老年和青年大鼠大脑皮质脂肪酸组成及含量的对比分析

大脑功能与脑内脂肪酸成分密切相关,分析研究老年时脑脂肪酸组成及含量有助于阐明不同类型脂肪酸在老年认知能力降低过程中的作用.采用Y型电迷宫测试老年组(22月龄)和青年组(3月龄)大鼠的学习记忆能力,表明老年组大鼠的学习记忆能力显著下降.用气相色谱的方法分析大鼠大脑皮质脂肪酸的组成及含量,显示老年组和青年组大脑皮质均含有16种脂肪酸.以C23:0为内标对各种脂肪酸进行了定量,老年组总脂肪酸含量比青年组降低约15%,各脂肪酸中含量下降的脂肪酸有长链饱和脂肪酸(C14:0、C16:0、C18:0)及多不饱和脂肪酸(C18:3、C20:4、C22:4、C22:6),含量升高的脂肪酸有单不饱和脂肪酸C20:1、C24:1.用峰面积归一法计算了各脂肪酸的相对含量,老年组相对含量下降的脂肪酸有C18:0、C20:4、C22:6,相对含量升高的有极长链饱和脂肪酸(C20:0、C24:0)及单不饱和脂肪酸(C16:1、C18:1、C20:1、C22:1、C24:1).相关性分析显示,大鼠学习能力与脑皮质C22:6、C22:4、C20:4水平呈正相关,与C20:1、C24:1水平呈负相关.上述结果为阐明不同脂肪酸在老年大脑认知功能障碍中的作用提供了实验依据。     

13种微藻的脂肪酸组成分析

分析了13种微藻(包括7种绿藻,5种杂色藻和1种红藻)的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成,结果表明,不同门类微藻的脂肪酸组成差异较大:绿藻的脂肪酸组成以C16和C18为主;杂色藻类的脂肪酸组成相近,金藻门含有14:0、16:0、18:1、18:4等特征脂肪酸,三角褐指藻主要的脂肪酸为14:0、16:0、16:1、16:3和20:5,而粉核油球藻的脂肪酸以14:0、16:0、20:5为主;紫球藻的脂肪酸组成以16:0、20:4和20:5为主。在测试的13种微藻中,杜氏盐藻的亚麻酸含量最高,占总脂肪酸的60.9%;等鞭金藻的十八碳四烯酸含量最高,占总脂肪酸的19.6%;紫球藻和粉核油球藻中花生四烯酸与二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量分别占总脂肪酸的17.1%和20.9%。     

灵芝孢子油脂肪酸组分的分析

采用气相色谱与质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,从超临界CO2萃取孢子油中鉴定出18种脂肪酸成分,包括6种不饱和脂肪酸、7种饱和脂肪酸、2种环链脂肪酸,以及己酸、辛酸、壬酸等短链脂肪酸。GC定量分析结果表明:灵芝孢子油中检出9种已知脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸总量为73.6%;其中,主体成分油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)等含量分别为57.5%、13.4%、19.6%;此外,不饱和脂肪酸十六碳烯酸(C16∶1)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)等不饱和脂肪酸含量为2.2%、0.5%。     

绒毛番龙眼种仁油中脂肪酸组成和脂肪酸二氢(口恶)唑衍生物的GC-MS分析

本文报道绒毛番龙眼种仁油的脂肪酸组成脂肪酸双键位置,采用“远端基团修饰”的方法经GC/MS测定,它的种仁油的主要脂肪酸含量(%)如下:C16:0 3.94,C16:1(9)4.134,C18:0 3.31,C18:1(9) 19.18,C18:1(11) 13.49,C20:0 32.25,C20 :1(11) 2.21,C20:1(13) 8.43,C22:0 6.13,C22:1(13) 1.16,C22:1(15) 5.14.     

绒毛番龙眼种仁油中脂肪酸组成和脂肪酸二氢(口恶)唑衍生物的GC-MS分析

本文报道绒毛番龙眼种仁油的脂肪酸组成脂肪酸双键位置,采用“远端基团修饰”的方法经GC/MS测定,它的种仁油的主要脂肪酸含量(%)如下:C16:0 3.94,C16:1(9)4.134,C18:0 3.31,C18:1(9) 19.18,C18:1(11) 13.49,C20:0 32.25,C20 :1(11) 2.21,C20:1(13) 8.43,C22:0 6.13,C22:1(13) 1.16,C22:1(15) 5.14.     

杨梅核脂肪酸及蜡质成分分析

采用GC-MS联用技术,对杨梅(Myrica rubra)核中的脂肪酸及蜡质成分进行了分析.结果表明,杨梅核中脂肪酸和蜡质的总含量为31.10%,其中含有8种脂肪酸和3种长链烷烃,主要为棕榈酸(C16:0)28.22%、亚油酸(C182)14.4%、顺式-油酸(C18:1)25.74%、芥酸(C22:1)15.68%、十七烷5.2%、十八烷5.87%和十九烷4.71%,是一种优质和价廉的脂肪酸来源.     

中华绒螯蟹受精卵、流产卵氨基酸及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱仪和氨基酸分析仪测定中华绒螯蟹不同种群 (太湖种群和温州种群 )受精卵和温州种群流产卵脂肪酸及氨基酸的组成。结果表明 ,中华绒螯蟹太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵和温州种群流产卵在必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸的含量上无显著差异 ,而谷氨酸 (Glu)、胱氨酸 (Cys)和丝氨酸 (Ser)三种非必需氨基酸的含量差异显著。太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵及温州种群流产卵的脂肪酸种类分别为 16、13和 14种。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的 18 96 %— 2 3 0 9% ,单烯酸 (MUFA)占 5 1 76 %— 6 2 6 5 % ,多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)占14 2 7%— 2 8 96 % ,其中最主要的脂肪酸为C16∶0、C16∶1和C18∶1。除C2 0∶1外 ,其他脂肪酸含量在三者之间都有显著差异。太湖种群受精卵的C18∶2、C18∶3显著高于温州种群受精卵 ,而温州种群流产卵的DHA要显著高于太湖种群受精卵。温州种群受精卵和流产卵在C16以下的脂肪酸 ,其含量均无显著差异。此外 ,本文还讨论了脂肪酸及氨基酸含量与流产的关系及脂肪酸组成对出苗率的影响。     

培养条件对青枯雷尔氏菌脂肪酸组成的影响

应用气相色谱技术测定不同温度、培养时间、pH值等培养条件下青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)脂肪酸的结果表明: 青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株Rs-J.1.4-010704-01v的脂肪酸种类有14~34种, 主要特征脂肪酸为C16:1ω7c/C15:0 ISO 2OH(10.644 min), C16:0(10.950 min), C18:1ω7c(14.177 min), 所占总百分比含量为总脂肪酸的55.66%~75.69%; 该菌脂肪酸的种类与含量随着培养条件的改变而发生变化,     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼油脂成分分析

采用铁锅炼制提取斑点叉尾鮰内脏鱼油,然后加酸使其甲酯化,以气相色谱/质谱法分析鱼油中的脂肪酸.结果斑点叉尾鮰内脏纯油脂中鱼油达到99%.从鱼油中共鉴定出15种成分,有饱和脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸,还有少量烷烃类物质.不饱和脂肪酸含量为76.40%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸为18.03%,以C18∶ 2(16.23%)为主,单不饱和脂肪酸为58.37%,以C18∶ 1(54.88%)为主.饱和脂肪酸含量为20.91%,主要有C16∶ 0 (15.84%)和C18∶ 0(4.29%),多是低于C18以上的中长链脂肪酸.因此斑点叉尾鮰油脂可作功能性脂肪酸的重要膳食来源.     

五种底栖硅藻(鲍鱼饵料)的脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱分析了5种从鲍鱼育苗池中分离获得的底栖硅藻的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,作为鲍鱼饵料的5种硅藻的C_(16:0)和C_(16:1)含量都很高,达总脂肪酸的40%~80%,是5种硅藻中脂肪酸的主要成分。C20:5的含量均较高,而C_(22:6)含量均很低。其中,咖啡双眉藻的C_(20:5)明显高于其他4种,且C_(20:5)、C_(20:4)、C_(18:2)、C_(18:3)等4种脂肪酸的总含量也最高。而C_(16:0)、C_(18:0)、C_(18:1)、C_(20:4)、C_(20:5)、C_(22:5)脂肪酸的总含量及C_(16)系列脂肪酸和C_(20)系列高不饱和脂肪酸的总含量在舟形藻(MMDL51102)中最高。     

福建海域小管枪乌贼肌肉营养成分分析及评价

为了解小管枪乌贼（Loligo oshimai）肌肉营养价值,采用常规生化分析方法对其肌肉的营养成分进行了测定和分析。结果显示,小管枪乌贼肌肉鲜样样品中的水分、粗蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量分别为（75.50±2.35）%、（19.29±0.98）%、（0.94±0.11）%和（1.80±0.09）%。肌肉中氨基酸含量丰富,共检测出18种氨基酸,含量占干样品的64.32%,4种呈味氨基酸含量为25.16%;必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为69.77,接近氨基酸标准模式;检测出26种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）8种,单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）6种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）12种,含量分别为42.65%、6.48%和41.55%,不饱和脂肪酸中的二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）占脂肪总量的40.47%;肌肉中矿物元素含量丰富,其中钾（19 420 mg/kg）、锌（43.07 mg/kg）和硒（1.043 mg/kg）含量较高;此外检测的5维生素中V_B6（127.87 mg/kg）和V_B3（91.93 mg/kg）含量丰富。因此,小管枪乌贼肌肉中蛋白质含量丰富、脂肪酸组成比例适宜、矿物元素和维生素含量较高,是一种营养价值全面、味道鲜美、具有较高保健价值的水产品。     

Seasonal changes in lipid content and composition of the polychaete Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor

The lipid content and composition of Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor O. F. Müller (Annelida, Polychaeta, Nereidae) a mud-dwelling, intertidal errant polychaete in the Tagus estuary (Portugal), were examined on the monthly basis by lipid extraction, TLC and capillary GC. In this estuary, N. diversicolor is by far the dominant species among polychaeta and the main food item in the natural diet of several flatfishes. The biochemical elucidation of its lipid structure and distribution throughout the year, described in this study, provides information not only about the physiological role of lipids in the animal under consideration but also about dietary fatty acid requirements of some flatfishes in the wild and under laboratory conditions.The total lipid content varied between a maximum of 19.3% lyophilized dry weight in February (4.4% fresh weight) and a minimum of 6.6% in August (1.9% fresh weight). The major lipid classes were triacylglycerol, phospholipid, free sterol, free fatty acid, sterol ester/wax ester and alkyldiacylglycerol.The fatty acid composition was rather unsaturated with a 1:2 mean ratio of n-3: n-6. The major fatty acids were C160:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, and C20:5n-3; there were smaller amounts of C180:0, C18:1n-11, C18:1n-7, C18:3n-3, C20:1, C20:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C22:2, C22:5n-3, and many other fatty acids were detected at trace levels. The unsaturation ranged from 36.9 mg/g dry weight in summer to 107.4 mg/g in winter. An accumulation of fatty acids from plant origin was evident, in particular linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), which was quantitatively one of the major fatty acids throughout the year.     

Production of extracellular higher fatty acids by yeasts grown on hexadecanoic acid

Production of exocellular higher fatty acids by Candida yeasts was studied during their growth in a mineral medium with hexadecane. The qualitative and quantitative composition of exocellular higher fatty acids was investigated during cultivation of Candida lipolytica VCM Y 2378(695) under the conditions of different aeration (5 and 80% saturation of the medium with oxygen). Palmitic (C16:0), palmitooleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids predominated among other higher fatty acids. The overall amount of fatty acids increased and the content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased when the yeast growth was limited with oxygen.     

Effect of grazing pastures with different botanical composition by lambs on rumen fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid pattern of longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat

In order to study the effect of grazing pastures with a different botanical composition on rumen and intramuscular fatty acid metabolism, 21 male lambs were assigned to three botanically different pastures: botanically diverse (BD) (consisting for 65% of a variety of grass species); Leguminosa rich (L) (consisting for 61% of Leguminosae) and intensive English ryegrass (IR) (with 69% Lolium perenne). Pastures were sampled weekly for 12 weeks for analysis of their fatty acid content and composition and on nine occasions to determine the botanical composition. Ruminal and abomasal contents were sampled at slaughter and muscle and subcutaneous fat 24 h after slaughter. All samples were prepared and analysed for fatty acid composition. The L pasture showed a higher fatty acid content (29.8 mg/g dry matter (DM) v. 18.5 and 25.5 mg/g DM, for BD and IR pastures, respectively), but the sum of the proportions of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, were similar for the three pastures (69.9, 69.4 and 71.1% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) for BD, L and IR pastures, respectively). The BD pasture was richer in C18:2 n-6 (18.2% of FAME), while IR pasture had a higher C18:3 n-3 content (57.2% of FAME). Rumen data showed that animals grazing the BD pasture presented higher proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates, mainly C18:1 t11, C18:2 t11c15 and CLA c9t11, suggesting an inhibition of biohydrogenation. These changes were associated with shifts in the rumen microbial population as indicated by differences in the rumen pattern of volatile fatty acids, microbial odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. In L pasture animals, the content of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 in the abomasum and subcutaneous fat was higher. Finally, higher proportions of C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3 and C22:5 n-3 and higher indices for elongation and desaturation activity in the intramuscular fat of BD grazing animals suggest some stimulation of elongation and desaturation of long-chain fatty acids, although this also might have been provoked partially by reduced fat deposition (due to a lower growth rate of the animals).     

Comparison of fatty acid composition of cell homogenates and isolated chloroplasts in Acetabularia crenulata (Lamouroux)

Algal preparations from Acetabularia crenulata were analyzed for their fatty acid composition to establish the suitability of this alga as a model to study fatty acid oxidation and oxylipin biosynthesis. The work was based on two goals. The first goal of this study was to determine the contribution of fatty acids from contaminating bacteria and how this influenced the total fatty acid composition of cell homogenates of A. crenulata collected in the wild as compared to specimens cultured in sterile conditions. The major fatty acids detected for both specimens were palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1n-7), oleic (C18:1n-9), linoleic (C18:2n-6), linolenic (C18:3n-3), and octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4n-3). Significant amounts of odd-chain fatty acids common to bacteria were not detected in either sample. Furthermore, branched-chain fatty acids, typical bacterial biomarkers, were not detected in either sample. Data suggest that bacteria do not greatly contribute to the total fatty acid pool of A. crenulata. The second goal was to compare the fatty acid composition of cell homogenates with that of isolated chloroplasts. Comparatively speaking palmitoleic and octadecatetraenoic acid were found at significantly lower concentrations in the chloroplast whereas oleic and linolenic acid were found at significantly higher amounts in this organelle. Furthermore, the amount of hexadecatrienoic acid (C16:3), a fatty acid commonly esterified to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG; lipid present at high concentrations inside the chloroplasts of algae), was present at very low concentrations in these plastids (0.7%). Typically green algal follow the "prokaryotic pathway" for MGDG biosynthesis where C18:3 is esterified at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone and C18:3 or C16:3 at the sn-2 position, making C16:3 a major fatty acid inside chloroplasts. Interestingly, our results suggest that chloroplasts of A. crenulata appear to follow the "eukaryotic pathway" for MGDG biosynthesis where C18:3 is both at the sn-1 and sn-2 position of MGDG. Taking into account the exceptions noted, the fatty acid composition for A. crenulata is similar to that reported for most chlorophytes.     

Characterization of surface n-alkanes and fatty acids of the epiphytic lichen Xanthoria parietina, its photobiont a green alga Trebouxia sp., and its mycobiont, from the Jerusalem hills.

Surface alkanes and fatty acids from the thalli of the lichen Xanthoria parietina, its photobiont Trebouxia sp., and its mycobiont were analysed by GC-MS. The green alga Trebouxia sp. synthesized mainly unsaturated fatty acids such as (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-18 : 3 (Z,Z)-9,12-18 : 2 and (Z)-9-18 : 1, and light alkanes C8-C15 (up to 83% of total n-alkanes). However, the mycobiont contained mainly saturated fatty acids such as hexadecanoic (16 : 0) and octadecanoic acid (18 : 0), and also very long-chain n-alkanes C22-C34. Dehydroabietic acid was found in both lichen and mycobiont. The occurrence of different amounts of n-alkanes and fatty acids in the photobionts and mycobionts of X. parietina was shown for the first time. Lichens collected from different locations in the Jerusalem hills contained n-alkanes ranging in concentration from 187 to 211 mg x (g dry wt)-1; n-alkane concentrations in the photobiont and mycobiont were 17-24 and 215-262 mg x (g dry wt)-1, respectively.     

Composition of fatty acids triacylglycerols and unsaponifiable matter in Calophyllum calaba L. oil from Guadeloupe

The composition of the kernel oils of two Calophyllum species (Calophyllum calaba L. and Calophyllum inophyllum L.) was investigated. The physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of the kernel oils were examined. In two species, oleic acid C18:1 (39.1-50%) is the dominating fatty acid followed by linoleic acid C18:2 (21.7-31.1%) as the second major fatty acid. Stearic C18:0 (13.4-14.3%) and palmitic C16:0 (11-13.7%) acids are the major saturates. The oils contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids (70.8-73.10%). Most of the fatty acids are present as triacylglycerol (76.7-84%), twenty one triacylglycerols are detected with predominantly unsaturated triacylglycerols. The total unsaponifiable content, its general composition and the identity of the components of the sterol and tocopherol fractions are presented. In both species, analysis of the unsaponifiable fractions revealed the preponderance of phytosterols, mainly stigmasterol (35.8-45.1%) and beta-sitosterol (41.1-43.1%). Among the eight tocopherols and tocotrienols present in two species, variations exist; alpha-tocopherol (183 mg/kg) is the main tocopherol in Calophyllum calaba L. and Delta-tocotrienol (236 mg/kg) is the dominant tocotrienol in Calophyllum inophyllum L.     

Determination of monoenoic fatty acid double bond position by permanganate-periodate oxidation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters

This investigation was carried out to develop methods for a reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids produced by permanganate-periodate oxidation of monoenoic fatty acids. Oxidation reactions were performed using [U-14C]oleic acid and [U-14C]oleic acid methyl ester in order to measure reaction yields and product distributions. The 14C-labeled oxidation products consisted of nearly equal amounts of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid (or dicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester), with few side products (yield greater than 98%). Conversion of the carboxylic acids to phenacyl esters proceeded to completion. HPLC of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters was performed using a C18 column with a linear solvent gradient beginning with acetonitrile/water (1/1) and ending with 100% acetonitrile. Excellent resolution was achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid phenacyl esters. Resolution was also achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid monomethyl, monophenacyl esters. The resolution obtained by HPLC demonstrates that, for a wide range of monoenoic fatty acids, both products of a permanganate-periodate oxidation can be identified on a single chromatogram. Free fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed with equal success. Neither the oxidation nor the esterification reaction caused detectable hydrolysis of methyl ester. The method is illustrated for free acids and methyl esters of 14:1 (cis-9), 16:1 (cis-9), 18:1 (cis-6), 18:1 (cis-9), and 18:1 (cis-11).     

Effect of Substrate on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hydrocarbon-utilizing Microorganisms

The fatty acid pattern in three hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria during growth on various substrates was examined. The predominant fatty acids in acetate-grown cells were C(16), C(16:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(19) and the major fatty acids in propane-grown cells were C(15), C(17), C(17:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(18). When one organism (Mycobacterium sp. strain OFS) was grown on the n-alkanes from C(13) to C(17), the major fatty acid in the cells was of the same chain length as the substrate. Studies on the incorporation of acetate into the cellular fatty acids of microorganisms growing on C(15) and C(17)n-alkanes suggest that the oxidative products of the substrate are incorporated into the cellular fatty acids without degradation to acetate.     

Effects of capric acid on rumen methanogenesis and biohydrogenation of linoleic and α-linolenic acid

Capric acid (C10:0), a medium chain fatty acid, was evaluated for its anti-methanogenic activity and its potential to modify the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic (C18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acids (C18:3n-3). A standard dairy concentrate (0.5 g), supplemented with sunflower oil (10 mg) and linseed oil (10 mg) and increasing doses of capric acid (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg), was incubated with mixed rumen contents and buffer (1 : 4 v/v) for 24 h. The methane inhibitory effect of capric acid was more pronounced at the highest (30 mg) dose compared to the medium (20 mg) (-85% v. -34%), whereas the lower dose (10 mg) did not reduce rumen methanogenesis. A 23% decrease in total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was observed, accompanied by shifts towards increased butyrate at 20 mg and increased propionate at 30 mg of capric acid (P < 0.001). Capric acid linearly decreased the extent of biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, by up to 60% and 86%, respectively. This reduction was partially due to a lower extent of lipolysis when capric acid was supplemented. Capric acid at 20 and 30 mg completely inhibited the production of C18:0 (P < 0.001), resulting in an accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates, mainly C18:1t10 + t11 and C18:2t11c15. In contrast to effects on rumen fermentation (methane production and proportions of SCFA), 30 mg of capric acid did not induce major changes in rumen biohydrogenation as compared to the medium (20 mg) dose. This study revealed the dual action of capric acid, being inhibitory to both methane production and biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3.