肺炎、融合性小叶性肺炎;低剂量组肝细胞水肿,可见点状坏死和小灶性坏死;高剂量组小鼠肝组织损伤严重,肝细胞排列紊乱,多数肝细胞呈细胞水肿,肝细胞胞质成空泡状,可见明显的点状坏死和小灶性坏死,并伴有炎细胞浸润,坏死区周围肝细胞细胞质呈嗜酸性变,轻度核固缩,并且肝细胞呈不同程度的胞质疏松,肝窦以及肝中央静脉扩张有广泛变性、坏死等病理改变。睾丸、心、脾、肾未见明显异常。结论小鼠腹腔注射本试验剂量的硫酸铍后主要引起肺组织和肝脏损伤,其它脏器未见明显异常。     

中国青海地区喜马拉雅旱獭嗜肝病毒自然感染的组织学研究

应用原位杂交技术、免疫组化技术以土拨鼠肝炎病毒(Woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV)的检测系统检测50份喜马拉雅旱獭肝组织可能存在的嗜肝病毒c基因、s抗原及c抗原的表达,同时检测肝脏组织病理学改变.结果显示旱獭肝组织中嗜肝病毒s抗原、c抗原的阳性率分别为26%(13/50)、36%(18/50);在抗原双阳性的10份肝组织标本中有c基因的阳性表达,阳性率为50%.c抗原定位于肝细胞胞浆和/或胞核,呈散在、片簇状分布,c基因定位于肝细胞的细胞核,阳性细胞散在分布.50份标本中5份出现肝炎的病理改变,与抗原检出问无明显相关性.使用WHV的病毒检测系统证实青海地区喜马拉雅旱獭可能存在类似WHV的嗜肝病毒感染,从组织学的角度为中国青海地区喜马拉雅旱獭嗜肝病毒自然感染提供证据,此种动物有可能用于建立嗜肝病毒感染的动物模型.     

肾综合征出血热（HFRS）患者尸检肝组织中的病毒抗原－免疫组织化学研究

应用敏感的免疫组织化学多重ＰＡＰ法,观察了ＨＦＲＳ（肾综合征出血热）病毒抗原在ＨＦＲＳ患者尸检肝组织的定位,结果发现１８例尸检肝组织中．１５例肝细胞病毒抗原阳性,２例肝组织血管中白细胞也存在病毒抗原、４例肝内胆管为ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性,主要分布于肝内大胆管,小叶间胆管和小胆管的上皮细胞中,ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性物质呈地颗粒状,定位于胆管上皮细胞核上区的胞质中。     

EHFV感染NIH裸鼠抗原定位研究

探讨流行性出血热病毒（ＥＨＦＶ） 感染ＮＩＨ裸鼠抗原在各脏器的分布情况, 观察其分布规律。经裸鼠腹腔注射ＥＨＦＶ液, 裸鼠发病后, 濒死状态处死, 进行免疫组织化学、电镜和光学显微镜观察。感染ＥＨＦＶ 的裸鼠其肺、脑、肾、肝、心脏和脾组织细胞内均检测到特异性抗原, 抗原主要分布于细胞胞浆, 以高尔基器及其周围囊泡较多。ＥＨＦＶ 感染ＮＩＨ裸鼠,病变可广泛侵犯其各组织器官, 抗原主要分布于相应组织器官实质细胞胞浆内, 导致细胞损伤     

流行性出血热循环免疫复合物组分分析

应用ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及免疫转印技术对流行性出血热患才血清中免疫合物组分进行了分析。流行性出血热循环免疫复合物经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离,考马斯亮兰染色,显色主要有７条带,分子量分别为２３ｋＤ,５０ｋＤ,５２ｋＤ,６５ｋＤ,７２ｋＤ,８０ｋＤ及１００ｋＤ。采用该病毒特异性抗血清、单克隆抗体以及人免疫球蛋白、补体成分抗血清识别,在其特环免疫复合物中可检出特异性病毒抗在及相应的免疫球状蛋白和补体成     

Four fluorochromes for the demonstration and microfluorometric estimation of RNA

Microfluorometric estimates of total RNA were made in selected test material stained with berberine sulfate, acridine orange, and Hoechst 33258. These measurements were compared with those obtained with propidium iodide, which is known to interact only with double-stranded nucleic acids. It was observed that all of the fluorochromes, including propidium iodide, yielded very similar patterns of fluorescence in the various types of material tested. In isolated thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei stained with either propidium iodide or Hoechst 33258 at pH 2, it was evident that RNA could be estimated only indirectly by measuring the amount of fluorescence before and after extraction with RNase. It was apparent that the total fluorescence of small thymocyte nuclei was affected much less by RNase extraction than that of 2c hepatocyte nuclei. Attempts to obtain direct estimates of RNA by exposing the preparations to DNase were not successful: the fluorescence of thymocyte nuclei dropped almost to zero, and hepatocyte nuclei could no longer be assigned to distinct ploidy classes. In addition, since the highly condensed chromatin of thymocyte nuclei was stained much more prominently than the looser chromatin of hepatocyte nuclei with Hoechst 33258, it was apparent that this fluorochrome - when used at pH 2 - has potential usefulness as a "probe" of organizational differences in chromatin.     

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases hepatic DNA and RNA and hepatocyte mitosis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has been reported to increase DNA synthesis in normal rat liver. Therefore, we examined the effects of TNF on rat liver regeneration. TNF, 1.5 micrograms ip every 4 h for 5 d, significantly increased hepatic DNA and RNA contents of regenerating and sham operated livers by up to 45%. Mitotic figures in sham operated liver, usually rare, were increased substantially by TNF. ODC mRNA content and enzyme activity were increased in regenerating liver, and were further increased by TNF. These data indicate that TNF, although not specific for regenerating liver, is a potent stimulus for hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis.     

乳鼠感染流行性出血热病毒的研究

用获自病人的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒H8205株感染Vero-E6细胞的培养液,感染1日龄小白鼠,自第3代起,感染鼠出现规律发病,潜伏期13～18天,个体瘦小,后肢麻痹,最后死亡。病理检查感染鼠脑有典型病毒性脑炎改变,免疫荧光及酶标抗体染色证实脏器中存在特异性抗原,血内有特异性抗体,感染鼠的血,尿及脏器悬液经Vero-E6细胞培养出病毒。电镜检查脑神经原细胞高尔基氏器内有病毒颗粒。实验结果说明1日龄小白鼠对流行性出血热病毒是敏感的,可以作为该病毒的实验动物模型。     

Four fluorochromes for the demonstration and microfluorometric estimation of RNA

Summary Microfluorometric estimates of total RNA were made in selected test material stained with berberine sulfate, acridine orange, and Hoechst 33258. These measurements were compared with those obtained with propidium iodide, which is known to interact only with double-stranded nucleic acids. It was observed that all of the fluorochromes, including propidium iodide, yielded very similar patterns of fluorescence in the various types of material tested. In isolated thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei stained with either propidium iodide or Hoechst 33258 at pH 2, it was evident that RNA could be estimated only indirectly by measuring the amount of fluorescence before and after extraction with RNase. It was apparent that the total fluorescence of small thymocyte nuclei was affected much less by RNase extraction than that of 2c hepatocyte nuclei. Attempts to obtain direct estimates of RNA by exposing the preparations to DNase were not successful: the fluorescence of thymocyte nuclei dropped almost to zero, and hepatocyte nuclei could no longer be assigned to distinct ploidy classes. In addition, since the highly condensed chromatin of thymocyte nuclei was stained much more prominently than the looser chromatin of hepatocyte nuclei with Hoechst 33258, it was apparent that this fluorochrome — when used at pH 2 — has potential usefulness as a probe of organizational differences in chromatin.     

从狗肺中分离到流行性出血热病毒

1984—1985年,从安徽省EHF疫区收集78只狗肺,用IFAT检测,5只EHF抗原阳性,阳性率为6.4％,并从EHF抗原阳性的狗肺中分离到两株EHFV,从而首次证明狗可自然感染EHFV。狗有捕食鼠类的习性,与人接触密切,其传播EHF的作用需要进一步研究。     

Serum glutamate dehydrogenase as a marker of hepatocyte necrosis in alcoholic liver disease.

Serum glutamate dehydrogenase concentration was assessed as a marker of the degree of hepatocyte necrosis found at liver biopsy in 95 patients suspected of having alcoholic liver disease. Although the serum concentration was raised in 54 patients, no relation between it and the severity of hepatocyte necrosis could be established. Glutamate dehydrogenase was therefore not confirmed to be a useful indicator of hepatocyte necrosis in patients with chronic alcoholism.     

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells Exhibit Similar Therapeutic Effects on an Acute Liver Failure Mouse Model

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have exhibited therapeutic effects in multiple animal models so that are promising liver substitute for transplantation treatment of end-stage liver diseases. However, it has been shown that over-manipulation of these cells increased their tumorigenic potential, and that reducing the in vitro culture time could minimize the risk. In this study, we used a D-galactosamine plus lipopolysaccharide (Gal/LPS)-induced acute liver failure mouse model, which caused death of about 50% of the mice with necrosis of more than 50% hepatocytes, to compare the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord MSCs (hUCMSCs) before and after induction of differentiation into hepatocyte (i-Heps). Induction of hUCMSCs to become i-Heps was achieved by treatment of the cells with a group of growth factors within 4 weeks. The resulted i-Heps exhibited a panel of human hepatocyte biomarkers including cytokeratin (hCK-18), α-fetoprotein (hAFP), albumin (hALB), and hepatocyte-specific functions glycogen storage and urea metabolism. We demonstrated that transplantation of both cell types through tail vein injection rescued almost all of the Gal/LPS-intoxicated mice. Although both cell types exhibited similar ability in homing at the mouse livers, the populations of the hUCMSCs-derived cells, as judged by expressing hAFP, hCK-18 and human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF), were small. These observations let us to conclude that the hUCMSCs was as effective as the i-Heps in treatment of the mouse acute liver failure, and that the therapeutic effects of hUCMSCs were mediated largely via stimulation of host hepatocyte regeneration, and that delivery of the cells through intravenous injection was effective.     

流行性出血热患者尿液中融合细胞的检测及其意义

我们观察到流行性出血热患者尿液中的“多核巨细胞”并非是上皮细胞脱落后的偶然堆积,而是细胞之间发生了融合。经免疫组化染色发现所有融合细胞内均有特异性EHF病毒抗原颗粒。提示流行性出血热病毒的直接作用与尿液中融合细胞的形成有关。