Identification, characterisation and application of single nucleotide polymorphisms for diversity assessment in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

To monitor genetic diversity in the field it is important that it is measured accurately. Here, we elucidate the potential of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for measuring genetic diversity in cassava. The nature and frequency of SNPs was characterised and their utility in genetic diversity assessment compared to that of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). This was achieved by direct sequencing of amplicons in diverse cassava varieties. A total of 26 SNPs were identified from quality sequences of nine genes, giving an estimated frequency of one SNP every 121 nucleotides. Nucleotide diversity ranged from 7.8 × 10⁻⁴ to 5.6 × 10⁻³. Average haplotype-based polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.414) was higher than for individual SNPs (PIC = 0.228). The Mantel test indicated interdependence (r = 0.219; P < 0.001) between SNP and SSR genotypic data. Individual SNPs had lower PIC values than SSRs. For this reason larger numbers of SNPs may be necessary to achieve the same level of discrimination among genotypes provided by SSRs.     

黑龙江省近年审定水稻品种基于SSR标记的遗传多样性分析

为评估黑龙江省水稻品种的遗传基础,利用24个用于水稻DNA指纹图谱构建的SSR标记以及其他均匀分布于水稻12条染色体的38个SSR标记,对黑龙江省近年审定的73个水稻常规稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在62个SSR标记位点中,共检测到142个等位基因,平均每个标记2.3个,多态性比率平均为71.0%,多态性频率变幅为0~0.775,平均值为0.246。供试品种间两两遗传相似系数的平均值为0.759,变幅为0.622~0.966,且96.4%的品种间遗传相似系数在0.66~0.86之间,表明供试的73个品种亲缘关系较近。通过SSR标记基因型聚类分析将这些品种划分为6个类群,与系谱分析趋势一致,类群间的差异主要表现在生育期和米质方面。综上所述,黑龙江省近年审定的水稻品种遗传基础狭窄,在育种中需要导入新的种质资源,加强种质资源创新,以期丰富水稻品种的遗传多样性,进一步提高水稻产量和抗性。     

TRAP及SSCP检测草鱼微卫星序列多态性

目的：在草鱼不同种群遗传结构比较中,应用一些来自鲤鱼的微卫星引物扩增草鱼的相关序列缺少多态性,该研究通过应用几种方法提高这些序列在遗传学研究中的价值。方法：运用TRAP随机引物与鲤鱼的微卫星引物组合,扩增出多态性好、重复性强的产物;同时采用SSCP技术对那些没有长度多态的微卫星序列进一步分析,寻找这些序列存在一些核苷酸位点的多态性。结果：TRAP可以检查到多态性好、重复性强的产物;SSCP发现一部分没有长度多态性的微卫星序列存在核苷酸位点多态性并且可以清楚分辨不同的基因型。结论：结果表明TRAP及SSCP在种群遗传学研究有良好的应用前景。     

Polymorphism Discovery in High-Throughput Resequenced Microarray-Enriched Human Genomic Loci

Identifying genetic variants and mutations that underlie human diseases requires development of robust, cost-effective tools for routine resequencing of regions of interest in the human genome. Here, we demonstrate that coupling Applied Biosystems SOLiD™ system-sequencing platform with microarray capture of targeted regions provides an efficient and robust method for high-coverage resequencing and polymorphism discovery in human protein-coding exons.     

玉米基因组的简单重复序列遗传研究进展

前言在真核生物基因组中重复序列占有很大比重,它的绝大部分存在于诸如间隔序列和调控序列非编码序列中,但它也分布在有些结构基因的序列中,它多为轻度重复序列。植物的基因组重复序列一般占80%左右,基因组较大其重复序列所占比重较大,如玉米基因组(ｈａｐｌｏｉｄｇｅｎｏｍｅ)大约有3×109,其中几乎80%以上是重复序列[12]。重复序列对维持染色体的空间结构、基因的表达、遗传重组都具有重要作用。重复序列单...     

中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)绵羊9个微卫星基因座多态性研究

利用PCR技术和复合电泳银染技术检测中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)绵羊第1号染色体上BM6506,BM1824,BM6438, ILSTS004和OarDB6 等5个基因座和第6号染色体上 BM4621,OarHH55,BM143和OarJMP8 等4个基因座,共9个基因座的基因频率（Pi）、个体鉴别力（DP）、杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）、和非父排除概率（PE）。结果显示：9个微卫星基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,绵羊中9个微卫星基因座中BM4621 基因座的DP、H、PIC和PE都为最高。9个微卫星基因座的累积个体鉴别力(CDP)为0.99999,累积非父排除能力(CPE)为0.99915。结果显示9个微卫星基因座适用于中国美利奴(新疆军垦型)绵羊的遗传连锁分析、个体识别和亲权鉴定等研究领域。     

Size and Sequence Polymorphism in the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Kinase/Phosphatase Gene (Acek) and Flanking Regions in Salmonella Enterica and Escherichia Coli

The sequence of aceK, which codes for the regulatory catalytic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase (IDH K/P), and sequences of the 5' flanking region and part or all of the 3' flanking region were determined for 32 strains of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. In E. coli, the aceK gene was 1734 bp long in 13 strains, but in three strains it was 12 bp shorter and the stop codon was TAA rather than TGA. Strains with the shorter aceK lacked an open reading frame (f728) downstream between aceK and iclR that was present, in variable length, in the other strains. Among the 72 ECOR strains, the truncated aceK gene was present in all isolates of the B2 group and half of those of the D group. Other variant conditions included the presence of IS1 elements in two strains and large deletions in two strains. The aceK-aceA intergenic region varied in length from 48 to 280 bp in E. coli, depending largely on the number of repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences present. Among the ECOR strains, the number of REP elements showed a high degree of phylogenetic association, and sequencing of the region in the ECOR strains permitted partial reconstruction of its evolutionary history. In S. enterica, the normal length of aceK was 1752 bp, but three other length variants, ranging from 1746 to 1785 bp, were represented in five of the 16 strains examined. The flanking intergenic regions showed relatively minor variation in length and sequence. The occurrence of several nonrandom patterns of distribution of polymorphic synonymous nucleotide sites indicated that intragenic recombination of horizontally exchanged DNA has contributed to the generation of allelic diversity at the aceK locus in both species.     

Sequence variation in the bovine and ovine PRNP genes

A resequencing approach was adopted to identify sequence variants in the PRNP gene that may affect susceptibility or resistance to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The entire PRNP gene (>21 kb) was sequenced from 26 chromosomes from a group of Holstein-Friesian cows, as well as exon 3 of PRNP (>4 kb) from a further 24 chromosomes from six diverse breeds. We identified 51 variant sequences of which 42 were single nucleotide polymorphisms and nine were insertion/deletion (indel) events. The study was extended to exon 3 of the sheep PRNP gene where 23 sequence variants were observed, four of which were indels. The level of nucleotide diversity in the complete bovine PRNP gene was pi = 0.00079, which is similar to that found at the bovine T-cell receptor alpha delta joining region (pi = 0.00077), but somewhat less than that observed for the bovine leptin (pi = 0.00265). Sequence variation within exon 3 of PRNP in both cattle (pi = 0.00102) and sheep (pi = 0.00171) was greater than that for the complete PRNP gene, with sheep showing greater sequence variation in exon 3 than cattle. The level of sequence variation reported here is greater than previously thought for the bovine PRNP gene in cattle. This study highlights the contribution that recombination plays in increasing allelic diversity in this species.     

云南元江普通野生稻群体Wx基因（CT）n重复序列和第一内含子G/T位碱基分析

对云南元江普通野生稻(O.rufipogon)90个个体Wx基因区段内的重复序列（CT）n和第一内含子供体+1位碱基G/T分别进行了比较分析。结果表明云南元江普通野生稻三个居群中的90个单株在重复序列（CT）n和G/T位点纯合一致,没有多态性;其G/T位点碱基均为G;其重复序列（CT）n基因型与云南地方籼稻品种优势基因型相似但又有所区别。本研究结果为云南元江普通野生稻Wx基因利用和在稻种进化上的地位提供了信息。     

新疆甜高粱种质资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

选用50对SSR引物对新疆现有72份甜高粱种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:有20对引物在72份甜高粱种质资源中表现为多态性。共检测到91个等位基因,每对引物可检测到的等位基因数目为2～5个,平均为3.45个。多态性信息量(PIC)的变动范围为0.2859～0.6652,平均为0.5057。72份甜高粱种质间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.2001～1.000,平均值为0.5599。UPGMA聚类分析将72份材料划分为A、B两大类群,A群包括69份材料,而A群又被分成从Ⅰ到Ⅺ共11个亚群,B群包括3份材料,农艺性状近似的大多被聚到同一类群。     

东北大口鲇2个群体的微卫星DNA多态分析

利用磁珠富集法克隆制备的24个大口鲇（Silurus meriaionalis Chen）微卫星标记,对黑龙江野生群体与松花江养殖群体2个东北大口鲇（S．soldatovi）的地理种群的等位基因频率（P）、观测杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）、多态信息含量（PIC）和有效等位基因数（Ne）等进行了遗传检测,以遗传偏离指数（d）检验Hardy—Weinberg平衡,并以Nei氏遗传分化系数（GST）和AMOVA分析（ФST）群体遗传变异的来源。同时,使用PHYLIP3．63软件绘制基于Nei氏遗传距离的个体间UPGMA系统树。结果表明：24个微卫星标记在东北大口鲇的2个群体中共扩增出1357条多态性片段,片段长度为1024385bp,总体平均等位基因8．875个,可以用于东北大口鲇遗传多样性的评估。并发现8个可区分这2个种群的遗传标记;黑龙江群体的P、Ho、He、PIC和Ne依次为0．165、0．435、0．758、0．742和5．019,松花江群体为0．147、0．299、0．847、0．764和5．944,在这些多样性参数上,方差分析也显示2地理种群差异不显著,在大多数位点并无显著差异,仅HLJcf37位点具有显著差异：在多个位点偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡,2群体呈现不同程度的杂合体过度,纯合体完全缺失现象,其原因有待证实;群体遗传变异分析证实2群体间遗传分化较弱,其98％以上的变异是由群体内个体间的遗传变异引起的,群体间的变异对总变异影响不显著。UPGMA系统树也显示出个体间遗传距离小,亲缘关系很近。结果表明,人工繁殖没有对东北大口鲇的遗传多样性产生影响,该种群遗传分化小,种质资源状况良好。     

单核苷酸多态性及其在鸡QTL定位上的应用

单核苷酸多态性是指DNA序列上的单个碱基变异,它具有分布广、多态信息含量大、易于检测和统计分析等优点,能较好用于基因图谱构建和数量性状QTL定位研究,被称为继RFLP和微卫星标记之后的第3代基因遗传标记。本文综述了单核苷酸多态性的性质及检测技术、利用候选基因SNP进行鸡QTL定位研究的现状,并对未来SNP的应用前景进行了展望。Abstract:Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to the change of single nucleotide in DNA sequence.Because of its high density in genomes and easy in detection and analysis statistically,SNP can be used in genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping.Here,the characters and detecting technology of SNP,as well as the status and foreground of the use of candidate gene SNP in chicken QTL mapping are introduced.     

两广和云贵川等地区黄牛的微卫星标记遗传多样性栽

选择12对微卫星DNA标记,采用荧光-多重PCR技术,对11个中外黄牛品种的等位基因数、基因频率、多态信息含量和遗传杂合度进行分析,以Nei's遗传距离为基础,采用非加权组对算术平均法构建了聚类图。结果表明,11个黄牛品种首先分为中外两大类:Ⅰ类是我国地方黄牛品种,Ⅱ类是3个引进品种,其中8个地方黄牛品种又可分为两个分支,云贵川高原地区的5个品种关岭黄牛、昭通黄牛、宣汉黄牛、凉山黄牛和川南山地牛聚为一支,两广与江西的3个品种涠州黄牛、徐闻牛和吉安黄牛聚为另一支,两分支聚类与品种的地理分布区域相吻合。     

用Amp-FLP方法分析江浙沪汉族人群DIS80位点多态性

采用PCR结合PAGE电泳及银染技术,即Amp-FLP方法,分析了148名江浙沪汉族人中D1S80位点的多态性分布,观察到20种等位基因,53种基因型。首次在国际上发现重复单元数为39的等位基因。该位点观察杂合性为0.86,个体鉴别力为0.96,多态性信息含量为0.83,基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinb erg法则。本文结果提示,采用Amp-FLP技术分析D1S80位点多态性,样本分型具有较高的准确性及灵敏度,适用于人类民族演变、法医学个体指认、亲子鉴定、遗传病基因连锁分析等研究领域。     

水稻单核苷酸多态性及其应用现状

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs）在水稻中数量多,分布密度高,遗传稳定性高。水稻SNPs的发现方法主要有对样本DNA的PCR产物直接测序、从SSR区段检测SNPs和从基因组序列直接搜索等。目前已有多种基因分型技术运用到了水稻SNPs检测,SNPs检测的高度自动化使水稻SNPs基因分型非常方便。单核苷酸多态性在水稻遗传图谱的构建、基因克隆和功能基因组学研究、标记辅助选择育种、遗传资源分类及物种进化等方面的应用具有巨大潜力。     

单核苷酸多态性在作物遗传及改良中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）是等位基因间序列差异最为普遍的类型,可作为一种高通量的遗传标记。已建立了PCR扩增目标序列及其产物测序和电子SNP（eSNP）等多种发现和检测SNP的方法。玉米和大豆等作物也已开展了SNP分析。一些栽培作物种质的多样性不断减少,其结果使连锁不平衡（linkage disequilibrium,LD）增加,这有利于目的基因座上SNP单元型（haplotype）与表型的相关性分析。SNP已在作物基因作图及其整合、分子标记辅助育种和功能基因组学等领域展示了广泛的应用价值。 Abstract:Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) is the most common type of sequence difference between alleles,which can be used as a kind of high-throughput genetic marker.Several different routes have been developed to discover and identify SNP.These include the direct sequencing of PCR amplicons,electronic SNP(eSNP) and so on.SNP assays have been made in many crop species such as maize and soybean.The elite germplasm of some crops have been narrowed in genetic diversity,increasing the amount of linkage disequilibrium(LD) present and facilitating the association of SNP haplotypes at candidate gene loci with phenotypes.SNP analysis has been broadly used in the field of plant gene mapping,integration of genetic and physical maps,DNA marker-assisted breeding and functional genomics.     

用重复序列引物PCR分析不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫DNA多态性

应用 5 个重复序列引物,通过 PCR 扩增试验,研究了不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫 DNA 的多态性。结果表明:1) 5 个重复序列引物共扩增了 104 条核酸带,分子量介于 202~1 163bp 之间;2) 不同滞育状态的麦红吸浆虫的平均相似性指数范围在 0.573~0.936 之间,在种群 3 和种群 4 之间,最大的平均相似性指数是 0.936,在种群 1、3、4、5 和种群 6、7、8 之间平均相似性指数较高(均超过 0.81);3)不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫群体的遗传变异大部分来自群体间,产生于群体间的变异为62.41%,来自群体内的变异为37.59%;4) 根据对不同滞育状态间遗传距离的聚类分析,麦红吸浆虫的滞育类型可分为三大类。首次报道了不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫量化的DNA多态性。     

Sequence polymorphisms within the pMGA genes and pMGA antigenic variants in Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Antigenic variants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum major surface lipoprotein, pMGA, are encoded by a large gene family. In this study sequence analyses of the PCR-amplified pMGA genes showed two types of sequences similar to the pMGA1.2 gene in M. gallisepticum strains. They differed in the sequence encoding a proline-rich region (PRR) at the N-terminus of the pMGA protein. The type A genes had sequences similar to the published pMGA1.2 gene sequence of strain S6, whereas the type B genes lacked the second repetitive segment encoding PTPN sequence within PRR and were similar to the published sequence of PG31 strain. Low in vitro passages of M. gallisepticum strains isolated recently in Slovenia from four avian species showed very different expression patterns of pMGA1.2 and pMGA1.9 genes. Among isogenic populations of S6(B) and IHB1 strains a high frequency of pMGA antigenic variants lacking an epitope for monoclonal antibody (mAb) 71 was found. Strain IHB1 clones, which synthesized pMGA recognized by mAb 71, transcribed pMGA genes whose partial sequence encoded the amino acid sequence (262)TNGDEPRSVS of the mAb 71 epitope. Other IHB1 clones synthesized pMGA variants with different isoelectric points, lacking the epitope for mAb 71, but expressing downstream epitopes for other mAbs. Our study suggests that a molecular basis for pMGA antigenic variation lies in the corresponding changes at the DNA level.     

中国荷斯坦牛线粒体DNA全序列多态性分析和分型

目的：阐明中国荷斯坦牛线粒体DNA全序列多态性及其起源关系。方法：从上海松江科研基地的10头中国荷斯坦牛外周血中抽提DNA,设计引物扩增全长线粒体DNA,通过对其进行序列测定、分析,绘制系统进化发育树。结果：得到了中国荷斯坦牛线粒体基因组的全序列和个体比对结果等相关统计数据,对多态性位点和突变位点等遗传信息进行了序列分析,并进一步分型。结论：研究结果对提高中国荷斯坦牛体细胞核移植和线粒体DNA多态性高通量分析效率有一定的指导意义,为线粒体DNA多态性检测芯片的研究奠定了基础。