STATISTICAL ANALYSES FOR R-INDEX

R‐index is an important statistic for testing and measuring product effects. The validation and merits of R‐index are to a great extent due to the fact that it is closely related to the famous Mann–Whitney U statistic. Based on this fortunate relationship, statistical analyses for R‐index are explored. The statistical analyses include estimations of R‐index and its null and nonconditional variances with and without assuming continuity of data; difference and similarity tests using R‐index; powers and sample sizes for the tests; linking R‐index with Thurstonian δ (or d′). The new techniques developed in the paper extend greatly the original R‐index analysis for categorical ratings data. It is expected that the recognition of the profound theoretical origin of R‐index and the available statistical analyses for R‐index will provide the impetus for the resurgence of interest in using R‐index in sensory and consumer researches.     

四川盆周低山暴雨区不同配置模式水土保持林生物多样性分析

用物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wienner指数、Simpson指数)、均匀度指数(Pielou)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数和Menhinick指数)对广元市7种人工森林群落进行多样性分析。结果表明,植被恢复与重建使生物多样性提高的同时,土壤侵蚀模数比治理前下降了45%;乔、灌、草复层经营对生物多样性与水土保持效益具有同样的贡献;水土保持效益因不同森林群落的生物多样性而异。     

青海玉树高原不同生境类型蝶类群落结构与多样性

2016年和2017年的5—8月,在玉树市选取森林、灌木、高寒灌丛、高寒草甸草原和裸岩5种生境进行蝴蝶种类资源和群落多样性的调查,共记录到蝶类个体数1580头,62种,隶属于7科40属。其中古北界19种,占总种数的30%,东洋界2种,占总种数的3%,两界共有种(广布种) 41种,占总种数的67%。蛱蝶科(535只)个体数量最多,占蝶类个体总数的34%。计算并分析了5种生境中蝴蝶多样性指数(H')、优势度指数(D)、物种丰富度指数(R)、均匀度指数(J)和相似性系数(I),结果表明:灌木生境具有最高的多样性指数,较高均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数以及最低的优势度指数;高寒草甸草原蝶类的多样性指数、均匀度指数、物种丰富度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高。     

长期指数选择的遗传效果分析—计算机模拟研究

本文利用Monte Carlo模拟技术研究比较了普通选择指数、实际选择指数、约束指数和单性状选择四种方法的长期选择效果及对群体遗传结构的影响。50世代的结果表明:群体大小和遗传参数能明显影响长期指数选择的反应;实际指数选择是有效的,其总体效果好于普通指数;约束选择的早期反应虽低于普通指数,但后期效果好,而且对群体遗传结构影响较小。同时,指数选择使性状加性遗传方差和遗传力衰减变化,而遗传相关依指数公式的系数呈定向改变。建议多性状长期选择时应用实际指数法或约束指数法。     

Index to Vegetatio,volumes 51–73, and some notes on the position of the journal

An index is presented of 375 articles which appeared in Vol. 51–73 of Vegetatio. A Source index is followed by a Keyword index, a Discipline index, a Vegetation type index, a Geographical index, and a Latin name index for taxa and syntaxa. The codes used for discipline, vegetation type and geographic area are the same as those used in the Index Vol. 1–50. After a short introduction a history of the journal is presented, followed by some statistics on the origin of the authors and the type of article, for seven periods covering the entire history of the journal since 1948. Finally the codes are elucidated.     

Quantifying the hydraulic performance of treatment wetlands using the moment index

A new hydraulic index was derived according to residence time distribution theory. The approach quantifies hydraulic inefficiencies according to the juxtaposition of the hold back parameter relative to the residence time distribution. The index was evaluated for its ability to detect variation, for conformity with qualitative assessments, and for correlation to effluent pollutant fractions in order to assess its suitability as a predictor of treatment.The moment index overcomes many of the weaknesses inherent in existing indices. The index can be computed from a dataset considering just one volume exchange so arbitrary truncation of data due to the finite nature of data collection has no impact on the moment index. The moment index appears to be more sensitive than existing indices in detecting attenuation of a residence time distribution as well. The new index demonstrated excellent correlation to the effluent pollutant fraction predicted by a first-order reduction implying the index could be the good predictor of treatment. In addition to correlation with treatment, the moment index matched qualitative assessment precisely for eight specific cases considered.The moment index could substantially aid in the design and management of treatment wetlands for balancing cost and efficacy by resolving some of the uncertainty associated with residence time. The index could be used to help identify the optimal wetland configuration for maximizing residence time. Not only would it be useful in quantifying the effects of vegetation, bathymetry, and wetland shape on residence time; it could have utility in supplying the bounds for pollutant reduction.     

Duration and patterns of transmission of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus infection

The duration and patterns of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) transmission were studied in eight index mice inoculated orally. Transmission was monitored by testing for seroconversion to TMEV in sentinel mice in direct contact with index mice and in other sentinel mice in contact with bedding soiled by index mice. For the first 14 weeks after inoculation, two contact sentinels were housed with each index mouse for 1 week, then replaced with two new sentinels. For the remaining 16 weeks, contact sentinels were changed monthly. All index mice transmitted TMEV continuously (weekly) for 4 to 9 weeks. Thereafter, six index mice transmitted virus intermittently. All index mice ceased transmitting TMEV 7 to 22 weeks post-inoculation. Results obtained from sentinel mice in contact with bedding soiled by index mice were 86% concordant with those using contact sentinel mice. Seven index mice were treated with cyclophosphamide or hydrocortisone 30 weeks post-inoculation. One cyclophosphamide treated mouse reinitiated virus shedding.     

植被指数的地形效应研究进展

植被指数是定性、定量评估绿色植被的关键指标,已经广泛应用于地表植被的监测.森林多分布在地形复杂山区,利用植被指数进行森林植被信息反演时地形对其影响较大.本文从几何光学模型原理分析了冠层反射率的地形效应,分析比较完全比值型植被指数(简单比值植被指数SR、归一化植被指数NDVI和湿度调整植被指数MAVI)、非完全比值型植被指数(增强型植被指数EVI和土壤调整植被指数SAVI)、非比值型植被指数(减化比值植被指数RSR、修正归一化植被指数MNDVI和绿度植被指数GVI),以及地形调节植被指数TAVI对地形的响应,试图为复杂地形山区选取植被指数提供参考.最后分析了植被指数地形效应研究的不足并对未来发展进行展望.     

鄂尔多斯沙地不同退牧年限植物群落多样性及变异性研究

根据内蒙古鄂尔多斯退牧还草工程近30年的12个样地植被数据,将其按植被盖度分为半流动沙地(退牧5～10年)、半固定沙地(退牧15～20年)和固定沙地(退牧25～30年),以空间代替时间顺序采用α多样性指数(Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数)以及β变异性Sorenson指数的方法,分析了退牧年限与沙地植被群落多样性和变异性的关系.结果表明:(1)退牧20年为群落敏感期,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数在退牧30年间变化趋势相近,均匀度Pielou指数变化幅度较大,退牧15年物种分布最均匀,退牧20年时均匀度最小且随退牧年限先上升后下降;(2)草本层在退牧5～10年中Shannon-Wiener指数(0.99)和Pielou均匀度指数(1.25)较高,退牧15～20年后草本层逐渐被灌木半灌木层替代;(3)退牧5～20年的半流动与半固定沙地群落变异性大,退牧20～30年群落变异性相对较小;退牧5～20年,当地优势种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)种群和羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)种群变异系数相近约为1.2,退牧30年左右油蒿变异系数是羊柴2倍多且油蒿种群发展较快.研究表明,退牧5～10年敏感期需禁牧管理,退牧15年灌木丛多样性和优势性较稳定宜采取轻度放牧管理,退牧30年左右,油蒿种群与羊柴种群种间竞争加剧,且前者有替代后者的趋势,管理时应注意防止群落组成结构单一化.     

The cnemic index: a criktique.

The accuracy of the cnemic index is questioned. Excessive random variation is found to be present in the datum for this index, the nutrient foramen. It is suggested that the index be taken at a fixed location on the tibial shaft. A new index, the cnemic index (one-third), is proposed.     

科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复演替进程中群落优势种群空间分布格局研究

通过对处于流动沙地、半固定沙地和固定沙地等不同恢复演替阶段的群落的取样调查 ,研究了科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复进程中群落优势种群的空间分布格局及其动态变化。运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、聚集强度、Poisson分布和负二项分布的 χ2 拟合检验等 7项指标 ,对群落优势种群的分布格局的研究结果基本一致 ,大多数物种的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布。在演替进程中种群格局强度的变化和群落总体聚集程度的变化与种群动态和群落结构的空间异质性相对应 ,较高的聚集程度是种群分布斑块化和群落结构的空间异质性的反映 ,随着演替进展 ,优势种的种群数量扩展 ,但种群分布的聚集强度下降 ,群落结构的空间异质性降低。在 7种测定分布格局的指标中 ,聚块性指数、Green指数和聚集强度是无量纲的指标 ,其大小不受种群大小的影响 ,其变化可以较好地指示格局强度本身的变化 ,并与种群动态和群落结构变化相联系     

闽三角林地景观结构与功能连接度的空间耦合关系

以闽三角地区为例,为探讨景观连接度不同评价方法的科学性,提出一种基于最小耗费距离模型的成本距离指数表征景观功能连接度,并与传统的基于景观格局指数的景观结构连接度度量指标进行比较,揭示两者的空间耦合关系,为景观连接度的有效评价提供支持。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年,林地与其他土地利用类型之间发生不同程度的转化,林地转为建设用地370.72km²,占总转出面积的77.28%;草地和耕地转为林地80.45km²,占总转入面积的90.53%。(2)20年间,林地景观结构与功能连接度总体呈减小趋势,其中,湖里区林地景观结构与功能连接度降幅均最大,斑块密度、最大斑块指数、聚合度指数和斑块结合度指数分别下降了76.47%、51.33%、68.13%和68.40%,成本距离指数增加了178.56%。(3)成本距离指数与斑块密度、最大斑块指数、聚合度指数、斑块结合度指数和景观结构连接度综合指数均为负相关。(4)在研究期间,双变量局部空间自相关聚集类型由低-高转化为高-高,结构连接度无变化时,景观功能连接度降低;由高-高转化为低-高,结构连接度无变化时,...     

Associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity in young adult twins

Exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity are strongly influenced by genetic factors. By studying young adult twins, we examined to what extent these interrelated traits have shared genetic and environmental etiologies. We studied 304 twin individuals selected from the population-based FinnTwin16 study. Physical activity was assessed with the Baecke questionnaire, yielding three indexes: sport index, leisure-time index, and work index. In this study, we focused on sport index, which describes sports participation. Body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiorespiratory fitness using a bicycle ergometer exercise test with gas exchange analysis. The Baecke sport index was associated with high maximal oxygen uptake adjusted for lean body mass (Vo(2max)[adj]) (r = 0.40), with low body fat percentage (BF%) (r = -0.44) and low waist circumference (WC) (r = -0.29). Heritability estimates for the key traits were as follows: 56% for sport index, 71% for Vo(2max)[adj], 77% for body mass index, 66% for WC, and 68% for BF%. The association between sport index and Vo(2max) was mostly explained by genetic factors (70%), as were both the association between sport index and BF% (71%) and that between sport index and WC (59%). Our results suggest that genetic factors explain a considerable part of the associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity.     

基于辐射传输模型的高光谱植被指数与叶绿素浓度及叶面积指数的线性关系改进

高光谱植被指数以其特有的精细光谱特征, 能够获得非常细微的植被生理状况和环境胁迫差异, 因而使遥感技术在精细农业中的应用, 尤其是在叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的反演上面有着广阔的应用前景。然而, 现有的植被指数往往和这2个参数呈非线性关系, 且只对某一区间的数值敏感, 无法适用于其它植被覆盖程度的研究。为了寻找合适的波段位置以改善植被指数与叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的线性关系, 去除饱和区域, 进而提高这2个参数的实际估算精度, 该文选取了叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数, 以辐射传输模型PROSPECT和SAIL为基础, 模拟了这2个参数变化对3类高光谱植被指数(归一化植被指数(NDVI)、 优化的简单比值指数(MSR)和优化的叶绿素吸收率指数(MCARI))的影响。叶绿素浓度变化敏感性分析结果表明, 对这3类植被指数而言, 750 nm 和705 nm 的叶片反射率更适合实际的叶绿素浓度反演。以750 nm 和705 nm代替 800 nm/700 nm 和670 nm成功地提高了3类植被指数与叶绿素浓度的线性相关程度, 其中MCARI705 和叶绿素浓度基本呈线性关系。叶面积指数变化敏感性分析同样显示, 以750 nm 和705 nm 组成的植被指数能够获取更可靠的叶面积指数信息, 尤其对于高植被覆盖区域。其中MCARI705 能较好地降低随叶面积指数变化的饱和程度, 相比其它植被指数, 当叶面积指数大于8时, MCARI705 才出现明显的饱和。由于冠层的尺度效应, 波段位置的选择对植被指数与叶面积指数线性关系的改善不及对叶绿素浓度明显。     

澜沧江流域水生昆虫群落分类多样性和功能多样性海拔格局的空间尺度依赖性

群落分类多样性和功能多样性的海拔格局研究, 是了解生物多样性空间分布现状、揭示多样性维持和变化机制的重要途径。当前对水生昆虫分类多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局, 及其尺度依赖性依旧缺乏深入研究。本文基于2013-2018年在云南澜沧江流域500-3,900 m海拔梯度共149个溪流点位的水生昆虫群落调查数据, 利用线性或二次回归模型探索并比较了局部尺度(点位尺度)和不同区域尺度(100 m、150 m、200 m、250 m海拔段)的分类多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和物种均匀度指数)和功能多样性指数(树状图功能多样性指数(dbFD)、Rao二次熵指数(RaoQ)和功能均匀度指数(FEve))的海拔格局。结果表明, 在局部尺度, 物种丰富度指数和dbFD指数沿海拔梯度均无显著分布特征, Simpson多样性指数、RaoQ指数、物种均匀度指数和FEve指数沿海拔梯度呈现U型或者单调递减趋势。在区域尺度, 随着区域海拔带宽度的增加, 物种丰富度指数沿海拔呈不显著的单调递减格局, 但dbFD指数沿海拔分布由U型转变为单调递减趋势; Simpson多样性指数和RaoQ指数沿海拔梯度由显著U型趋势转变为无显著分布特征; 物种均匀度指数沿海拔梯度无显著分布特征, 但FEve指数呈显著增加的海拔格局。综上, 群落分类多样性指数和功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度分布存在局部和区域尺度的空间差异, 但区域尺度下二者海拔格局随海拔带宽度的增加存在一定程度的一致性。     

森林立地指数的地统计学空间分析

森林生态系统立地质量的评估是森林生态系统经营管理和造林营林的重要理论基础与规划方法,也是研究森林生态系统生产力的重要内容。森林立地指数是一种已被普遍接受的评价森林立地质量的方法,然而由于技术所限,传统的森林立地指数调查方法因其耗时长、花费大,很难大面积的对森林立地指数进行估测和空间分析,地统计学结合地理信息系统技术为研究森林立地及空间格局提供了一条新的途径。以杉木人工林为研究对象,地统计学及地理信息系统技术为手段,根据江西省景德镇枫树山林场杉木立地指数空间分布特点,选取合适的变异函数理论模型,对其森林立地指数进行了估测和空间分析,并在精度验证的基础上对结果进行了评价。研究结果表明,江西省枫树山林场杉木人工林立地指数有中等程度的空间相关。通过模型模拟结果和实测结果对比,K-贝塞耳函数(K-Bessel)模型有较好的拟合效果和较高的精度,说明地统计学在森林立地指数的估测和空间分析中有一定的应用价值。     

基于投影寻踪的珠江三角洲景观生态安全评价

区域景观生态安全是生态安全的重要组成部分,对于国家安全和社会可持续发展具有重要影响。以1990年和2005年珠江三角洲Landsat5TM和Landsat7ETM+遥感数据为基本数据源,选取聚集度、景观破碎度、景观形状指数、Shannon多样性指数,并构建了景观脆弱度指数和景观安全邻接指数,对研究区景观空间格局变化进行对比分析。在此基础上,利用基于遗传算法的投影寻踪方法,计算景观生态安全指数,评价研究区的景观生态安全状况。结果表明:(1)从1990年到2005年,珠江三角洲9市的聚集度、破碎度、景观形状指数和Shannon多样性指数变化不大,而景观脆弱度和景观安全邻接指数变化显著,9市的景观脆弱度都呈现减少趋势,而9市景观安全邻接指数都呈增加趋势。(2)从1990年到2005年,珠海和惠州两市景观生态安全状况一直保持良好,而东莞和中山两市的景观生态安全值一直较低;除佛山和广州两市景观生态安全状况略有提高外,其它7市景观生态安全值都有一定程度的减小,其中以肇庆市降低最多。珠江三角洲地区经济高速发展,人为活动剧烈,利用投影寻踪方法构建景观生态安全指数,评价高强度发展区域的景观生态安全状况是有效、可行的。     

Differential expression of CD64 in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A potential biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis

To evaluate the clinical utility of neutrophil (n)CD64 index to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (ePTB) and to predict the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We recruited 189 patients with active TB and 140 controls and measured the differential expression of nCD64 index using flow cytometry. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to estimate the diagnostic performance of the nCD64 index and T‐SPOT.TB assay for the diagnosis of TB. Furthermore, we analysed whether the nCD64 index in patients with TB was correlated with inflammatory indicators. Finally, we assessed the prognosis of patients by following the dynamic changes of the nCD64 index once a week. The nCD64 index was significantly higher in active TB group (PTB and ePTB), than in the anti‐TB and healthy controls (HC) groups. The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 index for the differential diagnosis of PTB and pneumonia (PN) patients were 68.33% and 77.55%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 index for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were 53.85% and 100%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a weak correlation between the nCD64 index and inflammatory indicators. More importantly, with the improvement in patient condition, the nCD64 index started to decline in the first week of anti‐TB therapy and significantly decreased at 4 weeks after treatment. Our study demonstrated that the CD64 assay is a rapid, non‐invasive and stable method for clinical application, and the nCD64 index can serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of TB.     

Cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with cultivars: genetic model evaluation and seed trait analyses

Seed from upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., provides a desirable and important nutrition profile. In this study, several seed traits (protein content, oil content, seed hull fiber content, seed index, seed volume, embryo percentage) for F₃ hybrids of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with five elite cultivars over four environments were evaluated. Oil and protein were expressed both as percentage of total seed weight and as an index which is the grams of product/100 seeds. An additive and dominance (AD) genetic model with cytoplasmic effects was designed, assessed by simulations, and employed to analyze these seed traits. Simulated results showed that this model was sufficient for analyzing the data structure with F₃ and parents in multiple environments without replications. Significant cytoplasmic effects were detected for seed oil content, oil index, seed index, seed volume, and seed embryo percentage. Additive effects were significant for protein content, fiber content, protein index, oil index, fiber index, seed index, seed volume, and embryo percentage. Dominance effects were significant for oil content, oil index, seed index, and seed volume. Cytoplasmic and additive effects for parents and dominance effects in homozygous and heterozygous forms were predicted. Favorable genetic effects were predicted in this study and the results provided evidence that these seed traits can be genetically improved. In addition, chromosome associations with AD effects were detected and discussed in this study.     

Improving grain yield in backcross populations from Avena sativa × A. sterilis matings by using independent culling for harvest index and vegetative growth index or unit straw weight

Summary Grain yield was selected in Avena sativa X A. sterilis populations of segregates by applying independent culling for harvest index and either vegetative growth index or unit straw weight. Samples of lines intensively selected for harvest index had high harvest index but low grain yield because they had low vigor. Populations intensively selected for growth rate index or unit straw weight had high biological yield but low harvest index. Intensive selection for grain yield per se resulted in samples with high grain yield, but they were late and tall. Samples selected for harvest index at a 25% selection intensity first and subsequently selected for vegetative growth index or unit straw weight had grain yield as high as the samples selected for grain yield per se and vegetative growth index, and they had acceptable heading date and plant height. Backcrosses three and four were best, among the various BC generations, for selecting oat lines with high grain yield and suitable agronomic traits. CI 7463 was superior to CI 8044 as a recurrent parent, and B 445 was inferior to other A. sterilis accessions as a donor parent.Journal Paper No. J-12287 of the Iowa Agric, and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, IA 50011. Project 2447. This research was supported in part by a grant from the World Food Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA