蝉拟青霉LB菌株的生物学特性

本文研究碳源、氮源、温度、湿度、pH值和光照等对蝉拟青霉LB菌株生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,适合该菌株菌落生长和产孢的最佳碳源是可溶性淀粉和蔗糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度范围是25℃～27℃,产生分生孢子的最适温度是25℃;分生孢子萌发所需湿度范围是RH 90%～100%,当RH低于90%时很难萌发;在pH值4～10的范围内该菌能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH为6,产生分生孢子和孢子萌发最适pH范围为6-7;光照处理对该菌产孢有一定的影响;分生孢子的致死条件为55℃ 10min.生物学特性显示,蝉拟青霉LB菌株是一株对营养要求不高、对环境适应能力较强的昆虫病原真菌.     

嗜酸青霉酸性木聚糖酶产生特性及部分酶学性质

从煤矿酸性废水中分离到一株产木聚糖酶青霉,通过酸性液体培养研究了菌体生长对pH的响应及木聚糖酶的产生特征,并测定了木聚糖酶的部分应用性质.结果表明:实验菌株嗜酸,菌丝生长最适pH为2.0,孢子萌发生长适宜pH为3.0～4.0;木聚糖诱导菌体在生长稳定期大量产生木聚糖酶,蛋白胨是菌体产酶的适宜氮源;菌株所产木聚糖酶属于酸性木聚糖酶,反应最适pH 3.5、最适温度50 ℃～55 ℃,pH 2.0时酶活达到最高活力的72%,在最适反应条件下保温60 min,残余酶活接近70%,适用于较强酸性的高温加工环境.     

大白口蘑菌丝的培养优化

从大白口蘑子实体中分离得到菌种,并进行不同营养条件对大白口蘑菌丝生长的影响实验。结果表明,最佳氮源为酵母粉;最佳碳源为果糖;能明显促进菌丝生长的矿质元素为磷酸二氢钾;最佳生长调节因子为吲哚乙酸;最适温度为28－32℃;最适pH4.0－5.0。     

紫色秃马勃的生物学特性

为研究不同培养条件对紫色秃马勃(Calvatia lilacina)菌丝生长的影响,优选出最适合其菌丝生长的条件。通过单因素试验,以菌丝的生长状态和生长速率为指标,筛选出最佳碳源、氮源、微量元素、培养温度和初始pH;再通过正交试验L_9(3~4),进一步确定最优的培养基配比组成。结果表明:最佳碳源为葡萄糖、最佳氮源为酵母粉、最佳微量元素为MgSO_4,最适合紫色秃马勃菌丝生长的培养基配方为葡萄糖浓度2%、酵母粉浓度1%、MgSO_4浓度0.1%,最适初始pH值6.5,最适培养温度30℃。通过对紫色秃马勃生物学特性的研究,得到了最适合其菌丝生长的培养条件,为紫色秃马勃的进一步研究和开发利用提供依据。     

莱芜灰树花生物学特性研究

目的:测定掌握莱芜灰树花野生菌株的生物学特性,为其开发利用提供科学依据。方法:采用组织分离法和菌丝尖端纯化技术分离纯化菌种;采用生长速率法测定其生长适宜条件。结果:该野生菌株的菌丝体生长的最适温度为28℃;最适pH值为5.5;在被测的11种碳源和7种氮源中,最佳碳源为甘露糖,最佳氮源为(NH4)2SO4;KH2PO4对菌丝体的生长具有明显的促进作用,促进效果达223.64%;培养料最适含水量为65%;子实体生长发育温度24~30℃,平均转化率为66.37%。结论:莱芜灰树花野生菌株为转化率中等的高温型株系。     

野生柳生金针菇和金针菇的分离、生物学特性及驯化栽培

采自滇西北地区的2份野生大型真菌标本,通过形态学及内转录间隔区(ITS)序列的分子系统发育分析鉴定为柳生金针菇Flammulina rossica和金针菇F.filiformis。以分离纯化保藏的菌株Mdr-02和Mdr-09作为实验材料,进行生物学特性和驯化栽培研究,采用碳源、氮源、无机盐、pH和温度5个因素进行单因素实验,从中挑选出4个较优因素的3个最优水平进行正交试验,研究不同培养条件对菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,柳生金针菇菌丝的最适生长碳源为麦芽浸粉,最适生长氮源为豆饼粉,最适无机盐为碳酸钙,最适生长温度为24℃,最适pH为6.0;金针菇菌丝最适碳源为麦芽浸粉,最适氮源为酵母粉,最适无机盐为硫酸镁,最适生长温度为24℃,最适pH为6.0。此外,本研究首次成功驯化了柳生金针菇并获得了一株可选育的金针菇菌株,为野生金针菇种质资源开发及新品种选育提供参考。     

不同营养基质与条件对灰树花生长的影响

探讨了不同营养基质与条件对灰树花[Grifola frondosa(Fr.)S.F.Gray]生长的影响。试验结果表明：菌丝生长的最适pH为5-6;最适氮源为蛋白胨、牛肉膏和谷氨酰胺,葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为100和1g/L;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好;使用马铃薯蛋白胨培养基进行振荡培养,菌丝球生长较好;母种采用马铃薯麦麸培养基,栽培种选用棉子壳麦麸石培养料,可缩短制种周期,获得质量较高的菌种;菌丝含有较多的钙、铁和锌等元素。     

落葵新病害——匍柄霉叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性

为进一步了解落葵上一种新病害的发病规律,文中对其病原菌落葵匍柄霉(Stemphylium basellae)进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明:病原菌菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA,最适的碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硝酸钾,菌丝在15~35℃范围内适宜生长,最适温度25℃,最适p H 5.0,黑暗条件更利于病原菌菌丝生长;病原菌在落葵煎汁培养基上产孢最多,产孢最适碳氮源、最适温度、最适p H和光照条件与菌丝相同。病原菌菌丝和分生孢子的致死条件分别为45℃处理15 min和43℃处理15 min。     

海南省香蕉枯萎病病原菌的分离鉴定及1号、4号小种的生物学特性

香蕉枯萎病是目前国内和世界很多地区香蕉种植区的一种毁灭性病害,目前尚未找到有效的防治方法.本文采集了海南省不同地区香蕉枯萎病的病原菌,通过经典病理学与分子生物学的方法进行了鉴定,此外还优化了快速检测的方法.结果表明,通过接种巴西香蕉和粉蕉进行致病性检测以及分离菌rDNA-ITS测序结果,明确鉴定出供试的香蕉分离菌株为4号生理小种,粉蕉分离菌株为1号生理小种.为了对1号、4号生理小种有更多的了解,本文还对1号、4号小种菌株生物学特性进行了测定,确定了影响菌丝生长的最佳条件.结果显示,pH 5时最适合1号、4号生理小种的菌丝生长,适合菌丝生长的温度为19～28℃之间,温度达到37℃时菌丝不能生长,碳源对菌丝的生长影响不大.这些方法和数据可以有利于田间香蕉枯萎病病害的检测和最终确定,生物学特性的测定可以为耕作技术的改进和农药的研发提供参考依据.     

浓香型酒窖中生丝微菌的分离与特性

从浓香型大曲酒发酵糟中,首次分离到一株能利用甲醇为唯一碳源和能源的生丝微菌Hy-phomicrobium sp M7。该菌具有独特的形态学特征:细胞顶端常生长一根菌丝结构。通过菌丝出芽而繁殖。细胞呈卵圆形,单独存在。菌落淡褐色。该菌对甲醇有较大的亲和力。在甲醇存在时,能以NO_3~-为电子受体进行厌氧生长。能利用甲醇、甲胺类化合物、乙醇、乙酸盐作为碳源生长,不利用c_2以上的有机物。在乙醇为碳源的培养基上,菌丝顶端常长出一种喇叭口结构。最适氮源为NH_4~+,酒糟浸液、酵母膏对生长有促进作用。该菌不同于文献报道的已知种。讨论了该菌在酒窖中存在的生态意义。     

Enzymatic activity in basidiomycetes

The oxidation-reduction activity of the basidiomyceteOudemansiella mucida was studied in relation to its growth in a laboratory fermentor. Cytochromes were detected in the mycelium destroyed by sonication, flavin diaphorase, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase and catalase were found to be present in the mycelial homogenate from Waring-blendor. The obtained values of the enzymatic activity were dependent on the method of preparation of the mycelium. Homogenization in a Waring-blendor was the most appropriate. Certain interrelationships between the appearance and activity of the enzymes followed and the phase of submerged growth of the fungus were shown. The results document the succession of cytochromes, flavins and polyphenoloxidase and the specific time differences of the activity of catalase and that of peroxidase.     

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

樟芝对氮素营养源利用的研究

采用 5种不同的氮素营养源 ,配制合成液体培养基 ,测定各种氮源对樟芝菌丝液体深层培养的影响。结果表明 ,樟芝对 5种氮源的利用表现明显的差异性 ,对有机氮利用较好 ,尤其是酵母膏 ,无论是菌球数量还是菌体收率均高于蛋白胨。酵母膏的菌球数量达 1 2 5 8个 /dL,比蛋白胨多出 63 8个 ;菌体干重为 7 2 1 6g/dL比蛋白胨高出 1 45 0g/dL。樟芝对无机氮的利用不如有机氮 ,其中对硫酸铵能够利用 ,而对硝酸铵的利用较差 ,对碳酸铵基本不能利用。樟芝菌丝在液体深层培养过程中 ,pH值变化幅度不大 ,基本处于平缓状态。有机氮处理的发酵液起始pH值与终止pH值呈上升趋势 ,而无机氮处理的发酵液pH值呈下降趋势 ,但下降的幅度不大 ,尤其是碳酸铵 ,pH值一直处于偏碱性状态 ,不适合樟芝菌丝的生长。樟芝在马铃薯基础培养基中 ,不同氮源的各个处理 ,菌球生长都比较均匀 ,表面光滑 ,没有分枝 ,圆形或肾形 ,且发酵液有浓郁的果香味。     

Monitoring of filamentous fungal growth by in situ microspectrophotometry, fragmented mycelium absorbance density, and 14C incorporation: alternatives to mycelial dry weight

Monitoring of filamentous fungal growth by spectrophotometry is generally considered not feasible. This report describes the monitoring of growth of the filamentous fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Rhizopus oryzae, and Sporothrix schenckii in broth by two new spectrophotometric methods and by 14C incorporation from [U-14C]glucose. Microcultures (200 microliter) were prepared in 96-well, flat-bottom microtiter trays, and macrocultures (4 ml) were prepared in glass vials proportionally scaled up from microcultures. Mycelium accumulation in microcultures was measured without terminating the cultures by in situ microspectrophotometry. Accumulation in macrocultures was monitored by uniformly fragmenting the mycelium with a Broeck tissue grinder and by measuring absorbance density in plastic cuvettes with a dual-beam spectrophotometer. Absorbance measurements were found to increase linearly with mycelial weight. In situ absorbance correlated with absorbance density of fragmented mycelium, indicating that both methods monitored growth equivalently. Both defined lag-, exponential-, and stationary-growth phases. Increases in 14C incorporation, absorbance, and mycelial dry weight were kinetically identical for macrocultures and microcultures of T. mentagrophytes. For R. oryzae and S. schenckii, with the exception of R. oryzae growing in microcultures, incorporation of 14C also defined lag, exponential, and stationary growth after selection of the appropriate isotope-specific activity. This incorporation correlated directly with absorbance. We conclude that in situ microspectrophotometry, fragmented mycelium absorbance density, and, to a lesser extent, 14C incorporation can be used to effectively monitor filamentous fungal growth.     

Monitoring of filamentous fungal growth by in situ microspectrophotometry, fragmented mycelium absorbance density, and 14C incorporation: alternatives to mycelial dry weight.

Monitoring of filamentous fungal growth by spectrophotometry is generally considered not feasible. This report describes the monitoring of growth of the filamentous fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Rhizopus oryzae, and Sporothrix schenckii in broth by two new spectrophotometric methods and by 14C incorporation from [U-14C]glucose. Microcultures (200 microliter) were prepared in 96-well, flat-bottom microtiter trays, and macrocultures (4 ml) were prepared in glass vials proportionally scaled up from microcultures. Mycelium accumulation in microcultures was measured without terminating the cultures by in situ microspectrophotometry. Accumulation in macrocultures was monitored by uniformly fragmenting the mycelium with a Broeck tissue grinder and by measuring absorbance density in plastic cuvettes with a dual-beam spectrophotometer. Absorbance measurements were found to increase linearly with mycelial weight. In situ absorbance correlated with absorbance density of fragmented mycelium, indicating that both methods monitored growth equivalently. Both defined lag-, exponential-, and stationary-growth phases. Increases in 14C incorporation, absorbance, and mycelial dry weight were kinetically identical for macrocultures and microcultures of T. mentagrophytes. For R. oryzae and S. schenckii, with the exception of R. oryzae growing in microcultures, incorporation of 14C also defined lag, exponential, and stationary growth after selection of the appropriate isotope-specific activity. This incorporation correlated directly with absorbance. We conclude that in situ microspectrophotometry, fragmented mycelium absorbance density, and, to a lesser extent, 14C incorporation can be used to effectively monitor filamentous fungal growth.     

Field persistence of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Lactarius deliciosus: effects of inoculation strain, initial colonization level, and site characteristics

Pinus pinea plants were inoculated with different strains of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Lactarius deliciosus. The inoculated plants were established in six experimental plantations in two sites located in the Mediterranean area to determine the effect of the initial colonization level and the inoculated strain on fungal persistence in the field. Ectomycorrhizal root colonization was determined at transplantation time and monitored at different times from uprooted plants. Extraradical soil mycelium biomass was determined from soil samples by TaqMan® real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained indicate that the field site played a decisive role in the persistence of L. deliciosus after outplanting. The initial colonization level and the selection of the suitable strain were also significant factors but their effect on the persistence and spread of L. deliciosus was conditioned by the physical–chemical and biotic characteristics of the plantation soil and, possibly, by their influence in root growth. Molecular techniques based on real-time PCR allowed a precise quantification of extraradical mycelium of L. deliciosus in the field. The technique is promising for non-destructive assessment of fungal persistence since soil mycelium may be a good indicator of root colonization. However, the accuracy of the technique will ultimately depend on the development of appropriate soil sampling methods because of the high variability observed.     

杏鲍菇最佳培养基的筛选

研究了不同的母种、原种和栽培种培养基对杏鲍菇菌丝生长、子实体产量及生物学效率的影响。结果表明,杏鲍菇在不同配方的培养基上菌丝的生长存在明显差异,其中菌丝生长速度最快、最健壮的母种培养基为PDYA培养基;菌丝生长速度最快、子实体产量最高、生物学效率达91.7%的原种及栽培种培养基为配方2。原种及栽培种培养基的含水率为60%时,菌丝生长快而健壮,在生产上最适宜采用。     

马铃薯干腐病菌硫色镰孢的生物学特性

从碳源、氮源、酸碱度及生长温度等方面对引起马铃薯干腐病的硫色镰孢Fusarium sulphureum的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,该病原菌在不同发育阶段对营养和环境条件的要求存在差异。在固体培养基上,菌落生长最佳碳源为葡萄糖、麦芽糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,pH8?为最佳;在液体培养基中,菌丝体生长以麦芽糖为最佳碳源,以硝酸钠为最佳氮源,pH6?为最佳;在分生孢子萌发阶段,在以羧甲基纤维素钠、蛋白胨和谷氨酸为碳、氮源的营养液中,分生孢子萌发率最高,最适pH 6–8。该病菌最适生长温度为25℃,分生孢子致死     

富贵竹黑腐病拮抗菌H5的抑菌机制及相关特性研究

从湛江红树植物-红海榄筛选出1株对引起富贵竹病害黑曲霉病菌(Aspergillus niger)有良好抑制作用的菌株编号为H5, 初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。该菌株采用平板对峙、生长速率法及管碟法对黑曲霉均表现良好的抑制作用, 发酵原液对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9%和100%, 抑菌带内菌丝扭曲畸形、表面产生大量囊状突起。其无菌滤液对酸碱、热稳定性较好, 经55%硫酸铵沉淀后经121℃处理25 min仍能保持大部分活性, 初步推测该物质为一种耐热的蛋白。     

富贵竹黑腐病拮抗菌H5的抑菌机制及相关特性研究

从湛江红树植物-红海榄筛选出1株对引起富贵竹病害黑曲霉病菌(Aspergillus niger)有良好抑制作用的菌株编号为H5,初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆(Bacillus licheniformis).该菌株采用平板对峙、生长速率法及菅碟法对黑曲霉均表现良好的抑制作用,发酵原液对茵丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9%和100%,抑菌带内菌丝扭曲畸形、表面产生大量囊状突起.其无菌滤液对酸碱、热稳定性较好,经55%硫酸铵沉淀后经121℃处理25 min仍能保持大部分活性,初步推测该物质为一种耐热的蛋白.