人工生态系统稳定性概念及其指标

稳定性是生态系统结构及功能中的一个决定系统兴亡的重要特性 ,在生态学研究中一直是被关注的焦点。虽然稳定性在系统中有如此重要意义 ,但稳定性在概念上的混乱 ,造成了对研究系统稳定性的困难。Ｐｉｍｍ[10 ] 总结出了生态系统稳定性的 4 5种不同的含义。不同的研究者对稳定性给了各种不同的含义 ,如“系统保持振荡的可能性”(可靠性ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉ ｔｙ) [7] ;“在一段时间内 ,考察的振荡指标的变化幅度”(易变性ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ) [10 ] ;“系统能够耐受的干扰强度”(吸收范围ｄｏｍａｉｎｏｆａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ) [6 ] ;“…     

熵理论在生态系统稳定性研究中的应用

本文从李亚普诺夫（Lyapounov）的稳定性原理出发,运用最小熵和超熵理论分析了线性非平衡态和远离平衡态生态系统的稳定性,并给出了相应的稳定性判据。以完善和促进生态系统稳定性研究的理论水平。     

土壤生态系统稳定性研究进展

土壤生态系统稳定性是指土壤生态系统对抗人为干扰和自然剧烈变化的能力,可以由抵抗力和恢复力两个方面来表征.土壤生态系统稳定性是土壤健康指标的核心之一,进行稳定性评价对于土壤健康评价尤其是人为污染和物理干扰后土壤的健康评价具有重要参考价值.与地上生态系统研究结论相似,土壤生态系统稳定性的评价,与所选择的干扰性质和土壤过程密切相关.国内外近年来土壤生态系统稳定性方面的研究进展,主要包括:土壤生态系统稳定性的概念,土壤生态系统稳定性的研究方法,土壤生态系统稳定性的影响因素,保持土壤生态系统稳定性的对策,并提出了问题与展望.     

"生态系统稳定性"教学设计

在"生态系统稳定性"的教学中,以真实情境下的案例为背景,以导致马尾松人工林松毛虫爆发的因素为主要问题导向,通过一系列科学研究的资料和数据,分析马尾松人工林容易产生松毛虫灾害的多方面因素,并构建这些因素之间的联系,从根本上提出解决方案.利用生态工程物种多样性原理提高生态系统的物种多样性,从而构建生态系统的稳态与平衡观,即...     

生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究进展

生物多样性和生态系统稳定性之间的关系是生态学的热门话题。围绕这一主题,文章回顾了其研究历史及学术界的不同观点,阐述了目前在理论和实验领域的主要工作结果、研究进展和存在问题。理论方面,由于生物多样性和生态系统稳定性的概念是复杂而多层面的,导致二者之间的关系仍然是复杂多样的。实验方面,已有实验仅仅强调了少数几种类型的多样性和稳定性,对多样性—稳定性关系的揭示有限。在生物多样性和生态系统功能的研究中,重要的不只是结论,还应包括其中所隐含的机制。未来的主要挑战是搞清生物多样性动态、生态系统过程和无机因子如何相互作用。     

再论生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性

本文在简述生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究动态的基础上,从生物多样性和稳定性的概念出发,指出忽视多样性和稳定性的生物组织层次可能是造成观点纷争的根源之一。特定生物组织层次的稳定性可能更多地与该层次的多样性特征相关,探讨多样性和稳定性的关系应从不同的生物组织层次上进行,抗动是生态系统多样性与稳定性关系悖论中的重要因子,如果根据扰动的性质,把生态系统（或其他组织层次）区分为受非正常外力干扰和受环境因子时间异质性波动干扰2类系统,稳定性的4个内涵可以理解为：对于受非正常外力干扰的系统而言,抵抗力和恢复力是稳定性适宜的测度指标;对于受环境因子时间异质性波动干扰和系统而言。利用持久性和变异性衡量系统的稳定性则更具实际意义。结合对群落和种群层次多样性与稳定性相关机制的初步讨论,本文认为;在特定的前提下,多样性可以导致稳定性。     

自控与受控棉田生态系统稳定性的比较

1　前　言稳定性是生物种群、群落与生态系统研究的重要内容之一。稳定性是预测和调控一个系统的基础。棉田生态系统稳定性的研究对于指导棉田生态系统的优化管理 ,对于棉田系统生产力的稳定提高和持续发展具有非常重要的意义。然而 ,生态学的稳定性研究在概念、度量指标 (或称研究方法 )上至今仍未统一[1,2 ],因而研究结果也不一致。Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ等[3]认为 ,生态学家关心的不是生态学的系统是否稳定 ,而是系统有多么稳定 ,即稳定的相对程度 ,并提出了绝对稳定性概念(判断是否稳定 )和相对稳定性概念 (判断相对稳定程度 )。其相对稳定性意…     

稳态转换视角下生态系统服务变化过程与作用机制

优化生态系统服务供给是实现人类社会与自然生态系统和谐发展的必然途径。生态系统在平衡与非平衡之间复杂的转化模式使生态系统服务研究备受阻力,如何科学地解析生态系统服务内在调控机制是实现从自然资源利用到生态系统功能优化的关键。从论述生态系统稳态转换驱动机制入手,阐明扰动发生后稳态转换的路径、生态系统功能对扰动的响应模式;基于稳态转换视角深入诠释生态系统服务内涵及变化过程,以"结构-过程-功能-服务-人类福祉-可持续性"为核心架构来发展生态系统服务理论框架,并从生态系统敏感性和恢复力等内在属性探讨生态系统服务对结构和功能变化的响应情况;解析当土地利用变化超过生态系统阈值时,各项生态系统服务间的互馈作用。基于稳态转换视角评述生态系统服务变化过程与作用机制,以期为生态系统服务研究及生态系统管理提供新视角。     

High ecosystem stability of evergreen broadleaf forests under severe droughts

Global increase in drought occurrences threatens the stability of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Evergreen broadleaf forests (EBFs) keep leaves throughout the year, and therefore could experience higher drought risks than other biomes. However, the recent temporal variability of global vegetation productivity or land carbon sink is mainly driven by non‐evergreen ecosystems, such as semiarid grasslands, croplands, and boreal forests. Thus, we hypothesize that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes under the increasingly extreme droughts. Here we use long‐term Standardized Precipitation and Evaporation Index (SPEI) data and satellite‐derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) products to quantify the temporal stability (ratio of mean annual EVI to its SD), resistance (ability to maintain its original levels during droughts), and resilience (rate of EVI recovering to pre‐drought levels) at biome and global scales. We identified significantly increasing trends of annual drought severity (SPEI range: ?0.08 to ?1.80), area (areal fraction range: 2%–19%), and duration (month range: 7.9–9.1) in the EBF biome over 2000–2014. However, EBFs showed the highest resistance of EVI to droughts, but no significant differences in resilience of EVI to droughts were found among biomes (forests, grasslands, savannas, and shrublands). Global resistance and resilience of EVI to droughts were largely affected by temperature and solar radiation. These findings suggest that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes despite the greater drought exposure. Thus, the conservation of EBFs is critical for stabilizing global vegetation productivity and land carbon sink under more‐intense climate extremes in the future.     

Species richness facilitates ecosystem resilience in aquatic food webs

1. Many studies indicate that biodiversity in ecosystems affects stability, either by promoting temporal stability of ecosystem attributes or by enhancing ecosystem resistance and resilience to perturbation. The effects on temporal stability are reasonably well understood and documented but effects on resistance and resilience are not. 2. Here, we report results from an aquatic mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated the species richness and composition of aquatic food webs (macrophytes, macro‐herbivores and invertebrate predators), imposed a pulse disturbance (acidification), and monitored the resistance (initial response) and resilience (recovery) of ecosystem productivity and respiration. 3. We found that species‐rich macroinvertebrate communities had higher resilience of whole‐ecosystem respiration, but were not more resistant to perturbations. We also found that resilience and resistance were unaffected by species composition, despite the strong role composition is known to play in determining mean levels of function in these communities. 4. Biodiversity’s effects on resilience were probably mediated through complex pathways affecting phytoplankton and microbial communities (e.g. via changes in nutrient regeneration, grazing or compositional changes) rather than through simpler effects (e.g. insurance effects, enhanced facilitation) although these simpler mechanisms probably played minor roles in enhancing respiration resilience. 5. Current mechanisms for understanding biodiversity’s effects on ecosystem stability have been developed primarily in the context of single‐trophic level communities. These mechanisms may be overly simplistic for understanding the consequences of species richness on ecosystem stability in complex, multi‐trophic food webs where additional factors such as indirect effects and highly variable life‐history traits of species may also be important.     

Relationship between grass species richness and ecosystem stability in Kruger National Park, South Africa

The relationship between grass species richness and ecosystem stability was investigated in the Kruger National Park. A total of 135 489 individual grasses were identified from 189 sites spread across 19 485 km² of savanna biome, making this one of the largest studies of its kind. At each site, grass percentage abundance and standing crop were measured at one year intervals to provide an index of ecosystem function. A severe drought that affected the region between 1991 and 1993 provided a convenient perturbation. At the height of the drought, mean species richness declined by 12.7% while standing crop declined by 38.1%, from 3199 to 1979 kg ha^?1. Percentage grass abundance declined to 87.5% of its pre‐drought value. After the drought had passed species richness, standing crop and percentage abundance recovered to 92.1%, 113.8% and 92.8% of their pre‐perturbation values, respectively. Statistical analysis of these responses revealed that grass assemblages of low species richness were more resistant to drought than assemblages of high species richness. Species‐poor sites also showed better recovery from perturbation after the drought had passed. These findings suggest that ecosystem stability may be negatively related to grass species richness in South African savanna grasslands.     

提升生态系统质量和稳定性的生态学原理及技术途径之探讨

提升生态系统质量和稳定性是国家生态环境建设的迫切任务,但生态系统质量及其稳定性的生态学原理是亟待阐述的生态学难题。本文在梳理生态系统质量和稳定性的影响因素及其相互作用关系基础上,从生物集聚与结构嵌套的自组织、生态要素关联及生态过程耦合、生态系统整体性及功能涌现、生态服务外溢及功效权衡、资源供给能力和环境适宜性的协同互作、自然变化和人类活动交互影响等视角,论述了生态系统质量及其稳定性演变的生态学原理,并围绕生态系统宏观格局调整、自然保护地体系建设、区域复合生态系统综合管理、退化生态系统恢复、受损生态系统重建、典型生态系统过程管理等层级,提出了提升生态系统质量及其稳定性的技术途径与管理策略。     

Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services

Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.     

种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究

生态群落中不同物种间发生多样化的相互作用, 形成了复杂的种间互作网络。复杂生态网络的结构如何影响群落的生态系统功能及稳定性是群落生态学的核心问题之一。种间互作直接影响到物质和能量在生态系统不同组分之间的流动和循环以及群落构建过程, 使得网络结构与生态系统功能和群落稳定性密切相关。在群落及生态系统水平上开展种间互作网络研究将为群落的构建机制、生物多样性维持、生态系统稳定性、物种协同进化和性状分化等领域提供新的视野。当前生物多样性及生态系统功能受到全球变化的极大影响, 研究种间互作网络的拓扑结构、构建机制、稳定性和生态功能也可为生物多样性的保护和管理提供依据。该文从网络结构、构建机制、网络结构和稳定性关系、种间互作对生态系统功能的影响等4个方面综述当前种间网络研究进展, 并提出在今后的研究中利用机器学习和多层网络等来探究环境变化对种间互作网络结构和功能的影响, 并实现理论和实证研究的有效整合。     

物种多样性与人工生态系统稳定性探讨

通过40余年对人工群落的长期研究,探讨了一层一种的传统橡胶及茶树种植园,两层两种的橡胶-茶叶、橡胶-咖啡人工群落,三层三种的橡胶-萝芙木-千年健人工群落以及多层多种(5个层次100余种经济植物)的人工雨林的不同结构．从生物量、生产力及经济生产力,对群落环境(小气候、土壤等)的保护及改善能力和对自然灾害(如寒害、风害等)的抵抗力3个方面,比较了单一结构与复合结构在3个系统功能上的差异．结果表明,随着种类增加,层次复杂加大,系统在生物量及生产力上均有明显增加;小气候中随着结构的复杂化加大,相对湿度也随着增加,最高温度降低,最低温度升高,风速减少,土壤流失明显减少,对低温风害的抵抗力加强,表明人工生态系统结构明显影响了系统稳定性．     

A conceptual model of ecosystem restoration triage based on experiences from three remote oceanic islands

A conceptual model, that illustrates restoration, ecological landscaping, rehabilitation and regreening, is developed. It considers biocentric, historical, aesthetic and engineering aspects. The term ecosystem restoration triage is used because the first step is to decide whether to do nothing (because, on the one hand, the system is too degraded to warrant restoration, or, on the other, because biological integrity is relatively intact and therefore either none, or minimal, restoration is required) or to do something (because restoration is worthwhile, urgent and feasible). This approach hinges on the definition that restoration in the strictist sense is a biocentric activity that returns the original compositional, structural and functional diversity, along with its dynamics and natural evolutionary potential. Original is a difficult qualifier as it depends on just how far back in time we go. Where human values are involved, this is not restoration in the pure sense of restoring ecological integrity, but is ecological landscaping, rehabilitation or regreening. Experience from three remote oceanic islands [Easter Island, Cousine Island (Seychelles), Marion Island (Sub-Antarctic)] and which represent near extremes of this model are used to illustrate it.