不同用足偏侧性大山雀的巢址选择对道路和建筑物分布的响应

行为偏侧化现象广泛存在于不同的动物类群。行为偏侧性不同的动物个体响应特定刺激的行为表现存在差异,可能会影响其适合度。探究行为偏侧化与适合度相关行为之间的联系,有助于理解行为偏侧化对物种适应自然环境能力的影响。然而,目前对不同行为偏侧性的动物个体在野外自然条件下响应特定刺激(如风险刺激)是否存在行为差异仍然知之甚少。2022年,本研究在河南董寨国家级自然保护区附近选取样地悬挂人工巢箱400个,并对利用巢箱繁殖的大山雀(Parus minor)进行了用足偏侧性测试。通过对比77只不同用足偏侧性的大山雀(雄性45只,雌性32只)巢址与人类干扰源(道路和建筑物)之间的距离,分析了左偏侧性和右偏侧性大山雀在人为干扰环境中的巢址选择差异。结果表明,雄性大山雀的巢址与最近道路以及最近建筑物之间的距离在左偏侧性和右偏侧性个体之间均没有显著差异。对于雌性大山雀,繁殖起始时间越晚,左偏侧性个体和右偏侧个体所利用的巢址均离最近道路更远,但仅左偏侧性个体的巢址到最近建筑物的距离更远,而右偏侧性个体的巢址到最近建筑物的距离不变。上述结果说明,行为偏侧性差异可能会影响个体在野外环境中对人类活动干扰的响应。由于国内外在相关领域开展研究较少,本研究建议在野生动物中开展更多工作,以深入探究行为偏侧化与动物适应变化环境的相关行为之间的联系。     

小兴安岭白头鹤繁殖地种群数量初步调查

2004年通过地面和航空调查等方法,对繁殖于小兴安岭沾河流域的白头鹤(Grusmonacha)种群进行了数量调查,共统计到白头鹤30只。发现了3对鹤的巢;2对以及2只单只的个体,虽然没有发现巢,但根据其保护领域的行为,可以确定其为繁殖个体。同时统计到13只没有参加繁殖的个体,以及3只不能判明是否参加繁殖的个体。通过本次调查表明,小兴安岭沾河流域的森林沼泽是我国白头鹤的重要繁殖地。     

陕西汉中朱鹮在输电铁塔上的营巢状况及保护建议

随着高压输电线路的日益增多,鸟类在输电铁塔上的营巢现象日益普遍,其在鸟类保护中的作用以及对输电线路的影响是备受关注的课题。自2018年首次在陕西省汉中市西乡县发现野生朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)在高压输电铁塔上营巢以来,至2020年累计在4个铁塔上统计到7个营巢记录。铁塔巢址通常比树巢更高[(16.3±7.2)m,n=4],距离干扰源如机动车道[(140±66)m,n=4]和居民点[(162±95)m,n=4]较近,距离觅食稻田较远[(235±79)m,n=4]。铁塔巢址的繁殖生产力为2.3±0.5(n=6),显著高于树巢,其原因可能是铁塔巢址较为稳固,不易被大风损毁,且天敌危害较少。由于铁塔巢址周边适于营巢的乔木较多,因而这种异常的营巢现象并非源于天然营巢树木的缺乏。对1只铁塔巢址出生的个体进行了卫星跟踪,表明其第1年的扩散距离为2.0km,小于树巢出生的个体,而且其活动核心区覆盖了巢址和3条输电线路;第2和第3年的活动核心区分别向外扩散15.5 km和15.3km,但夏季仍有约1个月的时间返回出生巢址附近。可见这些个体对铁塔和输电线路这种特殊的出生地有较深的印记,今后选择...     

新疆阜康地区家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局及其影响因素

2013年和2014年5—7月,在新疆阜康地区,对家麻雀(Passer domesticus)巢址的空间分布格局和种群繁殖密度进行了调查,对影响其巢址空间分布的生态因子进行了分析。结果表明:家麻雀在研究区内为优势鸟种,平均种群繁殖密度为299.8±163.6只·km~(-2);其中,在白杨(Populus tomentosa)防护林中的种群繁殖密度最高,达491.9±87.8只·km~(-2);家麻雀在研究地区巢址的空间分布距离指数I=4.77,为集聚分布格局;农田、防护林带以及荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)的巢址分布对家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局和巢址利用具有重要影响;影响家麻雀巢址分布格局的主要生态因子是食物资源利用和种间巢址竞争。     

河南董寨再引入朱鹮种群的巢址分布特征

为了解再引入朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的分布与扩张情况,本研究对董寨再引入朱鹮野外种群的繁殖巢址进行了调查研究。在2014到2022年间,共调查统计了84个野化放飞朱鹮及其后代的繁殖巢址,使用圆形分布法分析了巢址与放飞点的相对方位和集中程度,并根据全部巢址的空间分布,使用固定核空间方法计算得到巢区(95%巢址所在区域)与核心巢区(50%巢址所在区域)的分布范围和面积。将巢址图层、土地覆盖图层以及数字高程模型叠加,观察朱鹮巢址选择的生境偏好,并使用单样本t检验判断了巢址平均海拔与巢区海拔间的差异。结果显示,繁殖巢址与放飞点平均距离(平均值 ± 标准差)(12.82 ± 14.11)km(n = 84),平均方位角(平均值 ± 标准差)为(138.99 ± 82.44)°(瑞利检验：Z = 10.60,P < 0.01)。核心巢区与巢区面积分别为74.43 km2和549.66 km2。巢址平均海拔(平均值 ± 标准差)(103 ± 43)m,显著低于巢区内平均海拔(t =﹣5.48,df = 83,P < 0.01)。巢址的分布主要位于水稻田和森林的交界区域。逐年繁殖区域分布图显示,繁殖区域基本朝向西北-东南方向扩张,与圆形分布分析结果一致。本研究描述了董寨再引入朱鹮种群繁殖巢址的分布特征与扩张趋势,可以为野外朱鹮潜在繁殖地和栖息地的保护提供参考,优化保护工作中的人力物力资源配置。     

内蒙古达赉湖西岸地区大鵟巢穴特征和巢址选择

2010年和2011年3月-6月,对内蒙古达赉湖国家级保护区达赉湖西岸地区大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)的巢穴结构和巢址选择因子进行了调查研究.采用野外观察和样方法定位了13个大鵟巢址,并对巢址样方的20个生态因子进行测量,运用主成分分析法对影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子进行了分析.测量显示,大鵟巢穴的基本结构特征为:外径(94.7+4.2) cm;巢高度(46.1±2.7) cm;内径(24.8±1.5)cm;巢深(14.0±+0.9)cm.生境因子分析结果表明,达赉湖西岸地区大鵟的巢集中分布在湖岸或水塘附近的悬崖,营巢点坡度为15°-45°之间的阳坡或半阳坡;隐蔽度高于20％;草本密度大于5株/m2;植被均高大于30cm;巢距悬崖上部距离2-5m;距水源l00m以内;距居民点距离大于lkm;距草原道路的距离大于0.5km;而对于物种丰富度没有特殊要求.主成分分析显示,影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子有3个,依次为:隐蔽性因子(主要包括巢址区域的植物特征和地形特征)、干扰因子和食物因子.各主成分中,相对系数绝对值最高的变量依次是:植被盖度、距居民点距离、巢的高度和距草原道路距离.     

鄂尔多斯蓑羽鹤小群体的GPS-GSM跟踪初步分析

在内蒙古鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家级自然保护区已多次发现有一个孤立的蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)小种群在此地繁殖和度夏。2015年7月,在该地区为5只成年蓑羽鹤(3只繁殖,2只非繁殖)佩戴了中国湖南生产的GPS-GSM发射器。截止到5只蓑羽鹤全部离开鄂尔多斯高原,共获得7 794个GPS位点信息。通过跟踪信息了解到1只个体在9月18日死于鄂尔多斯高原的中西部,其余个体于9月末至10月初先后迁出鄂尔多斯高原。迁徙过程中的最快瞬时速度为93.1 km/h。4只个体迁出鄂尔多斯高原的时间和路线均略有不同。     

河南董寨野化放飞朱鹮的分布繁殖初报

2013—2014年,河南董寨国家级自然保护区分别对野化训练的60只朱鹮进行放飞。采用卫星定位、无线电遥测和持续跟踪法对释放后的朱鹮进行监测。共监测到释放的朱鹮个体23只,活动面积约320 hm~2,最远扩散距离为(16.5±3.2)km,并形成了较为集中的6个不同数量活动及夜宿群体。发现3~5岁朱鹮野外存活比例较高,占放飞数量42.3%,雌鸟存活情况高于雄鸟。2014年、2015年分别有1对和6对朱鹮在野外繁殖,共产卵21枚,受精卵17枚,受精率为80.9%,出雏17只,成活出飞幼鸟15只,出飞率达88.2%。表明经过野化训练的朱鹮在大别山地区可以生存且繁殖成功。     

基于卫星跟踪的救护猛禽失联案例分析

对救护猛禽进行卫星跟踪,有助于了解猛禽放飞后的生存状况,评估救护成效。2019至2021年间,先后为6只救护猛禽安装卫星跟踪器。根据获得的卫星跟踪数据分析了个体失联前的活动轨迹以及中途停歇情况等。借助最后的位置信息对失联个体展开实地搜寻,分析其死亡原因。研究结果显示,白尾海雕（Haliaeetus albicilla）、红隼（Falco tinnunculus）、苍鹰1（Accipiter gentilis）和苍鹰2的迁飞距离依次为159.5 km、150.5 km、292.5 km和832.7 km;越冬时期红隼和2只苍鹰都更倾向于选择人类活动比较密集的区域,如农田、村庄、城市居民区以及城市湿地公园;放飞猛禽的活动量通常在100 ~ 500次/h之间;个体最终状态显示,猎隼（F. cherrug）因受困和饥饿死亡,白尾海雕因二次中毒死亡,日本松雀鹰（A. gularis）、红隼和2只苍鹰失联,原因不详。救护放飞的技术环节存在失误、放飞后遭到非法猎捕、跟踪器对个体产生的负面影响以及设备脱落或故障都可能导致救护猛禽放飞后失联或死亡,建议规范猛禽救护放飞过程,慎重选择放飞时间和地点,提高救护猛禽放飞后的野外生存率。     

基于卫星信标跟踪的斑海豹放流效果研究

利用卫星标记跟踪方法对斑海豹的野外释放效果进行了研究。2010 年和2011 年6 月分别释放了4 头和3头人工繁殖的2 龄未成年斑海豹,2011 年同时释放了3 头野外出生的救助个体。标记斑海豹在释放后,7 头人工繁殖斑海豹中的5 头信标信号持续时间较长,在信号消失前,1 头斑海豹一直在渤海海域活动,另4 头沿辽宁沿岸、朝鲜西海岸到达辽东湾斑海豹的主要度夏海域韩国白翎岛附近。研究期间,1 头人工繁殖的斑海豹在59 d内运动的距离超过1 250 km。救助斑海豹中,2 头个体的信标信号持续较长,并分别在山东半岛沿海和黄渤海活动。研究结果表明,人工繁殖的斑海豹在经过野化训练后,放归自然海域后可以正常生活洄游。     

4. ONE YEAR'S CENSUS AND STUDY OF BIRDS IN 2½ ACRES OF ALEANY BUSHVELD. (Part 2.) April, 1945, to March, 1946

Hooded Vultures Necrosyrtes monachus are critically endangered but little is known of their year-round use of nests or whether other species usurp Hooded Vulture nest sites. We investigated visitation rates by Hooded Vultures and other species (including potential nest predators and usurpers) to examine their effect on Hooded Vulture breeding success. We present observations of 33 species recorded by camera traps at 12 Hooded Vulture nests over a total of 93 nest-months (2 095 nest-days). Several pairs of Hooded Vultures visited their nests regularly during the non-breeding season, some adding nesting material, highlighting that pairs visited their nest(s) year round. Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca, potential usurpers of raptor nests, were present at occupied and unoccupied Hooded Vulture nests, but we recorded no usurpation of nests by Egyptian Geese and they had no impact on vulture breeding success. Hooded Vulture breeding failure was linked to two species only: camera-trap imagery recorded one case of predation of a vulture egg by a Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus, and one case of a Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus predating a vulture nestling. We recommend expanding the Hooded Vulture nest monitoring programme to include more pairs.     

The functional significance of multiple nest-building in the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis

The vast majority of bird species build a nest in which to breed. Some species build more than one nest, but the function of most multiple nest-building remains unclear. Here we describe the unusual nest-building behaviour of the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis , and test experimentally the hypotheses that multiple nest-building is related to individual condition or territory quality, and plays a role in mate assessment. Australian Reed Warblers built two types of nest structures: 'type I' nests, which were used for eggs and nestlings, and 'type II' nests, which were structurally distinct from type I nests, did not support eggs, nestlings or adults and were not essential for successful breeding. The number of type II nests built in each territory varied. Type II nests were only built before breeding had commenced in a territory and females were not observed participating in their construction, supporting a role in female mate choice. Birds provided with supplementary food built significantly more type II nests than control birds. However, supplementary-fed birds did not have greater pairing success, and the addition of further type II nests to territories did not increase the pairing rate or type II nest construction in those territories. There was no relationship between the presence of type II nests and either reproductive success or likelihood of nest predation. We discuss the implications of these results in light of previous suggestions regarding the function of multiple nest-building in birds.     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。     

Nestbox provisioning in a rural population of Eurasian Kestrels: breeding performance,nest predation and parasitism

The breeding biology of the Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculusin nestboxes in farmland was studied to test for differences between artificial and natural sites. We report on the direct effect of nestbox provisioning on some life-history traits and how nestbox use affects nest predation and parasitism. Five types of nest-sites were available: nestboxes on poles and trees (artificial sites), stick nests on trees, stick nests on pylons and holes in buildings (‘natural’ sites). The Kestrel population increased from 23 pairs in 1993 (prior to nestbox installation) to 55 in 1998 as nestboxes were provided. In general, pairs breeding in trees started to lay later than those nesting in nestboxes on poles or in building holes, but this difference was probably associated with habitat quality rather than nest type. Differences in clutch size were found between nest-sites in some years, and were associated with laying date and, probably, with variation in territory quality. Using only data from successful nests, pairs breeding in nestboxes produce more fledglings than those in building holes or pylons. The frequency of nest predation was higher in natural sites than in nestboxes. The number of fledglings from pairs breeding in nestboxes was higher than from those breeding in old stick nests in trees when all nests were considered. Nestbox provisioning had no effect on the occurrence of the ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus, but chicks from nestboxes showed higher intensity of infection. Our results suggest that nestbox provisioning increases reproductive success and the frequency of nest predation or intensity of parasite infestation in Kestrels.     

Nest site selection and patterns of nest re-use in the Hooded Crow Corvus cornix

Capsule: Hooded Crows Corvus cornix selected nesting trees based on species, height, grouping and distance from an occupied house. Nest re-use was common and pairs that re-used old nests produced more fledglings than those that built a new nest.

Aims: To determine the features of trees that influenced whether they were used by Hooded Crows as nest sites, to establish what factors influenced nest re-use between years and to explore potential costs or benefits of nest re-use.

Methods: In a large area of Orkney, Scotland, the features of trees that contained a Hooded Crow nest were compared to those of trees where nests were absent. Patterns of nest re-use between years were examined in relation to the availability of alternative sites, previous nesting success and the number of equivalent options to the tree used previously within 200?m of this site.

Results: Hooded Crows favoured spruce and pine trees as nest sites, above the most locally abundant tree species, elder and willow. Preference for trees increased with tree height, local tree density and distance from occupied houses. Over half of the crows studied re-used an old nest when one was available and crows that re-used an old nest fledged more offspring than those that built a new nest. The likelihood of a new nest being built increased as the number of potential locations to build increased. Territories where a nest survived the winter were more likely to be reoccupied the following year than those where nests fell, while territories with fewer trees around the old site were most likely to be abandoned, suggesting that those were territories of lower quality.

Conclusions: Hooded Crows displayed strong preferences for nest sites that might favour nesting success by offering concealment, shelter and protection from ground-based predators. Nest re-use was common, especially when alternative sites were scarce, and appeared to facilitate greater reproductive output.     

救护白鹤与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律差异分析

受伤和体弱白鹤的救护及放归是白鹤保护的重要方式之一。2014—2016年间,先后对8只救护白鹤和2只野生白鹤进行环志并安装卫星跟踪器,根据所获得的卫星跟踪数据来分析比较救护白鹤与野生白鹤在秋季迁徙路线和在重要中途停歇地的最大日活动距离、活动区分布和面积、生境类型等方面的异同。结果显示,救护白鹤放归当年与放归次年以及救护白鹤放归当年与野生白鹤的秋季迁徙路线和活动规律之间存在明显差异,但救护白鹤放归次年与野生白鹤之间差异不明显。(1)放归当年,4只救护白鹤在农田和水塘停歇1个月左右,停歇时长明显高于野生白鹤和放归次年的救护白鹤。(2)救护白鹤放归当年在跨海方式、登陆地点、停歇地点以及登陆后的迁徙方向上表现出多样性和不确定性,其中部分个体在迁徙过程中有停顿徘徊、迷失迁徙方向的现象,且跨越渤海和大别山的距离大于放归次年的救护白鹤和野生白鹤。(3)救护白鹤放归后4天内每日最大活动距离小,而后高低分化明显,无明显规律,而救护白鹤放归次年的每日最大活动距离规律变化与野生白鹤较一致。(4)与救护白鹤放归次年以及野生白鹤的活动规律相比,救护白鹤放归当年的栖息地位点变化频繁,具体表现为生境类型选择的多样化,且无明显规律,同时活动区面积较小。探索救护白鹤放归野外后与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律的差异,对救护白鹤的科学放归具有指导意义。     

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus and African White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus nesting at the Olifants River Private Nature Reserve,Limpopo province,South Africa

Basic ecological information is still lacking for many species of African vultures. The Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus is known as a rare breeding resident in north-eastern South Africa. This study set out to monitor the nests of Hooded Vultures and, secondarily, White-backed Vultures Gyps africanus in the Olifants River Private Nature Reserve over two breeding seasons in 2013 and 2014. A total of 12 Hooded Vulture nests, placed mostly in the tree Diospyros mespiliformis, were found along the Olifants River, with an average inter- nest distance of 0.76 km. Nest success was estimated to be between 0.44–0.89 offspring pair?1 y?1 in 2013 and 0.50–0.67 offspring pair?1 y?1 in 2014, which are the first estimates for Hooded Vultures in South Africa. It is thought that nests of this species have been under-reported due to the fact that they are placed within or below the canopy of densely leafed trees and hence difficult to view from aerial surveys. African White-backed Vultures also bred along the Olifants River, with nests placed in clusters of up to six. Nesting density of this species ranged from about 1.0 to 1.2 nests km?1 and nests were predominantly placed in Ficus sycomorus trees.     

Breeding ecology and nest aggregations in a population of Salaria pavo (Pisces: Blenniidae) in an area where nest sites are very scarce

In this paper we present data on the breeding ecology and patterns of nest aggregation in a population of Salaria pavo (Pisces: Blenniidae), in an area where hard substrates are very scarce. The study site was at Ria Formosa, an extensive littoral lagoon on the south coast of Portugal. The only hard materials available are bricks, tiles, stones and debris that clam culturists use to delimit their fields. The males of S. pavo establish nests intertidally in the holes of the bricks where they guard the eggs. Data were collected at low tide inspections of these artificial ridges and underwater behavioural observations during high tide. The main results are: (i) the same male can establish sequentially more than one nest in the same breeding season; the number of males that stay within the bricks increases before the start of the breeding season and declines towards its end; (ii) there is a large excess of mature males that do not establish nests and they are significantly smaller than the nesting males, suggesting very strong competition for nest sites; (iii) the nests of several males occur in adjacent holes of the same brick, sometimes being entirely surrounded by other nests. Thus, in this population, there is virtually no defended territory around the nest, a situation not known for other blenniid species. This pattern of nest aggregation implies both strong competition among males and reduction of aggression between neighbour parental fishes. This can be explained by the extreme scarcity and spatial distribution of available nest sites.     

Issue Information

The population of Yellow‐naped Amazons (Amazona auropalliata) declined by an estimated 50% between 1980 and 2000, and the current population is estimated to be between 10,000 and 50,000. Poaching of young has been a persistent problem, but the species is also threatened by habitat loss and degradation. Because most aspects of their life history, behavior, and ecology have not been examined in wild populations, we studied Yellow‐naped Amazons with the following objectives: (1) identify the species of trees used for nesting, (2) determine the size and potential function of breeding territories, (3) determine nesting success, and (4) examine their duetting behavior. We located nests at 16 sites on the Pacific Slope of Costa Rica from 1999 to 2008. We searched for nests from January to May. Every nest was visited at least once and some nests were visited every 2–3 weeks throughout the breeding season. We also collected territory and duetting data at one site (Ahogados). The breeding season of Yellow‐naped Amazons was during the dry season (January–May). Yellow‐naped Amazons nested in 21 species of trees, but 68% of nests were located in only five species, and cavities in dead coyols (Acrocomia aculeata) were used most often. We found no association between breeding success and the species of tree in which birds nested. Mean territory size was 25,578 m², and these small areas generally consisted of several trees surrounding a nest tree. Pairs continued to duet throughout the breeding season, suggesting that duetting is important for territory defense. The nest failure rate in our study was 89%, and most nest failures (64%) were due to poaching for the pet trade. We recommend immediate population management and conservation actions, including increased law enforcement to reduce nest poaching, protection of key nesting areas, educational programs, and habitat conservation.