平稳小波变换在冬小麦SPAD高光谱监测中的应用

在2010与2011年度冬小麦生长季通过大田小区试验,利用ASD便携式野外光谱仪和SPAD 502叶绿素计实测冬小麦冠层的高光谱反射率与SPAD值.分析不同SPAD值下的冬小麦冠层光谱特征,建立了基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）与比值植被指数（RVI）、小波能量系数的不同生育期冬小麦SPAD估算模型.结果表明： 随着SPAD值的增大,“绿峰”与“红谷”特征愈加明显.在冬小麦返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期NDVI估算SPAD的效果较好,估算模型的R²分别为0.7957、0.8096、0.7557、0.5033.小波能量系数回归模型可以提高冬小麦SPAD的估算精度,在返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期以高频、低频小波能量系数为自变量的冬小麦SPAD估算模型的R²分别达到0.9168、0.9154、0.8802、0.9087.     

淹水胁迫下棉花叶片高光谱特征及叶绿素含量估算模型

为即时监测淹水胁迫下棉花功能叶叶绿素含量,确立叶绿素含量与单叶光谱特征参数的定量关系,本文以遮雨棚内蕾期淹水胁迫下的盆栽棉花为研究对象,淹水后每 3 d对棉花叶片进行测定、取样,综合分析叶绿素含量与高光谱特征参数的相关性,并构建和验证叶绿素含量的估算模型.结果表明: 随着淹水胁迫程度的加重,叶片叶绿素含量下降;叶片原始光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率分别在580、697 nm波段附近与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关;利用差值指数和归一化指数建立的估算模型优于单波段线性模型,其中以植被指数(DR₆₉₇-DR₇₃₈)/(DR₆₉₇+DR₇₃₈)为自变量建立的模型棉花单叶叶绿素含量估算值与实测值拟合度最好,拟合系数为0.814,可用于淹水胁迫下棉花单叶叶绿素含量的估测.     

干旱胁迫下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)高光谱特征和生理生态响应

2006年于冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期,采用ASD Fieldspec HH光谱仪测定了不同水分胁迫下冬小麦高光谱反射率、红边参数和对应的冬小麦生理生态参数叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素a b(Chla b),叶片水分含量(LWC),叶面积指数(LAI).结果表明,冬小麦生理生态参数随生长发育呈现先上升后下降趋势,Chla、Chlb和Chla b开花期达最大值;LWC和LAI孕穗期达最大值.随干旱胁迫程度增加,Chla、Chlb和Chla b、LWC和LAI减少.不同水分处理下冬小麦高光谱反射率具有绿色植物特征.用红边一阶微分光谱特征参数分析,冬小麦孕穗期和开花期红边(λred)位于728～730nm,灌浆期红边(λred)移到734nm.Chla、Chlb和Chla b与Dλ730:Dλ702、Dλ730:Dλ718,LWC与Dλred、Dλ718以及LAI与Dλ718、Dλred、Sred均呈正相关,相关系数大于0.5(p<0.05).经回归分析,Chl与Dλ730:Dλ702、LWC与Dλred呈线性关系(R2=0.87),LAI与Sred呈二次关系(R2=0.68).因此,用冬小麦高光谱特征及红边参数能判断冬小麦生育后期长势和农田水分胁迫程度.     

基于优化SVR高光谱指数的独尾草叶绿素含量估算

以位于新疆准噶尔盆地腹地的古尔班通古特沙漠为研究区,测定独尾草幼苗期、开花期的叶片光谱反射率和叶绿素含量,分析24种光谱指数与叶绿素含量之间的相关关系,选用相关性较高的光谱指数建立优化支持向量回归机(SVR)估算模型。结果表明:(1)开花期的叶绿素含量高于幼苗期,主要与植被的光合作用有关,开花期的光谱反射率低于幼苗期,两期的光谱反射率符合普遍植物光谱反射率。(2)在幼苗期,GNDVI(green normalized difference vegetation index)与叶绿素含量相关性最高(R~2=0.664);在开花期,GM-2(Gitelson and Merzlyak)与叶绿素含量相关性最高(R~2=0.711)。按相关性排序时,在两期中,决定系数排名前7的光谱指数都相同。(3)将7个敏感光谱指数作为输入因子,通过3种优化算法选择最优参数(c,g),建立优化SVR估算模型:幼苗期和开花期,模型精度都较高,PSO-SVRGA-SVRGS-SVR,其中PSO-SVR决定系数最高,均方根误差最小。在幼苗期,PSO-SVR决定系数为0.812,均方根误差为0.728,在开花期,PSO-SVR决定系数为0.841,均方根误差为0.247。说明基于PSO-SVR算法优化后的SVR模型精度高误差小,能较好地对叶绿素含量进行估算,且独尾草叶绿素含量开花期的估算比幼苗期的效果要好。本研究为荒漠植被生态特征的监测估算、时空分布和生化参数反演提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

不同灌水处理下冬小麦地上干生物量的高光谱监测

地上干生物量是反映作物生长发育和产量的重要指标。本试验通过不同的灌溉处理,研究了冬小麦生育期地上干生物量的变化规律,分别利用多元线性回归(MLR)和连续投影算法-MLR(SPA-MLR)构建了冬小麦地上干生物量光谱监测模型。结果表明:拔节期+孕穗期+开花期+灌浆期的灌溉方案有利于生物量积累;基于SPA-MLR构建的预测模型精度均高于MLR预测模型,其中,以开花期模型最优,R~2达到了0.96,RMSE为0.092,验证集的R~2为0.76,RMSE为0.18;综合冬小麦主要生育时期(拔节期至灌浆期)的预测模型的R~2达到了0.64,RMSE为0.30,验证集的R~2为0.54,RMSE为0.26,可以实现拔节期至灌浆期冬小麦地上干生物量的预测。本研究可为利用高光谱遥感技术预测冬小麦地上干生物量提供技术支持。     

不同灌溉量夏玉米叶绿素含量的高光谱特征及其反演

植物叶绿素含量直接影响其光合作用,并与植物的光谱特征密切相关。以夏玉米为研究对象,采用人工控水方法研究了夏玉米七叶期不同灌溉量下冠层叶绿素含量特征及其与光谱特征之间的关系。结果表明：灌溉量越少,夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量越低,冠层光谱反射率越高,绿峰位置"红移",而红边位置"蓝移"。叶绿素含量与光谱特征参数、植被光谱指数之间存在极显著相关关系,据此建立了冠层叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型,且基于植被指数模型较基于单一光谱特征参数模型模拟效果更好。研究结果可为夏玉米叶绿素含量的快速无损测定以及夏玉米干旱监测提供依据。     

芦苇粉大尾蚜虫害下芦苇叶绿素高光谱反演估算

叶绿素含量是表征芦苇虫害胁迫状态的一个重要指示因子。选取遭受芦苇粉大尾蚜(Hyalopterus pruni)虫害的芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为研究对象,用便携式地物光谱仪ASD FieldSpec 4测定其叶片反射率光谱,同时用SPAD-502 Plus叶绿素测量仪测定其叶绿素相对含量(SPAD),分析健康和虫害芦苇叶片高光谱反射率与叶绿素含量间的相关关系,采用一元线性回归和偏最小二乘法回归方法,建立芦苇叶绿素含量红边位置和全波段高光谱反演估算模型。结果表明:健康芦苇叶片反射率高于虫害叶片,两种叶片叶绿素含量与高光谱的相关性存在显著差异,尤其在绿光波段和近红外波段部分区域(1400~2500nm)表现明显;全波段高光谱估算模型具有较高的准确性,健康叶片回归模型的决定系数(R2)为0.965,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.813,预测偏差比率(RPD)为3.940;虫害叶片回归模型的R2为0.966,RMSE为0.989,RPD为3.855;异地验证结果进一步表明,通过高光谱数据全波段反演能较好地估算芦苇粉大尾蚜虫害下芦苇叶绿素相对含量,这也预示着利用高光谱全波段数据估算虫害植被叶绿素相对含量是可行的。     

基于最佳波段判别的湿地植物叶片全氮反演研究

利用高光谱遥感技术定量估测湿地植被叶片全氮含量,对于监测和诊断湿地植被的生理状况及生长趋势具有重要意义。但叶片氮素遥感诊断研究多存在反演模型过拟合、入选波段与生化参量间因果关系不明确和入选变量间"多重共线性"等局限。以芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)叶片全氮含量作为研究对象,通过谱带分区,分区最佳波段选取和偏最小二乘回归相结合的方法构建芦苇和香蒲叶片全氮含量反演模型,并利用交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)和均方根误差(RMSEcv)对模型精度进行检验,尝试克服传统反演方法中的不足。结果表明,不同湿地植物类型相比,利用芦苇反射光谱建立的预测模型精度都高于香蒲。不同回归模型相比,一阶导数光谱-偏最小二乘回归模型(FDS-PLSR)精度远高于原始光谱-偏最小二乘回归模型(OS-PLSR)。芦苇最佳模型交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)达到了0.84,方根误差(RMSEcv)为0.10,香蒲最佳模型交叉验证的决定系数(R2cv)达到了0.66,方根误差(RMSEcv)为0.13,是构建湿地植物芦苇和香蒲光谱与叶片全氮含量关系的最佳模型。在不降低湿地植物叶片氮含量反演精度的基础上,有效地避免了传统地物高光谱模型反演中的局限性,是无损害遥感探测方面的有益尝试。     

基于光谱指数的植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型

叶绿素是光合作用能力和植被发育阶段的指示器,是监测湿地植被生长健康状况的重要指标之一;高光谱遥感技术可以为植物叶绿素含量的定量化诊断提供简便有效、非破坏性的数据采集和处理方法。为保证被探测叶片面积相同,消除背景反射、叶片表面弯曲造成的光谱波动及叶片内部变异造成的影响,研究采用Field Spec 3光谱仪加载手持叶夹式叶片光谱探测器,测定野鸭湖湿地典型植物的叶片高光谱反射率数据,同时通过分光光度计室内测定相应叶片的叶绿素含量。采用相关性及单变量线性拟合分析技术,建立二者的关系模型,包括叶绿素含量与"三边"参数的相关模型以及比值光谱指数(SR)模型和归一化差值光谱指数(ND)模型,并采用交叉检验中的3K-CV方法对估算模型进行模型精度检验。结果表明:植物叶片叶绿素含量与"三边"参数大多都呈极显著相关,相关系数最大达到0.867;计算光谱反射率组成的比值(SR)和归一化(ND)光谱指数与叶绿素含量的决定系数,总体相关性比较高,较好的波段组合均为550—700nm与700—1400nm以及550—700nm与1600—1900nm,与叶绿素含量相关性最好的指数分别是SR(565nm,740nm)和ND(565nm,735nm)。并通过选取相关性最佳的光谱特征参数,分别基于"三边"参数和ND模型指数构建了植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型。其中,基于红边位置(WP_r)光谱特征参数和ND(565nm,735nm)光谱指数建立的叶绿素含量估算模型,取得了较好的测试效果,检验拟合方程的决定系数(R2)都达到0.8以上,估算模型分别为y=0.113x-78.74,y=5.5762x+4.4828。通过3K-CV方法进行测试和检验,植物叶绿素含量估算模型均取得了较为理想的预测精度,预测精度的分别为93.9%及90.7%。高光谱遥感技术对植被进行微弱光谱差异的定量分析,在植被遥感研究与应用中表现出强大优势,为植物叶绿素含量诊断中的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。     

受渍冬小麦不同叶位叶片的SPAD高光谱估算

实时、准确获取叶绿素含量信息对及时了解农作物受害程度、指导农业生产和估测产量等具有重要意义。为探索受渍冬小麦各层叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)的最优估测模型,本研究设置排灌可控的冬小麦渍害胁迫梯度微区试验,分析了15个常用高光谱特征指数与SPAD的相关关系,并对基于多元线性回归、支持向量机、BP神经网络、决策树和随机森林模型的受渍冬小麦各层叶片SPAD的估算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：短期渍水(≤3 d)对冬小麦分层叶片的SPAD值影响不明显,当渍水时间大于9 d时,SPAD值随着渍水时间的增加降低较为明显,在生长后期为0;15个高光谱特征指数与SPAD均达到极显著相关水平(P<0.05),其中Ctr2、Dy、NDVI和SIPI 4个指数与SPAD的相关性最好,其相关系数的绝对值分别达到0.880、0.868、0.868和0.833;与基于L1、L2和L3层叶片SPAD相比,基于平均SPAD的高光谱估算结果最好,其R²达到0.719;与其他4个估算模型相比,随机森林模型可较好地估算各层叶片的SPAD值,其R²、RMSE、RE分别为0....     

The Effects of Selenium on Physiological Traits, Grain Selenium Content and Yield of Winter Wheat at Different Development Stages

The paper evaluated the effects of Se application time and rate on physiological traits, grain Se content, and yield of winter wheat by field experiment. Se application significantly increased grain Se content and yield, and the increased amount treated with 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 was the highest. At blooming–filling stage, Se application significantly increased grain Se content, but did not affect yield. Chlorophyll content was increased by Se application, and the increased amount at heading–blooming stage was higher than that in wheat leaves at the other stages. At four development stages, Se treatments (except for 10 mg Se?L^?1 at jointing–heading stage) significantly decreased the rate of superoxide (O₂ ^?) radical production. At heading–blooming (except for 50 mg Se?L^?1) and blooming–filling stages, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content was significantly decreased by Se treatments. The rate of O₂ ^? production and H₂O₂ content at 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 was the lowest. Se treatments (except for 10 mg Se?L^?1 at regreening–jointing and blooming–filling stages) also induced an evident decrease in malondialdehyde content. Proline content induced by Se treatments at jointing–heading and heading–blooming stages was higher than that in wheat leaves at regreening–jointing and blooming–filling stages. At four development stages, Se treatments all significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity, and the treatments with 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 also evidently increased reduced glutathione content. These results suggested that Se application at different development stages increased antioxidant capacity of wheat, reduced oxidant stress to some extent, and the effects of Se treatments was the best if Se concentration ranged between 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1. In addition, Se application time was more beneficial for Se accumulation and yield in wheat grain at heading–blooming stage.     

施氮肥缓解臭氧对小麦光合作用和产量的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘扬麦16’为试材, 利用开放式空气臭氧(O₃)浓度升高平台, 研究了增施氮(N)肥对O₃对小麦光合作用和产量影响的缓解作用。结果表明, O₃胁迫下灌浆期小麦的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、叶绿素a (Chl a)、叶绿素b (Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、总叶绿素含量(Chl t)和可溶性蛋白的含量显著降低, 降幅分别为28.95%、31.79%、23.17%、58.89%、68.64%、22.89%、60.31%和32.00%; 胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)变化很小; 成熟期生物量和收获时产量也明显下降, 降幅分别为12.23%和12.63%; 而增施N肥可以增加小麦灌浆期的P_n、Chl a、Chl b、可溶性蛋白的含量, 进而增加小麦生物量和产量, 增幅分别为25.66%、83.05%、121.57%、30.33%、14.94%和10.67%, 而对C_i、G_s、T_r、Car含量无明显影响。O₃和N肥对小麦叶片的P_n、Chl t及可溶性蛋白含量有明显的交互作用。因此, 在大气O₃浓度升高条件下增施N肥对小麦O₃损伤有一定的缓解作用。     

Flixweed Is More Competitive than Winter Wheat under Ozone Pollution: Evidences from Membrane Lipid Peroxidation,Antioxidant Enzymes and Biomass

To investigate the effects of ozone on winter wheat and flixweed under competition, two species were exposed to ambient, elevated and high [O₃] for 30 days, planted singly or in mixculture. Eco-physiological responses were examined at different [O₃] and fumigating time. Ozone reduced the contents of chlorophyll, increased the accumulation of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde in both wheat and flixweed. The effects of competition on chlorophyll content of wheat emerged at elevated and high [O₃], while that of flixweed emerged only at high [O₃]. The increase of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde of flixweed was less than that of wheat under the same condition. Antioxidant enzyme activities of wheat and flixweed were seriously depressed by perennial and serious treatment using O₃. However, short-term and moderate fumigation increased the activities of SOD and POD of wheat, and CAT of flixweed. The expression levels of antioxidant enzymes related genes provided explanation for these results. Furthermore, the increase of CAT expression of flixweed was much higher than that of SOD and POD expression of wheat. Ozone and competition resulted in significant reductions in biomass and grain yield in both winter wheat and flixweed. However, the negative effects on flixweed were less than wheat. Our results demonstrated that winter wheat is more sensitive to O₃ and competition than flixweed, providing valuable data for further investigation on responses of winter wheat to ozone pollution, in particular combined with species competition.     

Ozone sensitivity in Triticum durum and T. aestivum with respect to leaf injury, photosynthetic activity and free radical content

Sensitivity to ozone is highly variable in cultivars of different wheat species, leading to differences in leaf injury and yield. Not much is known about the physiological background of these differences. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ozone on photosynthetic parameters in Triticum aestivum L. (spring wheat cv. Nandu, winter wheat cv. Perlo) and Triticum durum Desf. (cv. Extradur). Plants cultivated in pots were exposed to 80 nmol mol^?1 ozone, or were used as control plants in a greenhouse. Stages of growth and senescence of single leaves were recorded. Light-saturated net photosynthesis, leaf conductance for water vapour, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Stomatal limitation was calculated from CO₂ response curves, and the free radical content of whole leaves measured by EPR spectroscopy. Senescence of single leaves was enhanced by the ozone-treatment in all three cultivars, in the order Nandu > Perlo > Extradur. Development of whole plants was slightly delayed in Perlo and Nandu, but was accelerated significantly in Extradur. The rate of net photosynthesis under light saturation (A_sat) decreased significantly in older, ozone-fumigated leaves of Perlo and Nandu but not of Extradur. Leaf conductance (g₁) showed a similar behaviour, but stomatal limitation (l) was similar between ozone-treated and control plants. Thus, an ozone-induced closure of stomata was not the reason for the observed difference in A_sat. Perlo and Nandu showed a significant, only partly reversible decrease in F_v/F_m in ozone-fumigated leaves, whereas in Extradur the decrease was fully reversible only in older leaves. Whole leaves of Extradur, in contrast to Perlo and Nandu, showed no increase in EPR free radical signals. The higher ozone tolerance of Extradur was thus not caused by decreased ozone uptake via the stomata, but by a better ability of photosynthetically active mesophyll cells to cope with photooxidative stress.     

冬小麦光合特征及叶绿素含量对保水剂和氮肥的响应

以不施保水剂和氮（N）肥为对照,测定了保水剂（60 kg·hm^-2）与不同N肥水平（0、225、450 kg·hm^-2）及其配施条件下大田小麦的光合特征、叶绿素含量和水分利用效率等指标,研究了冬小麦拔节期和灌浆期光合生理特征、叶绿素含量及水分利用对保水剂和N肥的响应.结果表明：灌浆期各处理的光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、叶片水分利用效率及叶绿素含量均大于拔节期.在拔节期,单施N肥条件下,随施N量的增加,单叶水分利用效率提高,光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及蒸腾速率均先增后减;225 kg·hm^-2 N肥处理的叶绿素含量最高.施用保水剂后,随施N量的增加,胞间CO₂浓度降低,而光合速率等均提高;单施保水剂及其与N肥配施提高了叶绿素含量,而过多N肥效果不显著在灌浆期,单施N肥显著提高了小麦的光合速率及水分利用效率,降低了气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及蒸腾速率;叶绿素含量随N肥用量的增加而增加.施用保水剂后,随N肥用量的增加,光合速率和叶片水分利用效率均先增后减,而胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率先减后增,但均低于对照,气孔导度随施N量的增加而提高.单施保水剂的叶绿素含量显著提高,但其与N肥配施叶绿素含量有所降低.保水剂与N肥配合施用显著提高了小麦的千粒重、产量及水分生产效率.其中,保水剂与225 kg·hm^-2N肥配施处理的产量及水分生产效率均最高.     

Antioxidative protection and proteolytic activity in tolerant and sensitive wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) varieties subjected to long-term field drought

Field drought studies were performed in order to assess oxidative stress, proteolytic activity and yield loss under natural stress conditions. Flag leaves of two drought-tolerant (Yantar and Zlatitsa) and two drought-sensitive (Miziya and Dobrudjanka) winter wheat varieties were analyzed. Stress intensity was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage and proline accumulation. Senescence progression was followed by loss of chlorophyll and protein. Lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂ content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and non-specific peroxidase (GPX) isoforms, as well as proteolytic activities were analyzed from heading throughout grain filling. Weakening of membrane integrity and oxidative damage to lipids were more pronounced in the sensitive varieties under field drought. The activities of Fe- and Cu/Zn SOD isoforms decreased in the controls, but remained high in drought-treated plants. The activities of MnSOD isoforms and CAT were enhanced towards grain filling, especially in the sensitive varieties under drought. GPX activities were rised under drought but progressively diminished. Accelerated senescence under field drought was linked to higher proteolytic activity with variety specific differences in the protease response, but without a clear correlation to drought resistance or sensitivity. Field drought led to higher oxidative stress more pronounced for drought sensitive varieties, especially during the grain filling period.     

保护性耕作对农田土壤水分和冬小麦产量的影响

保护性耕作是提高土壤蓄水保墒能力并增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一.基于河南省长期定位试验2011-2016年数据,分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作、免耕和深松处理)对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 2011-2016年免耕和深松耕作处理下冬小麦拔节期平均相对保墒率分别为7.3%和-0.68%,且免耕较传统耕作显著提高了冬小麦拔节期0～60 cm土壤贮水量.与传统耕作相比,免耕提高了冬小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期0～100 cm土壤平均含水量,而深松耕作并未明显提高冬小麦拔节期土壤平均含水量.此外,免耕较传统耕作能够显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,尤其在较干旱年份其增产效果更优.因此,免耕的蓄水保墒及增产效果在较干旱年份明显优于深松耕作.     

追施氮肥时期对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同追氮时期对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性、光合速率及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,拔节期追肥较起身期或挑旗期追肥,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学最大效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)及光合速率,降低了籽粒灌浆中前期非辐射能量耗散,有利于叶片所吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用,提高了籽粒灌浆后期非辐射能量的耗散,减缓了叶片光抑制程度和衰老进程.拔节期追肥可显著增加穗粒数和千粒重,提高产量.     

灌溉量和灌溉时期对小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

2005—2007年通过田间试验,研究了不同灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量及其水分利用效率的影响结果表明：土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量百分率的变异系数显著高于降水量占总耗水量百分率的变异系数,表明土壤贮水利用率的可调控幅度较大;适量灌溉的W₃处理（拔节水+开花水,灌水量120 mm）的灌水量、降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量的百分率分别为31.0%、38.9%和30.1%,灌水量多的W₅处理(冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水,灌水量240 mm)分别为51.7%、32.4%和15.9%,与W₅处理相比,W₃显著提高了土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量的百分率.灌水量均为120 mm的条件下,拔节前W₃处理的耗水量显著低于W₂处理（冬水+拔节水）,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量则相反.W₃处理的耗水模式与小麦需水规律相吻合,这是其水分利用效率高的生理基础.     

Drought stress amelioration in wheat through inoculation with Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN

Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN was used to investigate the potential to ameliorate the effects of drought stress on growth, physiology and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under natural field conditions. Inoculated and uninoculated (control) seeds of wheat cultivar Sahar 2006 was sown in the field. The plants were exposed to drought stress at different stages of growth (tillering stage and flowering stage) by skipping the respective irrigation. The results showed that drought stress adversely affected the physiological, biochemical and growth parameters of wheat seedlings. It decreased the CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, relative water content, transpiration rate and chlorophyll contents in wheat. Inoculation of wheat with PsJN significantly diluted the adverse effects of drought on relative water contents and CO₂ assimilation rate thus improving the photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and chlorophyll content over the uninoculated control. Grain yield was also decreased when plants were exposed to drought stress at the tillering and flowering stage, but inoculation resulted in better grain yield (up to 21 and 18 % higher, respectively) than the respective uninoculated control. Similarly, inoculation improved the ionic balance, antioxidant levels, and also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and protein concentration in the grains of wheat. The results suggested that B. phytofirmans strain PsJN could be effectively used to improve the growth, physiology and quality of wheat under drought conditions.