不同营养条件下竹叶眼子菜NH4+-N吸收动力学的初步研究

以竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)无菌系种苗为试验材料,研究了不同水体营养浓度水平(低营养:TN0.213 mg·L^-1,TP 0.0093 mg·L^-1;中营养:TN 0.71 mg·L^-1,TP 0.031 mg·L^-1;高营养:TN 7.1 mg·L^-1,TP0.31 mg·L^-1)对其生长与NH₄⁺-N的吸收动力学参数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度水体营养对竹叶眼子菜生长的影响较小,而NH₄⁺-N的吸收动力学参数有显著差异。竹叶眼子菜在高、中和低营养培养条件下的NH₄⁺-N最大吸收速率V_max分别为41.1、29.1、21.1μmol·g^-1·h^-1,米氏常数K_m分别为0.356、0.306、0.122 mmol·L^-1。竹叶眼子菜营养吸收动力学与其生长环境关系紧密,在低浓度生长环境中时,竹叶眼子菜可以通过降低K_m值来提高对营养离子的亲和力以满足营养需求;在高浓度生长环境中,该植物通过增大吸收潜力来适应高营养。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗NO3--N同化的影响

以盐敏感型甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,用80 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂模拟设施土壤盐渍化,采用深液流水培,研究外源 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝态氮(NO₃^--N)同化的影响.结果表明: Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,增强了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,导致铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和游离氨基酸含量增加,NO₃^--N和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,植株生长和光合作用受到严重抑制.Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,外源喷施GABA有效促进了甜瓜根系对NO₃^--N的吸收及其向地上部的转运,并通过增强NR、GS和GOGAT活性提高了甜瓜幼苗对NH₄⁺的同化力;通过抑制GDH脱氨作用减少了甜瓜幼苗体内NH₄⁺的释放量,从而缓解了盐诱导产生的NH₄⁺-N积累所造成的氨毒害作用;外源喷施GABA也能调节甜瓜组织中氨基酸代谢途径,促进蛋白质的合成.表明外源GABA能增强甜瓜幼苗对NO₃^--N的同化能力,调控氨基酸代谢,进而有效缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的盐伤害作用.     

夜间增温对亚高山针叶林主要树种无机氮吸收的影响

吸收营养物质是植物根系的主要生理功能。氮素吸收是植物体内氮代谢的第一步, 也是最关键的一步。为了全面地认识亚高山针叶林在全球气候变化背景下对两种主要无机氮(NH₄⁺和NO₃^-)吸收特点的变化, 该研究以川西亚高山针叶林优势树种——云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var. faxoniana)为材料, 通过红外辐射加热器模拟增温, 利用非损伤微测技术(non-invasive micromeasurement technology)研究了这两个树种吸收NH₄⁺和NO₃^-特点的变化, 同时还探究了NH₄⁺和NO₃^- 之间的相互作用对植物吸收这两种离子的影响。研究结果显示: 在云杉根系中, NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的最大吸收速率分别发生在距离根尖最顶端17-18 mm区域和17 mm处, 而岷江冷杉对这两种离子的最大吸收速率分别发生在距离根尖顶端11 mm和11.5 mm处。增温对云杉和岷江冷杉根系吸收NH₄⁺和NO₃^-有促进作用。在增温条件下, NO₃^-能够促进云杉根系对NH₄⁺的吸收, 而NH₄⁺则抑制了其对NO₃^-的吸收。无论是否增温, 岷江冷杉对NH₄⁺的吸收都不受NO₃^-的影响, 而在增温条件下, NH₄⁺会抑制岷江冷杉对NO₃^-的吸收。     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤氮素的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE(Free-Air Carbon=Dioxide Enrichment)试验平台,研究大气CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1(周围大气中CO₂浓度约370 μmol·mol^-1)对稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度的影响.结果表明：高CO2浓度条件下耕层土壤溶液NH₄⁺-N浓度在水稻生育前期有所增加,但在生育后期明显下降;大气CO₂浓度升高增加了稻季5、15、30、60和90 cm处土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度,分别比对照平均提高了46.5%、36.8%、23.3%、103.7%和42.7%,在60和90 cm处差异分别达到统计上的极显著和显著水平.     

多花黑麦草对不同形态氮的吸收动力学特征研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,比较研究了多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-吸收动力学特征。结果表明多花黑麦草对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-吸收符合Miehaelis-Menten方程,它对NH₄⁺的亲和力显著大于对NO₃^-的亲和力,但对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的最大吸收速率差异不显著,说明多花黑麦草偏爱吸收NH₄⁺,在实际污水净化过程中,多花黑麦草具有优先吸收NH₄⁺的趋势,若有足够的停留时间,其对NH₄⁺净化程度会更高些;当吸收系统微生物受抑制时,多花黑麦草对NO₃^-的吸收速率明显降低,亲和力明显提高,可见微生物对吸收体系中氮素的去除有一定促进作用。     

广州市城乡梯度森林公园雨季空气PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征

2012年雨季（4-9月）,收集广州市城市区、近郊区和远郊区森林公园的PM_2.5样品,测定PM_2.5质量浓度,分析了其中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、Cl^-、F^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺ 共10种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明：帽峰山（远郊）、大夫山（近郊）、火炉山（城区）PM_2.5质量浓度的日变化分别为17.2～66.5、19.4～156.3、21.8～161.7 μg·m^-3,平均值分别为44.4、49.8、55.9 μg·m^-3.SO₄^2-、Na⁺和NH₄⁺为水溶性无机离子主要组分,其中,SO₄^2-含量最大,并从城区至郊区呈递减趋势.固定源对3个森林公园空气中SO₂和NO_x的贡献大于移动源,从城区至远郊呈递减趋势,说明机动车对城区空气中SO₂和NO_x的贡献大于近郊和远郊森林公园.采样期间,海盐对大夫山空气PM_2.5中水溶性组分的贡献最大,其中K⁺受海盐的影响超过其他元素.NH₄⁺当量浓度远小于SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的当量浓度,中和度远小于1,反映PM_2.5酸性较强,且从远郊至城区PM_2.5粒子酸性呈增强趋势.     

Mn2+对A/O-BAF系统处理效能和细菌群落多样性的影响

【目的】通过考察Mn²⁺对A/O-BAF系统处理效能及微生物群落多样性的影响,研究了15℃下不同浓度Mn²⁺对A/O-BAF系统处理效能的影响,并通过高通量测序考察了细菌群落多样性的变化情况。【方法】在温度15°C、水力负荷0.50 m³/(m²·h)、气水比10:1的条件下,在进水中投加Mn²⁺,考察反应器处理效能的变化情况,并通过高通量测序对BAF生物膜样品进行分析。【结果】2.0 mg/L Mn²⁺作用下A/O-BAF系统的COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP去除率分别提高3.51%、2.21%、6.26%和12.13%;4.0 mg/L Mn²⁺作用下COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP去除率分别提高了4.24%、1.92%、7.75%和10.73%;Mn²⁺作用下A/O-BAF系统内反硝化细菌和亚硝酸菌的数量明显增加,硝酸菌...     

NO3-/NO2-对渤海湾油藏中硫酸盐还原菌SO42-还原活性的抑制效应

长期注水开发促进了渤海湾海域油藏中硫酸盐还原菌(SRP)的生长繁殖,产生了大量H₂S,引起油藏酸化(souring)等问题. 本文首先以改进的API RP 38培养基富集了渤海湾海域某油藏采出井井口采出液中的SRP,再通过批次试验研究了不同浓度NO₃^-和NO₂^-对SRP富集培养物SO₄^2-还原活性的抑制效应. 结果表明： 渤海湾海域油藏中的SRP富集培养物SO₄^2-还原活性较强,SO₄^2-还原速率为10.4 mmol SO₄^2-·d^-1·g^-1 dry cell;加入浓度为0.4、0.8、1.8、4.2 mmol·L^-1NO₃^-时,SRP富集培养物的SO₄^2-还原活性均可被抑制,维持时间分别为5、9、20和大于35 d;加入浓度为0.6、0.9、1.4、2.6或4.6 mmol·L^-1的NO₂^-时,SO₄^2-还原活性也被抑制,维持时间分别为3、12、22和大于39 d. SRP富集培养物具有异化NO₃^-还原成NH₄⁺的代谢途径.当环境中同时存在SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-时,SRP富集培养物优先利用NO₃^-和NO₂^-. SRP富集培养物对电子受体的优先利用及NO₂^-的毒性效应是NO₃^-/NO₂^-抑制渤海湾海域油藏中SO₄^2-还原活性的主要原因.     

广州市酸雨成分及其相关分析

分析了2003年11月-2004年10月广州市龙洞79次降雨的化学组分及其各组分之间的相关关系。得出:(1)观测期间总降雨量1359.8,单次降雨的pH值在3.22-7.29之间,平均4.83;以pH<5.6为酸雨的临界值,则酸雨频率占降雨次数的77.2%或占降雨量的81.5%;(2)广州降水的化学组成以SO₄^2-、Cl^-和NO₃^-为主要阴离子,阳离子中以Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺、Na⁺所占比例较大;(3)广州地区酸雨属硫酸型,降雨中的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺离子浓度分别为0.150,0.045,0.002,0.163,0.058,0.006,0.013,0.083和0.007mol·L^-1,单次降雨的SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值在0.42-17.6之间,年平均为3.33,该值比西南地区相应值低许多,而且与同一地点5年前测定的结果相比较,SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值有变小的趋势,说明广州地区NO_x排放量高逐渐增加;(4)广州地区酸雨有着明显的季节变化规律,春、夏、秋季酸雨比较严重,冬季酸雨较少出现,这与西南地区的重庆(冬季酸雨较春季严重)酸雨季节规律相反;(5)通过SPSS统计分析得出,雨量与各化学组分含量成负相关,说明雨量对大气污染物质的稀释作用;酸雨各化学成分之间存在着一定的相关性,如SO₄^2-与Ca²⁺,NO₃^-与NH₄⁺,K⁺与Na⁺、Mg²⁺离子,Na⁺与Mg²⁺等都存在显著的正相关,利用这种相关可以建立某些酸雨成分的预测模型。     

低氮胁迫诱导木薯幼苗花青素积累及其基因表达

为明确氮素浓度和形态与木薯花青素产生和积累的关系,基于氮素胁迫能够在拟南芥等植物中促进花青素产生的研究结果,以木薯品种Arg7为研究对象,研究木薯无菌幼苗在添加了(1)40 mmol/L NO₃^-+ 20 mmol/L NH₄⁺,(2)40 mmol/L NO₃^-,(3)20 mmol/L NH₄⁺,(4)0.4 mmol/L NO₃^-+ 0.2 mmol/L NH₄⁺,(5)0.4 mmol/L NO₃^-,(6)0.2 mmol/L NH₄⁺,(7)1 mmol/L(N),(8)5 mmol/L(N),(9)9 mmol/L(N),(10)13 mmol/L(N)10种氮素浓度和形态的MS培养基中生长40 d的农艺性状,以及对花青素合成相...     

Synthesis of tantalum and niobium complexes that contain the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F3C6H2NCH2CH2)2NMe], and the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]

Several niobium and tantalum compounds were prepared that contain either the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F₃C₆H₂NCH₂CH₂)₂NMe]²⁻ ([F₃N₂NMe]²⁻), or the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl₂C₆H₃NCH₂CH₂)₃N]³⁻ ([Cl₂N₂NMe]³⁻). The former include [F₃N₂NMe]TaCl₃, [F₃N₂NMe]NbCl₃, [F₃N₂NMe]TaMe₃, [F₃N₂NMe]NbMe₃, [(F₃N₂NMe)TaMe₂][MeB(C₆F₅)₃], [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CHSiMe₃)(CH₂SiMe₃), [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CH₂-t-Bu)Cl₂, [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CH-t-Bu)(CH₃), and [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄)(CH₂CH₃). The latter include [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaCl₂, [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaMe₂, [Cl₂N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄), and [Cl₂N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₂).X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CHSiMe₃)(CH₂SiMe₃), [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄)(CH₂CH₃), and [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaMe_2..     

Synthesis and crystal structure of the MgCl2(CH3COOC2H5)2· (CH3COOC2H5) adduct

The reaction of α-MgCl₂ with boiling ethyl acetate affords MgCI₂(CH₃COOC₂H₅)₂· (CH₃COOC₂H₅), which is obtained as crystals suitable for X-ray analysis only from the mother liquor. M=315.5, orthorhombic, space group P2₁22₁ (No. 18), a=25.077(3), b=8.616(1), c=7.345(1) Å, V=1587.0(3) ų, Z=4, D_x=1.32 g cm⁻³,λ A(Mo Kα)=0.71069 Å, μ=4.17 cm⁻¹, F(000)=664, T=298 K, observed reflections: 1667, R=0.059 and R_w=0.069. The structure is composed of polymeric chains of MgCl₂(CH₃COOC₂H₅₎₂ and the ethyl acetate molecules occupy a mutually trans position.     

Solution-mediated syntheses and characterizations of two new zincophosphites [C6H14N2]0.5[Zn(H2PO3)2] and [C4H12N2]0.5[(CH3)2NH2][Zn2(HPO3)3]

Two new zincophosphites [C₆H₁₄N₂]_0.5[Zn(H₂PO₃)₂] 1 and [C₄H₁₂N₂]_0.5[(CH₃)₂NH₂][Zn₂(HPO₃)₃] 2 have been solvothermally synthesized in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-dioxane (DOA), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 exhibits a neutral inorganic chain formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₂(OH) units. Interestingly, the left- and right-handed hydrogen-bonded helical chains are alternately formed via the hydrogen-bonds between two adjacent chains. Compound 2 exhibits a layer structure with 4- and 12-MRs formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₃ units, in which two kinds of organic amine molecules both act as countercations to compensate the overall negative electrostatic charge of the anionic network.     

Host-guest properties of the trinuclear arene-ruthenium cluster cation [H3Ru3(C6H6)(C6Me6)2(O)]

The trinuclear arene-ruthenium cluster cation [H₃Ru₃(C₆H₆)(C₆Me₆)₂(O)]⁺, containing a μ₃-oxo cap and three arene ligands that span a hydrophobic pocket above the metal skeleton, has been crystallised as tetrafluoroborate salt in the presence of various guest molecules. The host-guest complexes have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. With chloroform as the guest molecule, a CHCl₃ molecule sits perfectly in the hydrophobic pocket, the hydrogen atom being encapsulated inside the cavity. When dioxane is added during the crystallisation process, the cluster forms infinite chains which are connected by a complex network of hydrogen bonds involving the μ₃-oxo ligand, water and dioxane molecules. Interestingly, in the presence of phenol, a water molecule is hydrogen-bonded between the μ₃-oxo ligand and the phenol molecule, forming a one-dimensional μ₃-O ? H₂O ? HO hydrogen-bonded chain. Finally, with benzoic acid, a head-to-tail host-guest chain is obtained, the phenyl ring being incorporated in the hydrophobic pocket, while the acid group is hydrogen-bonded to the μ₃-oxo ligand.     

Complete cDNA Sequence, Genomic Structure, and Chromosomal Localization of the LPA Receptor Gene,lpA1/vzg-1/Gpcr26

Thelp_A1/Gpcr26locus encodes the first cloned and identified G-protein-coupled receptor that specifically interacts with lysophosphatidic acid. A murine full-length cDNA of size consistent with that seen on Northern blots (3.7 kb) was determined using 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Analysis of genomic clones revealed that the gene is divided into five exons, with one intron inserted in the coding region for transmembrane domain VI and one exon encoding the divergent 5′ sequence in another published cDNA clone variant (orphan receptor mrec1.3). This structure differs from the intronless coding region for a homologous receptor,Edg1,but is identical to another more similar orphan receptor (lp_A2) that has been deposited with GenBank. Using backcross analysis, both exons 1 and 4 mapped to a proximal region of murine Chromosome 4 indistinguishable from the vacillans gene. Exon 4 also mapped to a second locus on proximal Chromosome 6 inMus spretus,and this partial duplication was confirmed by Southern blot. The genomic structure indicates a distinct, divergent evolutionary lineage for thevzg-1/lp_A1subfamily of receptors compared to those of homologous orphan receptor genes.     

3H-cimetidine and the H2-receptor

The H₂-antagonist cimetidine is widely employed in biochemical and pharmacological studies of the H₂-receptor. These studies include the use of ³H-cimetidine in radioligand binding experiments. Confirming our previous finding as to the unsuitability of this ligand in these types of investigations, we now report data showing the lack of correlation between the displacement of specific ³H-cimetidine binding and histamine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, and the displacement of specific binding by imidazoles devoid of H₂-receptor activity. Results are also presented which question the use of copper ions in ³H-cimetidine binding studies. Our conclusions are discussed in relation to the work carried out by a number of laboratories where ³H-cimetidine is reported to label the H₂-receptor.