树鼩IgG纯化鉴定及其多克隆抗体制备和检测

目的:比较两种抗体纯化方法在分离纯化树鼩IgG抗体的应用,制备抗IgG的多克隆抗体及检测。方法:采用两种商品化IgG抗体纯化试剂盒分离树鼩血清IgG抗体,采用SDS-PAGE和蛋白定量测定提纯IgG。以树鼩IgG作为抗原,与等量弗氏完全佐剂(第一次)、弗氏不完全佐剂(第二次)混合皮下注射免疫兔,对分离血清进行多克隆抗体纯化及Western Blot检测及定量分析。结果:两种方法均能有效分离纯化树鼩IgG,在经过Montage PROSEP-A试剂纯化后的IgG在纯度和含量方面均优于Protein A/G Matrix试剂。通过纯化后的树鼩IgG免疫兔制备的抗IgG抗体能有效识别树鼩IgG。结论:纯化的树鼩IgG具有良好免疫原性,由此制备的抗体具有高度特异性。研究结果为利用树鼩作为实验动物提供了必要的实验基础。     

重组酶Exo的纯化及多克隆抗体制备

目的:纯化Exo重组酶融合蛋白并制备相应抗体。方法:用阴离子交换柱对蛋白进行初步纯化,然后用Ni-NTA介质填充的层析柱分离纯化含His标签的融合蛋白,用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖4B介质填充的层析柱分离纯化GST融合蛋白;二次纯化的蛋白利用硝酸纤维素膜结合法制备抗原蛋白并免疫实验动物。结果:ELISA结果显示血清抗体效价可达到1∶12 800,说明通过Western免疫印迹自制的多克隆抗体能特异地与Exo重组蛋白相互作用。结论:该蛋白纯化方法操作简单,制备的抗原纯度高,多克隆抗体特异性好。     

抗人DR5多克隆抗体的制备与纯化

目的:分离纯化融合蛋白GST-eDR5,免疫小鼠制备抗人DR5多克隆抗体.方法:用GST纯化试剂盒和电泳两次纯化的融合蛋白GST-eDR5免疫小鼠,制备抗CST-eDR5抗血清,然后用GST纯化得到抗人DR5抗血清.通过Westem blot、ELISA方法鉴定抗血清特异性和效价.结果:通过亲和纯化得到了高纯度的融合蛋白GST-eDR5,其浓度为0.65μg/μl.免疫产生的DR5抗血清特异性高,且效价高达1:25600,纯化后的抗人DR5抗血清不再识别GST,只识别人DR5.结论:成功制备了高特异性、高效价的抗人DR5多克隆抗体,为深入研究其对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制和凋亡作用提供了实验工具.     

肺炎链球菌SpxA蛋白的原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 构建肺炎链球菌SpxA蛋白的原核表达系统,制备其多克隆抗体.方法 设计引物,利用PCR技术扩增肺炎链球菌D39菌株的spxA基因,并插入表达载体pET-28a（＋）内,测序鉴定.重组质粒转化至大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）中,以IPTG诱导表达含6个组氨酸标签的SpxA重组蛋白,经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化后,以其为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体.用ELISA及Western印迹方法分别检测多克隆抗体的效价及特异性.结果 从大肠埃希菌中诱导出高表达的SpxA重组蛋白,纯化后免疫小鼠获得抗血清,ELISA测定其效价可达1：2 560 000以上,Western印迹结果显示其能特异性地作用于肺炎链球菌SpxA.结论 成功构建了pET-28a（＋）-spxA原核表达质粒,获得了高纯度的目的 蛋白和高滴度、高特异性的多克隆抗体.     

SDHB蛋白的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备

SDHB(succinate dehydrogenage complex,subunit B)基因可能介导呼吸链生物功能和调控细胞生长.采用PCR技术扩增出SDHB基因,并将其连接到pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体中,经酶切及测序鉴定后,转化BL21细菌,并用IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠亲和纯化,将纯化的融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,并用Western blot检测抗体.获得了SDHB原核表达重组融合蛋白及高效价的特异性兔抗SDHB多克隆抗体,为SDHB进一步的功能研究奠定了基础.     

PHD finger protein 8蛋白多克隆抗体的制备、纯化与检测

PHD finger8(PHF8)蛋白是最新发现的一种带有PHD结构域和Jmjc结构域的蛋白。现有研究表明其可能在基因转录、组蛋白去甲基化等方面发挥重要作用。为研究其功能,本研究构建原核表达载体pET41b-PHF8(aa886-936),在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中诱导表达带有GST标签的PHF8(aa886-936)亲水片段融合蛋白,并纯化该片段作为抗原免疫家兔,再以CNBr活化Sepharose4B微珠纯化抗血清制备PHF8特异性多克隆抗体。Western blotting以及免疫荧光检测表明该抗体具有很好的特异性,同时免疫荧光染色的结果也表明PHF8蛋白定位于细胞核。     

鸡贫血病毒衣壳蛋白的表达纯化及多克隆抗体制备

利用PCR技术,以pPrpo-VP1为模板扩增得到鸡贫血病毒的衣壳蛋白基因(VP1),以T4多聚核苷酸激酶磷酸化处理、纯化后,克隆至表达载体pET-30a(+) 中,从而构建了原核表达质粒pET30-VP1.将pET30-VP1转化至感受态细胞E.coli BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE分析,可见约45kDa的目的蛋白获得表达.该蛋白经亲和层析纯化后,免疫6-8w的雌性Balb/c鼠,三次免疫后,采血分离血清,制得抗VP1的多克隆血清.以纯化的VP1为包被抗原,用ELISA方法检测,制备的血清效价达12800×以上.以Western blot 检测,该血清可与目的蛋白发生特异性反应,证明其具有良好的免疫原性.VP1蛋白的成功表达及其多克隆抗体的制备为进一步研究VP1蛋白的功能及开展CAV疫苗及诊断制剂的研制奠定了基础.     

鸡贫血病毒衣壳蛋白的表达纯化及多克隆抗体制备

利用PCR技术,以pPrpo-VP1为模板扩增得到鸡贫血病毒的衣壳蛋白基因(VP1),以T4多聚核苷酸激酶磷酸化处理、纯化后,克隆至表达载体pET-30a( )中,从而构建了原核表达质粒pET30-VP1。将pET30-VP1转化至感受态细胞E.coliBL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE分析,可见约45kDa的目的蛋白获得表达。该蛋白经亲和层析纯化后,免疫6-8w的雌性Balb/c鼠,三次免疫后,采血分离血清,制得抗VP1的多克隆血清。以纯化的VP1为包被抗原,用ELISA方法检测,制备的血清效价达12800×以上。以Westernblot检测,该血清可与目的蛋白发生特异性反应,证明其具有良好的免疫原性。VP1蛋白的成功表达及其多克隆抗体的制备为进一步研究VP1蛋白的功能及开展CAV疫苗及诊断制剂的研制奠定了基础。     

Nodal蛋白的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备

斑马鱼心脏发育模型中Nodal编码转录因子调节心脏的左右不对称发育,为了进一步研究Nodal信号途径在心脏发育中的调控作用和心脏疾病发生的分子机制,需要获得斑马鱼Nodal蛋白并制备其抗体.采用从斑马鱼心脏组织中提取RNA,通过反转录得到心脏组织各种表达基因的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增得到Nodal部分编码区序列,然后将其连接到pET-28a载体上获得原核表达.经酶切及测序鉴定后,转化Rosseta细菌,并用IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,Ni-IDA凝胶柱亲和纯化,将纯化的融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,并用Western blotting检测抗体.获得了Nodal原核表达重组融合蛋白及高效价的特异性兔抗Nodal多克隆抗体,为Nodal功能的进一步研究奠定了基础.     

D1蛋白酶的克隆表达、纯化、生物活性测定及多克隆抗体的制备

为了开发以D1蛋白酶作为靶标的新型除草剂,需要对先导化合物的生物活性进行检测和筛选。从菠菜中提取总RNA,逆转录合成cDNA,采用PCR扩增了CtpA的基因,连接至表达载体pET-28a中,构建了重组表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行高效表达,通过降低IPTG和诱导温度获得了可溶性表达的重组蛋白酶。采用Ni-NTA亲和层析和凝胶过滤柱层析对重组蛋白进行了纯化,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting结果证实目的蛋白为含有His-tag的融合蛋白。以合成的D1前体蛋白羧基端24肽作为模拟底物,采用高效液相色谱法测定了其水解活性,结果表明活性可达1.10nmol/(mg·min),为文献报道数据的15倍。纯化后的CtpA蛋白免疫日本的长耳大白兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA法测定其血清抗体的效价高达1:100000。该结果为抑制剂先导化合物的筛选和酶蛋白与化合物的作用机理研究提供了必要的基础。     

志贺氏毒素B亚单位的分离纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备

从高效表达志贺氏毒素Ｂ亚单位（ＳｔｘＢ）的工程菌株ＤＨ５α／ｐＳＵ１０８分离纯化了ＳｔｘＢ,并用它制备了多克隆抗体。ＥＬＩＳＡ试验表明抗ＳｔｘＢ抗血清的滴度达１×１０４。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ结果显示该抗血清能与ＳｔｘＢ发生特异反应。这为研究志贺氏毒素Ｂ亚单位的免疫保护作用和痢疾志贺氏Ⅰ型菌苗的研制打下了基础     

野双峰驼各分布区的生存环境差异及评价

世界上野双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus ferus)目前仅分布于中国新疆境内及中蒙边境,即：中国新疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠、阿尔金山北麓、戛顺戈壁、中蒙边境及蒙古国西部的外阿尔泰戈壁。总数共计730～880头。目前已为极度濒危物种。本文对野驼在不同分布区由于生境及人类活动影响所造成的差异加以对比研究并进行评价,为野骆驼保护提供依据。     

Recombinant expression and purification of human placental growth factor 1 and specific camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody preparation

Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Unlike VEGF, PlGF is dispensable for normal cell development as well as playing various roles in pathological angiogenesis which occurs in tissue ischemia, inflammation, and malignancy. The PlGF-1 has been considered as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and targeting of pathological angiogenesis. Camelidae serum contains an important fraction of functional antibodies, called heavy-chain antibodies (HcAbs) that are naturally devoid of light chains. Camelid HcAbs recognize their cognate antigens by a single variable-domain, referred to as VHH or Nanobody.Here, we describe the expression and purification of recombinant human PlGF-1 (rhPlGF-1). This protein was subsequently used for the preparation of camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody against rhPlGF-1.The recombinant expression plasmid pET-26b-hPlGF-1 was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 cells to express the rhPlGF-1 protein. Purified rhPlGF-1 was used to immunize camel, the specific reactivity of HcAb was determined with ELISA and western blot. Western blot analysis indicated that the antiserum specifically reacted to the recombinant protein. The rhPlGF-1 protein and its antibody may be used for the development of detection assays needed for clinical research.     

双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1抗体的制备及其表达分布北大核心CSCD

双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus)经过长期的自然选择,具备了许多特殊的生物学特性,比如极强的耐渴、耐饥饿以及适应恶劣气候等能力。Nesfatin-1是一种由82个氨基酸组成的肽,通过其前体物质NUCB2在Lys 83~Arg 84位点的前激素转化酶(PCs)的蛋白质水解而来,其可以调节机体的能量代谢效率,对食欲有抑制作用。研究双峰驼体内NUCB2/Nesfatin-1的分布与表达,以探究双峰驼体内是否具有特有的能量代谢方式,是否与其不会发生代谢性疾病有一定的联系。使用化学合成的方法合成双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白特定表位的半抗原多肽,使用马来酰亚胺法将半抗原与血蓝蛋白(KLH)偶联,通过免疫动物制备针对NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白单一抗原表位的多克隆抗体,应用Western Blot方法检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白在双峰驼下丘脑(弓状核、孤束核、腹内侧核)、前峰脂肪、后峰脂肪、胃(胃底腺周围组织)、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠、直肠、胰腺、肝以及腹部脂肪组织中的表达情况,使用荧光定量PCR技术检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 mRNA在双峰驼上述组织中的表达情况。结果采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件的t检验分析。合成的双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白特定表位的多肽杂峰很少,经过计算其纯度大于95%。多肽的质荷比[M+4H]^(4+)和[M+3H]^(3+)符合预期。经过间接ELISA法测定制备的针对NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的多克隆抗体的效价为5.12×10^(5),成功制备多克隆抗体。使用制备的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1多克隆抗体检测双峰驼体内的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的分布,其中,在双峰驼脂肪组织和胰腺组织中表达较为显著。荧光定量PCR检测双峰驼体内的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 mRNA的分布,在所检测的组织中均有基因表达,其中,在腹部脂肪和肝组织的相对表达量较高。本研究通过分析抗原表位及合成多肽的方式,成功制备了针对双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的特异性抗体,且该抗体的效价高、特异性强。通过成功制备的特异性抗体在蛋白层次上检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1在双峰驼体内的分布情况,再使用荧光定量PCR方法在基因层次检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1在双峰驼体内的分布情况。通过对结果的分析后发现,NUCB2/Nesfatin-1可能在双峰驼的耐渴、耐饥饿的机制调节中起到了抑制食欲的作用,使得双峰驼可以忍受长时间的饥饿,在双峰驼的外周脂肪组织中高表达,推测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白在双峰驼体内可能通过抑制脂肪细胞的分化,促进脂肪细胞中脂滴的水解为机体提供能量,其具体在脂肪细胞中的功能有待我们的进一步研究。     

采用微卫星标记分析10个双峰驼群体的遗传变异和群体间的遗传关系

为从分子水平上对我国双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus)群体的遗传多样性、群体间遗传关系、群体遗传分化及近交情况进行全面、系统地研究,为双峰驼种质资源保护和新品种培育提供基础数据,本文利用18对微卫星引物,分析了我国9个双峰驼群体和1个蒙古双峰驼群体的遗传多样性和遗传关系。结果显示:10个群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,共检测到242个等位基因,平均等位基因数为13.44,平均有效等位基因数为4.18,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.5528。10个群体间存在显著的遗传分化,有9.6%的遗传变异来自群体间,90.4%的遗传变异来自群体内部的个体间。聚类分析、主成分分析和群体遗传结构分析结果都表明10个群体被分成2个明显的分支,新疆4个群体单独聚为一类,剩下的6个群体聚为一类。这一结果可能与它们的地理分布和群体间的地理屏障有关。     

Prokaryotic expression and purification of HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G,preparation of polyclonal antibodies

To prepare HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G and to produce their antibodies, the full length gene fragment of HIV-1 Vif was amplified by PCR from a plasmid of HIV-1 NL4.3 cDNA, and the APOBEC3G gene was obtained by RT-PCR from the total RNA of H9 cells. The resulting DNA construct was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET-32a). Recombinant pET-vif and pET-APOBEC3G were expressed respectively in Eserichia coli BL21 (DE3) as an insoluble protein. The vector also contained a six-histidine tag at the C-terminus for convenient purification and detection. To express and purify the HIV-1 Vif and hAPOBEC3G in E. coli cells, the accuracy of inserted gene and specificity of proteins were detected by the two enzyme digestion method, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. Rabbits were then immunized by Vif or APOBEC3G protein and serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA to determine the level of antibodies. Immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence assays were performed to identify the specificity of polyclonal antibodies. The titer of the anti-Vif antibodies was 1:204800, and that of the anti-APOBEC3G antibodies was 1:102400. Thus the antibodies could detect the antigen expression in the cells, demonstrating that fusion proteins with high purity and their corresponding polyclonal antibodies with high titer and specificity were achieved.     

Ataxin-3融合蛋白表达、纯化及抗血清的制备

目的:表达GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白并制备GST-ataxin-3特异性抗体,为深入研究其功能及其在SCA3发病机制中的作用提供重要的技术和材料保障.方法:将人ataxin-3氨基端基因克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2,在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21中表达,用Glutathione sepharose4B凝胶亲和柱纯化目的蛋白.利用纯化的GST-ataxin-3-N蛋白制备多克隆抗体.结果:成功构建了原核表达载体,得到高表达量的融合蛋白,经亲和层析柱纯化获得较高纯度的GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白.以融合蛋白免疫新西兰兔得到Ataxin-3-N多克隆抗体,Western Blotting及免疫荧光均证实该抗体能够识别Ataxin-3-myc蛋白,具有较高特异性.结论:利用原核表达人GST-ataxin-3-N融合蛋白制备的Ataxin-3多克隆抗体具有较好的特异性,可用于该蛋白的相关研究.     

Population genetic analysis of the domestic Bactrian camel in China by RAD‐seq

Restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) is one of the most effective high‐throughput sequencing technologies for SNP development and utilization and has been applied to studying the origin and evolution of various species. The domestic Bactrian camels play an important role in economic trade and cultural construction. They are precious species resources and indispensable animals in China's agricultural production. Recently, the rapid development of modern transportation and agriculture, and the deterioration of the environment have led to a sharp decline in the number of camels. Although there have been some reports on the evolution history of the domestic Bactrian camel in China, the origin, evolutionary relationship, and genetic diversity of the camels are unclear due to the limitations of sample size and sequencing technology. Therefore, 47 samples of seven domestic Bactrian camel species from four regions (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang) were prepared for RAD‐seq analysis to study the evolutionary relationship and genetic diversity. In addition, seven domestic Bactrian camel species are located in different ecological zones, forming different characteristics and having potential development value. A total of 6,487,849 SNPs were genotyped. On the one hand, the filtered SNP information was used to conduct polymorphism mapping construction, LD attenuation analysis, and nucleotide diversity analysis. The results showed that the number of SNPs in Dongjiang camel was the highest, the LD coefficient decayed the fastest, and the nucleotide diversity was the highest. It indicates that Dongjiang camel has the highest genetic diversity. On the other hand, the filtered SNPs information was used to construct the phylogenetic tree, and F_ST analysis, inbreeding coefficient analysis, principal component analysis, and population structure analysis were carried out. The results showed that Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camels grouped together, and the other five Bactrian camel populations gathered into another branch. It may be because the mountains in the northern part of Xinjiang and the desert in the middle isolate the two groups from the other five groups.     

Expression of the NSE,SP,NFH and DβH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.     

Characterization of heavy-chain antibody gene repertoires in Bactrian camels

Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs). Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago, the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored. To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs (VHHs), germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed. Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species. While species-specific hallmark sites are identified, the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas. Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels, higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones. This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids, but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.