脑室注射NE驿室旁核神经内分泌大细胞的作用

在成年ＳＤ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极进行细胞外记录,结合塑行鉴定技术确定下丘脑室旁核神经内分泌大细胞,并观察其对去甲肾上腺素的反应,在４９个逆行鉴定神经元中,位相型,快连续型及慢不规则型放电单位分别占４２．９％,３６．７％及２０．４％。脑室内注射去甲肾上腺素（０．２μｇ／μｌ）对位相型单位主要产生抑制作用,对快连续及慢不规则单位主要为兴奋作用。脑室内注射酚妥拉明（２μｇ／μ）能部分拮抗ＮＥ对位相型神经元     

脑室注射NE对室旁核神经内分泌大细胞的作用

在成年ＳＤ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极进行细胞外记录,结合逆行鉴定技术确定下丘脑室旁核神经内分泌大细胞,并观察其对去甲肾上腺素的反应。在４９个逆行鉴定神经元中,位相型,快连续型及慢不规则型放电单位分别占４２．９％,３６．７％及２０．４％。脑室内注射去甲肾上腺素（０．２μｇ／μｌ）对位相型单位主要产生抑制作用,对快连续及慢不规则单位主要为兴奋作用。脑室内注射酚妥拉明（２μｇ／μｌ）能部分拮抗ＮＥ对位相型神经元的抑制。结果表明：ＮＥ对室旁核中不同类型放电单位作用不同,其对位相型单位抑制作用可能由α受体参与介导。     

皮质酮对大鼠下丘脑薄片室旁核神经元自发电活动的影响

本实验应用离体大鼠下丘脑薄片技术,用玻璃微电极细胞外记录、观察了下丘脑室旁核神经元的自发电活动,以及皮质酮对自发电活动的影响。在36个下丘脑薄片上观察了104个室旁核神经元的自发电活动,其放电形式主要有三种:慢而不规则(50个,占48.1%)、快速连续(44个,占42.5%)和周期性放电(10个,9.4%)。在进行皮质酮灌流的实验中,这104个单位有25个在皮质酮(10~(-7),10~(-6)mol/L)作用后,自发放电明显减少,有8个单位出现兴奋效应;其余的没有观察到明显反应。上述33个产生反应的神经元其反应特点是:潜伏期短、反应的程度与皮质酮浓度有关、糖皮质激素胞液受体阻断剂 RU38486可以阻断这种反应。结果表明糖皮质激素可以快速影响下丘脑薄片内某些室旁核神经元的电活动,为甾体激素的快速非基因机制作用提供了新的证据,提示室旁核神经元膜上有糖皮质激素受体存在。     

不同生殖状态雌性大鼠下丘脑视上核和室旁核内一氧化氮合酶神经元的变化

为了探讨下丘脑视上核 (SON)和室旁核 (PVN)内的一氧化氮 (NO)水平与生殖活动的关系 ,本实验应用 NADPH-黄递酶组织化学和 NOS免疫组织化学 ,研究了妊娠期、哺乳期和正常雌性大鼠 SON和 PVN内 NO合酶 (NOS)神经元的变化规律。结果发现 ,妊娠期大鼠的 NOS神经元数目、胞体截面积和免疫反应产物的灰度值在 PVN分别为 49.8± 3.9、15 2 .4± 14.1μm2 和 15 3.4± 8.9;在 SON分别为 2 9.2± 3.7、 16 3.5± 13.8μm2 和 140 .5± 7.2。 SON和 PVN的前两项指标均显著高于正常大鼠 (P<0 .0 1) ,而灰度值显著低于正常大鼠 (P<0 .0 1)。哺乳期大鼠 PVN的 NOS神经元数目和胞体截面积分别高于正常大鼠 2 8%和 9% ,而灰度值低于正常大鼠 7% ;在 SON,则分别高 75 %、 11%和低 9% ,以上三项指标均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。哺乳期大鼠 SON的 NOS神经元数目亦显著高于妊娠期大鼠 (P<0 .0 1)。这些结果提示 ,雌性大鼠在妊娠期和哺乳期 ,其 SON和 PVN内的 NOS活性上调     

弧束核参与剌激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛作用

This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effect of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) stimulation with tail stimulation-vocalization test. The mechanism of this analgesia was analysed with nuclear lesion and microinjection technique. The main results were as follows: (1) Electrical stimulation of the PVN could significantly enhance the pain threshold and increase the content of AVP in brainstem measured by radioimmunoassay. (2) Solitary tract nucleus (STN) lesion could eliminate the analgesic effect induced by PVN stimulation. (3) Intranuclear microinjection of AVP-antagonist and AVP-antiserum into the STN could block the analgesic effect of PVN stimulation. (4) Intranuclear microinjection of AVP into the STN could mimick the analgesic effect similar to that of PVN stimulation. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of the PVN could produce an analgesic effect. This effect might be mediated by the activation of VP-ergic neurons in PVN and upon releasing VP from the descending fibers, the activities of neurons in the STN are influenced.     

5—羟色胺对大鼠下丘脑脑薄片室旁核神经元自发电活动的作用

在20个下丘脑脑片上,用玻璃微电极细胞外记录了46个室旁核神经元的自发放电单位,观察了5-羟色胺对它们的作用。当薄片用含5-羟色胺(10~(-6)mol/L)的人工脑脊液灌流后,有16个单位放电频率明显增加,反应的潜伏期为1.21±1.21 min。这种反应可被5-羟色胺的阻断剂噻庚啶所阻断。3个单位放电频率明显减少,27个单位无明显反应。实验结果表明约1/3的下丘脑室旁核神经元能被5-羟色胺所激活。     

下丘脑室旁核加压素能神经元参与电针刺激对实验性...

It has been demonstrated in animal model of somatic pain that hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) participates in acupuncture analgesia, probably by mediation of vasopressin release. The role of PVN in acupuncture analgesia for experimental visceral pain in rats was further investigated in the present study. Experimental results demonstrated that electroacupuncture could inhibit the writhing response, produced by intraperitoneal injection of antimonium potassium tartrate and this inhibitory effect could be enhanced by electrical stimulation of PVN, but decreased by electrolytical lesion of PVN, intracerebroventricular injection of vasopressin antiserum (14 microliters) or the vasopressin antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP (500 ng/5 microliters). Intraperitoneal administration of the latter drug (10 micrograms/kg), however, was ineffective. The above experimental results suggest that vasopressinergic neurons in PVN also participate in the inhibition of visceral pain by electroacupuncture.     

束缚应激对大鼠下丘脑室旁核、视上核一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目前已知下丘脑是应激反应的关键性调节中枢,下丘脑内一氧化氮是否参与应激反应尚未见报道。本文运用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ酶组化技术和计算机图象分析方法,对束缚应激大鼠下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＮ）和视上核（ＳＯＮ）一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的相对切面面积和平均灰度进行了分析。结果显示,大鼠在急性束缚应激４小时后,其下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ内的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的平均灰度值与正常大鼠比较均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）;ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积明显大于正常大鼠（Ｐ＜０．００１）,但ＰＶＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积未见明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果说明束缚应激使大鼠下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ活性增强     

孤束核参与刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛作用

本实验用电刺激鼠尾-嘶叫法测痛,观察电刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应,并采用核团损毁和核团内微量注射药物等方法分析其镇痛通路。实验结果如下:(1)电刺激下丘脑室旁核能产生明显的镇痛效应。同时,放射免疫测定发现脑干加压素含量升高。(2)损毁孤束核能取消刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应,但对基础痛阈无影响。(3)孤束核内微量注射加压素拮抗剂[d(CH_2)_5 TYr(Me)-AVP]60ng/0.6μl 和加压素抗血清0.6μl 都可明显对抗刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应。(4)直接在孤束核内微量注射加压素60ng/0.6μl,能模拟刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应。实验结果表明:电刺激下丘脑室旁核能产生镇痛效应,其机理之一可能是兴奋了下丘脑室旁核中加压素能神经元胞体,后者通过下行投射纤维在孤束核中释放加压素,影响孤束核神经元的活动,从而产生镇痛。     

兔室旁核－脊髓径路对血量扩张引起肾交感神经活动抑制的作用

在室旁核（ＰＶＮ）完好或ＰＶＮ注射抗坏血酸的双侧窦主动脉去神经的麻醉兔,血量扩张引起肾交感神经活动（ＲＳＮＡ）抑制均约４８％。然而在红藻氨酸损毁ＰＶＮ后的３—４ｈ和３—４ｄ,这种ＲＳＮＡ抑制分别减弱到－２８．０±４．５％和－２５．７±４．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时其抑制时程也显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此ＲＳＮＡ抑制也可被脊髓Ｔ１０—Ｔ１２节段蛛网膜下腔注射血管升压素能Ｖ１受体阻断剂而显著地减弱。在血量扩张时对照组与实验组血压均呈小而短暂升高,无显著差别。上述结果表明血量扩张引起的ＲＳＮＡ抑制,部分是通过迷走传入神经触发ＰＶＮ－脊髓径路介导的。     

猕猴F2及F4区皮层神经元在图形引导的有序运动中放电活动的比较

用细胞外记录的方法研究了猕猴在执行图形辨认引导的有序运动（ＦＲＳ）时大脑皮层弓形沟距周围背外侧运动前皮层（ＰＭｄ）Ｆ２区和腹外侧运动前皮层（ＰＭｖ）Ｆ４区的放电活动在ＦＲＳ的暗示期,Ｆ２和Ｆ４区中分别有５２％（３９／７５）和１６．９％（１３／７７）的细胞发生放电变化;在触摸反应期,各有５１％（３８／７５）和８７％（６７／７７）的细胞发生放电变化,经统计检验,均有显著差异。Ｆ２区比Ｆ４区有更多细胞对     

清醒大鼠室旁核微量注射心房钠尿肽对压力感受性反射敏感性的影响

心房钠尿肽(atriaI natriuretic peptide,ANP)作为一种神经递质或调质可能参与心血管活动的中枢调节。本实验在清醒大鼠室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)注射ANP,探讨其对压力感受性反射敏感性的影响,并通过侧脑室注射血管升压素受体Ⅰ阻断剂OPC-21268,观察ANP对压力感受性反射敏感性的调节是否与中枢血管升压素有关。实验中观察到,在PVN内微量注射ANP(6、60 ng/0.2μl)可明显提高压力感受性反射敏感性(P<0.05),侧脑室预先注射OPC-21268 (0,45 μg/3 μl)后,ANP对压力感受性反射敏感性的增强作用明显减弱(P<0.05)。静脉注射ANP(60 ng/0.04 ml)不影响压力感受性反射敏感性。上述结果提示,心房钠尿肽对压力感受性反射活动起易化作用,心房钠尿肽的这种中枢作用可能部分通过中枢血管升压素介导。     

白藜芦醇抑制大鼠下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电

本文旨在研究白藜芦醇(resveratrol)对下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电的影响.应用玻璃微电极细胞外记录单位放电技术,在下丘脑脑片上观察白藜芦醇对静息状态下室旁核神经元放电的影响.结果如下:(1)在29张下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电单位给予白藜芦醇(O.05,0.5,5.0 μmol/L)2 min,有28张脑片(96.6%)放电频率显著降低,且呈剂量依赖性;(2)预先用0.2mmol/L的L.glutamate灌流8张下丘脑脑片,8张脑片(100%)放电频率显著增加,表现为癫痫样放电,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制:(3)预先用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644(0.1μmol/L)灌流8张下丘脑脑片,8张脑片(100%)放电频率显著增加,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制;(4)用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂Nω-nitro.L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)50μmol/L灌流8张下丘脑脑片,7张脑片(87.5%)放电频率显著增加,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制.以上结果提示,白藜芦醇抑制下丘脑室旁核神经元自发放电,可能通过降低心血管中枢的活动性而产生中枢保护作用.这种抑制作用可能与白藜芦醇抑制L型钙通道、减少钙内流有关,与NO释放无关.     

中枢和外周给一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对AVP降温作用的影响

目的 :探讨一氧化氮 (NO)在精氨酸加压素 (AVP)降温中的作用。方法 :用数字体温计测量大鼠的结肠温度 ,每次间隔 30min ,观察了中枢和外周给一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L 硝基精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME)对AVP引起降温作用的影响。结果 :①分别静脉注射AVP(4μg·kg- 1 )和L NAME(30mg·kg- 1 )后均可引起明显的降温效应 ,而静脉注射AVP后立即给L NAME对AVP的降温效应无明显影响。②侧脑室注射L NAME(1mg·kg- 1 )可引起体温明显升高 ,但当联合给AVP和L NAME时 ,侧脑室注射L NAME可明显阻断静脉注射AVP引起的降温效应。结论 :中枢内源性NO在AVP引起的降温过程中起重要的作用。另外 ,侧脑室注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L NAME有明显的升温效应 ,提示中枢性NO对正常体温的下调有紧张性调节作用     

Arginine vasopressin in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is transferred to the caudate nucleus to participate in pain modulation

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is the most important bioactive substance in the pain modulation. Our pervious study had shown that AVP plays an important role in pain modulation in caudate nucleus (CdN). The experiment was designed to investigate the source of AVP in CdN by the nucleus push-pull perfusion and radioimmunoassay. The results showed that: (1) pain stimulation increased the AVP concentration in the CdN perfusion liquid, (2) PVN decreased the effect of pain stimulation which was stronger in both sides than in one side of PVN cauterization; and (3) L-glutamate sodium would excited the PVN neurons by the PVN microinjection that could increase the AVP concentration in the CdN perfusion liquid. The data suggested that AVP in the CdN might come from the PVN in the pain process, i.e., AVP in the PVN might be transferred to the CdN to participate in the pain modulation.     

Age-related changes in oxytocin-, arginine vasopressin- and nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat

Many histochemical investigations indicated that the oxytocin (OXY), the arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons. The objective of this study was to examine the age-related expression of the OXY, the AVP and the NOS in the SON of the young adult (2-month-old) and the aged (24-month-old) rats. The histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d; marker for the NOS) and the double labeling histochemistry for the OXY/NADPH-d or the AVP/NADPH-d were employed, and the quantitative analysis was performed with a computer-assisted image processing system. In comparison of the young adult and the aged group, the cell number, the cell size and the reactive density of the NOS-expressing neurons showed a significant increase along with age, and these evidences suggested the age-related increase of the nitric oxide (NO) production. The age-related significant increase was not detected in the number of the OXY/NOS-expressing neurons in the dorsal part, but was detected in the number of the AVP/NOS-expressing neurons in the ventral part. Based on our histochemical findings and reports demonstrated by other authors, we attempted to discuss the physiological role of NOS for the secretion of posterior pituitary hormones along with age.     

Catecholamine distribution and relationship to magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat

Summary The distribution of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes within the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus is elucidated immunocytochemically by use of antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine -hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunostained cell bodies are localized in the periventricular stratum and adjacent parvocellular regions, but rarely in magnocellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunostained fibers are present in greatest density in the periventricular zone, and moderate density in the parvocellular and magnocellular subnuclei. Dopamine -hydroxylase-immunostained fibers are remarkably dense in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, especially in the dorso-lateral portion where vasopressin-containing cells predominate. Noradrenergic fiber input to these magnocellular neurons is likely since phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunostained fibers are sparse in magnocellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. Dual immunocytochemical staining of thick and thin tissue sections demonstrates with clarity an anatomical association of dopamine -hydroxylase-immunostained fibers and magnocellular neurons. Dopamine -hydroxylase-immunostained and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunostained fibers are dense in the medial parvocellular component of the paraventricular nucleus; distinct features of both antisera are presented.     

Excitability of oxytocin neurons in paraventricular nucleus is regulated by voltage-gated potassium channels Kv4.2 and Kv4.3

Oxytocin is produced by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Various ion channels are considered to regulate the excitability of oxytocin neurons and its secretion. A-type currents of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels), generated by Kv4.2/4.3 channels, are known to be involved in the regulation of neuron excitability. However, it is unclear whether the Kv4.2/4.3 channels participate in the regulation of excitability in PVN oxytocin neurons. Here, we investigated the contribution of the Kv4.2/4.3 channels to PVN oxytocin neuron excitability. By using transgenic rat brain slices with the oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 fusion transgene, we examined the excitability of oxytocin neurons by electrophysiological technique. In some oxytocin neurons, the application of Kv4.2/4.3 channel blocker increased firing frequency and membrane potential with extended action potential half-width. Our present study indicates the contribution of Kv4.2/4.3 channels to PVN oxytocin neuron excitability regulation.

Abbreviation: PVN, paraventricular nucleus; Oxt-mRFP1, Oxt-monometric red fluorescent protein 1; PaTx-1, Phrixotoxin-1; TEA, Tetraethylammonium Chloride; TTX, tetrodotoxin; aCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid;PBS, phosphate buffered saline 3v, third ventricle.     

昆虫一氧化氮及其合酶的研究进展

一氧化氮作为一种重要的信息分子 ,参与调节昆虫嗅觉、视觉、机械感受、发育、机体防御及学习行为。该文从生理、生化、形态定位以及信号转导几方面综述了有关昆虫一氧化氮及其合酶的最新研究进展。     

甲醛炎性痛增强大鼠海马NOS表达和NO生成

目的：观察甲醛炎性痛过程中大鼠痛行为、海马一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性及一氧化氮（NO）含量的变化以及变化的时程及区域特征。方法：采用辐射热甩尾法测定大鼠痛阈变化;采用NADPH—d组织化学法和硝酸还原酶法分别测定大鼠海马NOS表达和No含量。结果：皮下注射甲醛溶液后,大鼠出现伤害性感受反应及痛阈降低。注射甲醛后6h,海马CA1、CA2～3区及DG区NOS阳性细胞数目、阳性细胞染色深度均显著增加。海马NO含量亦显著增加;注射甲醛后12h时这些改变最为显著,48h时恢复至对照组水平。结论：甲醛炎性痛可诱导海马NOS活性增强及NO生成增多．这种改变可发生在海马各区．并具有一定的时程特征。