中国的长柄象属(鞘翅目:象虫科, 短喙象亚科)

长柄象属 Mesagroicus Schoenherr是全北区的属,已记载37种,其中28种产于古北区的中亚细亚和小亚细亚地区,其余产于北美洲,我国尚无记载。近年来作者在鉴定甜菜害虫和整理馆藏标本中,发现我国有两种:一种为新种,另一种为中国新纪录。从它们的寄主和分布来看,有较重要的经济意义,现记述于后。 本属隶于短喙象亚科 Brachyderinae,拿巴象族 Naupactini。体型小,体长约3—6mm,主要特征为:眼靠近头部两侧,额宽于或窄于喙,触角柄节长过眼,前胸两侧前缘无     

稻水象属一新种的研究：鞘翅目;象虫科

本文把采自日本、朝鲜的稻水象与采自美洲的标本比较后发现，两者不仅外部形态，而且雌虫外生殖器特征差异明显，认为亚洲的稻水象为１新种，定名为伪稻水象Ｌｉｓｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｐｓｅｕｄｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ，ｓｐ．ｎ．。     

克无踪除草剂对农田生态系统土壤动物的影响

应用克无踪农药对农田生态系统土壤动物进行污染模拟实验。本次实验共获得土壤动物 1 2 91个 ,隶属 3门、7纲。结果表明 ,克无踪农药对土壤动物有明显影响 ,并随着克无踪溶液处理浓度的增加 ,土壤动物的种类和数量显著减少 ,但上、下层动物随染毒历时递减规律有所不同。染毒实验中土壤动物种类的减少主要由于常见类群和稀有类群的减少 ,土壤动物的数量变化则主要由于优势类群弹尾类和蜱螨类的数量消长所致。     

中国鼻象蜡蝉属一新种记述(半翅目:蜡蝉总科:象蜡蝉科)

记述采自贵州省贵阳森林公园和绥阳县宽阔水的鼻象蜡蝉属Saigona Matsumura 1新种,即囊突鼻象蜡蝉 Saigona saccus sp.nov..新种近似于瘤鼻象蜡蝉Saigona fulgoroides(Walker,1858),主要区别在阳茎基的结构上.前者阳茎基宛如一套子包裹在阳茎外面;后者阳茎基从侧面看,端部背面有一背部延伸的叶状突起,腹面具有小的叶状突起.详细描述了新种的外部形态特征,绘制了雄虫鉴别特征图.模式标本保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所.     

中国麝科动物分类的研究现状

中国麝科动物分类的研究现状李明，盛和林（华东师范大学生物系上海市２０００６２）关键词麝科动物，分类席科动物能分泌房香，席香是特效中药材，又是世界四大名贵香料之王，具有巨大的经济价值。我国是廉科动物最丰富的国家，已知所有膀种在我国都有分布，有些种是我国...     

中国短象蜡蝉属一新种记述(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科)

记述采自中国海南、贵州、广东的短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina Melichar(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科,象蜡蝉亚科)1新种,即六突短象蜡蝉D.hexasaca sp.nov.。编制了短象蜡蝉属分种检索表,提供了新种的鉴别特征图。新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

底栖动物对红树林生态系统的影响及生态学意义

底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分。本文总结了近年来国内外红树林底栖动物的生物多样性、分布模式及其影响因素的研究进展,并从以下5个方面阐述了底栖动物(尤其是相手蟹)对红树林生态系统的影响:1)维持系统初级生产;2)丰富系统有机物生产;3)影响红树植物生长;4)降低幼苗竞争压力;5)改变沉积物性质。除传统的群落结构、生物多样性和个体生物学研究外,目前红树林底栖动物生态学的研究正逐步向红树林沙蟹等其他海洋无脊椎动物的种间关系、底栖生物区系与栖息地间相互关系研究发展。有必要重新认识蟹类的生物扰动对红树林更新和红树林生态系统能量流动的积极意义。     

火对森林主要生态系统过程的影响

火及火生态学是当代生态系统生态学研究最为深入的领域之一.理解火生态效应及其基本原理,对降低野火灾害并适当利用火作为一种有效管理手段起着关键的作用.本文介绍了目前火对若干具倾火性的生态系统（尤其是位于北美的寒温带及温带森林生态系统）影响的研究进展,并着重论述了火作为一种主导性的力量在植被动态、养分循环、土壤及水分关系的紧密关联过程中所起的作用.火通过以下主要过程影响生态系统的组成、结构和功能,即选择性地保留和去除物种,释放贮于生物量中的养分且增进其循环,藉改变土壤微生物活动及水分关系等影响土壤性能,并形成异质的时空环境镶嵌格局,而这些变化反过来又进一步影响火行为及其生态效应.火作为一种毁灭性的力量能迅速消耗大量生物量,并导致继后的土壤侵蚀、水土流失和空气污染等负面影响;但火作为一种建设性力量,对维持一些对火有依赖性的生态系统的健康及持续具有极重要的作用.考虑到火在生态系统过程中的独特调节作用,火应被视为生态系统及其管理中有机组分之一.火对生态系统的影响取决于火情势（包括火发生的季节、规模大小、频率及强度等）、植被类型、气候条件、物理环境及评价所用的时空尺度.未来有必要加强有关火对一些特定生态系统的作用研究,尤其是基于长期试验性的监测和模型来研究火对生态系统时空变化的影响.     

东南亚短象蜡蝉属二新种(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科)

记述了采自东南亚地区象蜡蝉科Dictyopharidae短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina 2新种,长头短象蜡蝉D.longicephala sp.nov.和彭亨短象蜡蝉D.pahangensis sp.nov..研究标本保存于美国Bernice P.Bishop博物馆和中国科学院动物研究所.     

边缘效应及其对森林生态系统影响的研究进展

边缘效应是生态学和生物保护的重要概念之一,它在研究生态系统尺度和景观生态系统尺度的能量流和物质流等生态过程中具有重要作用.本文对边缘效应的内涵、特征、定量评价(包括定量分析基础、强度、影响区、模型等)、应用研究等方面进行阐述,分析了边缘效应研究中存在的不足,总结了边缘效应对森林生态系统的影响及其研究方向,以期为森林经营、保护区管理等生产实践提供借鉴.     

Elephant impact on dragonflies

African elephants and other indigenous megaherbivores have a major impact on local vegetation structure, including aquatic communities, as their big feet and large mass pound the fringes of water bodies. This disturbance is likely to have a profound influence on the structure and composition of insect assemblages in these habitats. We investigated which dragonfly (Odonata) species were tolerant of trampling by elephants and other game. Assemblage composition differed according to extremely high, very high or high disturbance levels. Dragonfly abundance was greatest where impact was high, and decreasing when disturbance became very high or extremely high. Several odonate species are well-adapted to fairly high levels of disturbance, although too much is impoverishing. Medium and low impact sites were geographically separated, and this, combined with much lower disturbance levels, had a considerable influence on promoting regional dragonfly diversity. Several regional specialist species only occurred in the geographically separated, low-impact sites. The full complement of dragonflies is present only when there is a combination of various disturbance levels combined with spatial variation. Elephant impact is similar to that of humans, with too much of either or both, leading to a species-poor, habitat-generalist dragonfly assemblage.     

广东省森林生态系统服务功能

广东省森林生态系统的服务功能在保障了广东省的经济发展的同时带来了巨大的直接或间接经济效益。参考Costanza等人的分类方法与经济参数,采用物质量和价值量结合的评价方法,根据1999年广东省森林资源档案数据及1998年遥感数据,对广东省森林生态系统的林副产品及木材的产品价值和生态旅游、涵养水源、水土保持、净化空气、营养元素循环等5方面服务功能的总价值进行评估。结果表明,1999年广东森林系统总体服务价值达374.19亿元(以1999年人民币为基准),其中经济林提供的价值为5.93亿元,只占总值的1.58%。在12种林型中面积最大价值也最大的松林总值为101.05亿元,单位面积价值最高的是红树林为8.27万元/公顷·年。考虑到迄今对生态系统服务功能了解的局限性以及计算方法和参数的缺陷,得出的估计值应偏低于实际价值。     

New evidence for hybrid zones of forest and savanna elephants in Central and West Africa

The African elephant consists of forest and savanna subspecies. Both subspecies are highly endangered due to severe poaching and habitat loss, and knowledge of their population structure is vital to their conservation. Previous studies have demonstrated marked genetic and morphological differences between forest and savanna elephants, and despite extensive sampling, genetic evidence of hybridization between them has been restricted largely to a few hybrids in the Garamba region of northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Here, we present new genetic data on hybridization from previously unsampled areas of Africa. Novel statistical methods applied to these data identify 46 hybrid samples – many more than have been previously identified – only two of which are from the Garamba region. The remaining 44 are from three other geographically distinct locations: a major hybrid zone along the border of the DRC and Uganda, a second potential hybrid zone in Central African Republic and a smaller fraction of hybrids in the Pendjari–Arli complex of West Africa. Most of the hybrids show evidence of interbreeding over more than one generation, demonstrating that hybrids are fertile. Mitochondrial and Y chromosome data demonstrate that the hybridization is bidirectional, involving males and females from both subspecies. We hypothesize that the hybrid zones may have been facilitated by poaching and habitat modification. The localized geography and rarity of hybrid zones, their possible facilitation from human pressures, and the high divergence and genetic distinctness of forest and savanna elephants throughout their ranges, are consistent with calls for separate species classification.     

Services performed by the ecosystem: forest remnants influence agricultural cultures' pollination and production

Ecosystem services are natural functions of an ecosystem that can be, secondarily, used for the benefit of humans. A recent estimate showed that ecosystem services equal, on average, 33 trillion dollars a year, with pollination being responsible for 112 billions dollars. The alteration of natural systems and the loss of pollinating species have caused a decrease in many crops' productivity. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pollination as an ecological service in agriculture, testing the hypothesis that the presence of forest remnants increases coffee agricultural productivity through an increase in pollination. This argument is based on the assumption that areas of preservation of native forest required by Brazilian law provide pollinators to local agroecosystems. Fruit production was compared among three different planting regimes: agrosilviculture, and conventional monoculture with and without preserved forest remnants nearby. The average flower production by branch was different among the farms and was not related to the planting methods. The first flowering was larger than the second, representing 81–98% of the flowers' total production. The farms near forest fragments had an increase of 14.6% in production that can be related to the pollinating services.     

兴安落叶松林生产力模拟及其生态效益评估

以兴安落叶松林为研究对象,基于森林资源清查资料和气候资料,建立了反映森林生物学特性(蓄积量和年龄)和气候因素(年均温和年均降水)综合作用的兴安落叶松林现实生产力模型;同时,评估了兴安落叶松林的生态系统公益,指出我国兴安落叶松林的生态系统公益总价值约为4499.8×106美元@a-1,其中生态效益(包括气候控制、土壤形成、废物处理、生物控制)的价值达2816.1×106美元@a-1,约占生态系统公益总价值的62.6%,是兴安落叶松林所创造的直接经济价值的2.56倍.社会经济价值的5.0倍.这表明全球气候变化将对兴安落松林的影响巨大,迫切需要研究全球变化下的兴安落叶松林对策.     

Large herbivores affect forest ecosystem functions by altering the structure of dung beetle communities

Dramatic increases in populations of large mammalian herbivores have become a major ecological issue, particularly in the northern hemisphere, due to their substantial impacts on both animal and plant communities through processes such as grazing, browsing, and trampling. However, little is known about the consequences of these population explosions on ecosystem functions. Here, we experimentally investigated how the population density of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in temperate deciduous forest areas in Japan affected the decomposition of mammal dung by dung beetles, which is a key process in forest ecosystems. We measured a range of environmental variables (e.g., vegetation cover, soil hardness) and the dung decomposition rate, measured as the amount of deer dung decomposed during one week, and sampled dung beetles at 16 study sites with three different deer densities (high/intermediate/low). We then used structural equation modeling to investigate the relationships between deer density, environmental variables, the biomass of dung beetles (classified into small or large species), and the dung decomposition rate. We found that the biomass of small species increased with increasing deer density, whereas that of large species was not related to deer density. Furthermore, the dung decomposition rate was positively related to the biomass of small species but unrelated to that of large species. Overall, our results showed that an increase in deer density affects the decomposition rate of mammal dung by changing the structure of dung beetle communities (i.e., increasing the number of small dung beetles). Such an understanding of how increases in large herbivore populations affect ecosystem functions is important for accurately evaluating the ecological consequences of their overabundance and ultimately managing their populations appropriately.     

典型森林和草地生态系统呼吸各组分间的相互关系

生态系统呼吸是陆地生态系统碳收支的重要组成部分,分析其组分间的相互关系对理解生态系统呼吸过程和精确评价生态系统碳收支具有重要意义,也是当前碳循环研究工作的一大难点。本研究利用ChinaFLUX的长白山温带针阔混交林（CBS）,鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林（DHS）和海北灌丛草甸（HBGC）三个典型生态系统的通量观测数据,采用经验统计方法,分析了其在中国典型生态系统中的适用性及敏感性,揭示了生态系统呼吸各组分的动态变化特征及相互关系。结果表明：采用本研究中的呼吸组分拆分方法所获结果与理论推测及实测数据大致相同,拆分结果对净初级生产力与总初级生产力的比值（NPP/GPP）较为敏感,NPP/GPP变化0.1时,自养呼吸在生态系统呼吸中的比例（Ra/RE）改变0.05。各生态系统中,生态系统呼吸及其组分在年内均表现出明显的单峰型变化特征,在夏季生长旺盛的时节达到最大值。异养呼吸与生态系统呼吸的比值（Rh/RE）也具有明显的季节变化,但在生态系统间表现出明显差异,CBS和HBGC分别表现出先增大后减小和先减小后增大的变化趋势,DHS则相对稳定,在0.5附近波动, Ra/RE的季节动态与Rh/RE相反。在年总量上,HBGC主要通过异养呼吸向大气排放CO2,异养呼吸占生态系统呼吸的60%,而CBS和DHS的自养呼吸和异养呼吸所占比重大致相似,异养呼吸占生态系统呼吸的49%。这说明,该统计学模型可以用来进行生态系统呼吸组分的拆分,进而可以为生态系统碳循环过程的精细研究提供参考数据,但今后应加强NPP/GPP的测定,以提高生态系统呼吸拆分的精度。     

溢油对南海海洋生态系统的影响及珠江口溢油现状

详细介绍了溢油的化学组成及其进入水体后的变化过程,在此基础上简述了溢油对海洋中的初级生产力、鸟类、贝类和鱼类等生物的影响,以及对红树林和珊瑚礁等重要生态系统的破坏,并说明了溢油对生物和生态系统的破坏机制.统计了近年来在珠江口及其附近海域发生的溢油事件,综述了国内外有关的研究成果并科学阐明了溢油对南海海洋生态系统可能产生的影响,为相关部门研究相应的溢油应急对策及控制方法提供参考.     

旅游活动对卧龙自然保护区社区居民的经济影响

旅游活动是提高自然保护区社区居民收入、缓解保护区与社区矛盾、促进生物多样性保护的重要途径之一.为评价旅游活动对自然保护区社区经济提升的现实效果,以卧龙自然保护区为案例,采用问卷调查的方法,通过分析保护区内旅游从业人员的经济收入、就业机会以及收入分配等,从一定程度上揭示旅游活动对该保护区社区居民的直接经济影响.结果表明,生态旅游可以给保护区的部分居民带来一定的经济收入,但这部分收入总量较低:保护区内的居民多从事一些较简单的旅游相关活动,对技能要求较高的活动则大多由来自保护区外的人员从事:旅游活动带来的经济收入不论是在当地相关从业人员之间还是在当地人与来自保护区外的人员之间的分配都表现出了一定的不公平性,居住位置、启动资金和技术技能是造成这种不公平现象的主要原因.依据以上调查及分析结果,论文提出了开发旅游项目、建立培训机制、设立专项基金以及逐步移民等相应对策.