中国薯蓣属植物地下茎淀粉粒形态特征及其分类学意义

对中国薯蓣属（Dioscorea L．）40个种类地下茎的淀粉粒形态进行了显微观察。结果表明,中国薯蓣属植物地下茎淀粉粒主要有单粒和复粒2种形态。单粒淀粉粒以类圆形为主,脐点多为点状。复粒淀粉粒可分为2类：A型由2～3个淀粉小粒构成,以卵圆形和三角形为主,脐点点状且大多不明显,少数种类层纹清晰;B型由10个以上的淀粉小粒构成,以圆形为主,脐点不明显,无层纹。根状茎组（Sect．Stenophora Uline）、基生翅组（Sect．Opsophyton Uline）和周生翅组（Sect．Enantiophyllum Uline）均为单粒淀粉粒;顶生翅组（Sect．Shannicorea Prain et Burkill）为复粒淀粉粒A型;丁字型毛组（Sect．Combilium Pra Jnet Burkill）和白薯莨组（Sect．Lasiophyton Uline）为复粒淀粉粒B型;复叶组[Sect．Botryosicyos（Hochst．）Uline]兼有单粒和复粒淀粉粒。淀粉粒形态特征支持白薯蓣（D．hispida Dennst．）由复叶组分出单列成组及毛芋头薯蓣（D．kamoonensis Kunth）和高山薯蓣（D．delavayi Franch．）互为独立种的分类学处理。     

两型豆花粉和叶表皮的扫描电镜观察

两型豆花粉和叶表皮在扫描电镜下的形态特征：花粉近球形至矩球形,三孔沟,外壁表面较粗糙,侧壁具疣状突起至块状突起,极面具粗网状纹饰,但两型豆祖山居群属于萌发沟不明显型,两型豆燕塞湖居群属于萌发沟明显型。叶表皮细胞不规则,排列紧密,叶脉表皮细胞长圆柱形,长轴与叶脉平行,角质膜薄,表皮毛均为单细胞非腺毛,气孔器仅分布在下表皮,属于平列型,偶见不规则型。表皮毛和气孔器在叶片上分布不均匀,两型豆祖山居群叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度大于两型豆燕塞湖居群叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度,自然生长的两型豆叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度大于遮光条件下的两型豆。     

多花黄精五个居群叶片的比较解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术、叶表皮离析法和电镜扫描技术,对多花黄精五个居群的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。观察发现:多花黄精五个居群的叶肉细胞中均具有内含针晶束的异细胞,叶表皮细胞为长方形、不规则形或椭圆形,垂周壁一般为平直和弧形;有的居群下表皮有单细胞表皮毛分布。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多为鳞片状。结果表明叶表皮特征,如:气孔器大小、气孔器指数、气孔器密度、气孔器分布特征、角质层纹饰及表皮毛的分布等受环境因子影响较大,同种不同居群间有一定差异,而叶肉的构成、内含物(如针晶束)、气孔器类型、表皮细胞形状等具有种间稳定性,可以作为分类的依据。     

假瘤蕨属 (水龙骨科) 植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系的24种植物的叶表皮。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状不规则,垂周壁波曲状。下生气孔,气孔类型有极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型和不规则型,常伴生出现。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为浅波状、少平滑;一些种的保卫细胞两端有“T”型加厚;角质膜波状有条纹,有时附有颗粒。叶表皮的一些特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。叶表皮的微形态特征,如气孔器类型和垂周壁类型特征不能用来界定假瘤蕨属的系和亚系。     

27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

安徽黄精属(Polygonatum)植物叶表皮研究

利用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察了安徽省黄精属９种植物的叶表皮;统计并测量了气孔类型、气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数等;描述了表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状及气孔外拱盖等有关特征。结果表明：黄精属植物叶表皮气孔器类型属只有２个保卫细胞而无任何副卫细胞的单子叶植物气孔器类型。气孔的某些特征,如气孔器类型、气孔器分布特征、表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、角质层及蜡质纹饰等在种间差异不大,可作种间区别的次级特征用。     

亚洲粗叶木属及相关属植物叶表皮微形态特征

利用光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜研究了亚洲茜草科粗叶木属植物26种（包括1个亚种和2个变种）和相关4属即巴戟天属、九节属、染木属和尖叶木属6种植物的叶表皮微形态特征。粗叶木属植物上表皮细胞形状一般呈不规则波状、近椭圆形或者不规则多边形,下表皮细胞一般呈不规则皱波状或者多裂深波状,细胞壁曲折无章,细胞间界限不明显,上、下表皮细胞壁均有加厚现象。叶表皮角质层明显,在电镜下有以下几种类型：颗粒状,网状,鳞片状,乳突状。气孔器几乎全部生在下表皮,有些种气孔下陷,气孔器一般是一对保卫细胞和一对副卫细胞平列。一些粗叶木属植物种叶上着生表皮毛。表皮毛分为单细胞毛和单列多细胞毛两种结构类型以及扭曲毛,线形毛和直壁毛3种形态类型。相关属的叶表皮微形态特征与粗叶木属植物较为相似。粗叶木属植物叶表皮微形态特征具有一定的分类学价值,其性状虽有遗传稳定性,但随生态环境不同而有一定变异。粗叶木属植物叶气孔长轴径/径轴变化幅度比较大以及叶表皮上的毛被多样化均能反映其对生态环境的适应变化。     

中国瓦韦属药用植物的叶表皮观察

利用光学显微镜对中国瓦韦属(Lepisorus)17种药用植物及邻近2属3种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明,瓦韦属药用植物不同种间的叶表皮特征具有一定的共性, 表现为气孔器全部分布在叶下表皮, 即全为下生气孔。此外, 所研究的瓦韦属植物的基本气孔器类型为极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型及聚腋下细胞型。瓦韦属不同药用植物在叶表皮细胞的大小、形态、垂周壁式样以及气孔器类型、气孔器大小、气孔指数等特征上存在差异, 据此可以划分为4种类型。叶表皮特征研究为中国瓦韦属药用植物的分类以及合理开发利用其药用价值提供了新的依据。     

石蒜属植物叶微形态特征研究

借助显微和扫描电镜技术对石蒜属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了研究。利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了石蒜属植物的叶表皮,统计并测量了气孔类型、气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数等,描述了气孔及气孔外拱盖的有关特征。结果表明：石蒜属植物叶表皮气孔器为无规则型,近轴面表皮细胞形状、气孔器类型、垂周壁式样、气孔大小及气孔外拱盖内缘种间无差异或极小,表明石蒜属植物为一自然分类群。而远轴面表皮细胞形状、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔是否下陷、气孔外拱盖是否有蜡质纹饰等种间差异较大。根据远轴面叶表皮细胞形状及叶气孔特征,研究表明：换锦花、长筒石蒜和安徽石蒜,夏水仙、乳白石蒜与红蓝石蒜,石蒜与中国石蒜具有较近的亲缘关系。因此,叶微形态特征对探讨石蒜属植物种间亲缘关系具有一定的意义。     

番荔枝科植物叶的比较解剖学

利用扫描电镜、叶表皮离析法和石蜡切片法研究了番荔枝科93种2变种植物叶片的形态结构.结果表明番荔枝科植物叶片形态结构具有较大相似性,如叶表面均具有表皮毛,表皮细胞具有晶体,气孔器为平列型,具2～6个副卫细胞,仅分布在远轴面,普遍具有败育气孔器,叶肉组织中普遍含有油细胞等,但表皮毛的类型,表皮细胞的形状,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,叶肉组织的结构具有明显的属间和种间差异.     

栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）2组15种植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现疏花组（Sect. Cotoneaster）植物叶表皮细胞多为多边形,垂周壁一般为平直—弓形,气孔均为无规则型;单花组（Sect. Uniflos）植物叶表皮细胞常不规则型,垂周壁多浅波状,气孔除无规则型（anomocytic）外还兼有十字型（staurocytic）、四分体型（tetracytic）和等三体型（isotricytic）。依据气孔周围角质膜特征等叶表皮性状,把15种植物分为W型、S型和I型,其中W型是S型的特化类型,疏花组的种类为W型或S型,单花组的种类为I型。叶表皮微形态特征可以为栒子属植物组及种的分类学处理提供解剖学资料。     

南五味子属（五味子科）植物叶表皮形态特征

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了南五味子属（Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss.）全属11种,八角属（Illicium Linn.）2种,共108个样品的叶表皮特征。在南五味子属中,叶表皮细胞的形状、叶表皮表面的纹饰、气孔器的形状、气孔极区的形状、表皮毛的有无等性状能用于研究南五味子属种间关系,以及与五味子属（Schisandra Michaux）和八角属之间的关系。在八角目（Illiciales）中发现的一个新分类学性状（叶表皮表面具角质网纹）,支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属（Subg. Cosbaea）和南五味子亚属（Subg. Kadsura）。根据叶表皮形态特征,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组（Sect. Kadsura）和肉蕊组（Sect. Sarcocarpon）,支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。根据与五味子属和八角属叶表皮形态特征的比较,认为这3个属的叶表皮形态特征相似,但南五味子属叶表皮形态比五味子属和八角属的叶表皮形态复杂,不支持将五味子科（Schisandraceae）从八角目（Illiciales）中分出而成立五味子目（Schisandrales）的观点。     

中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

A systematic investigation of leaf epidermis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia</Emphasis> using light microscopy

The characters of mature leaf epidermis of 58 species and 3 varieties belonging to 19 sections, representing all the 4 subgenera: Protocamellia, Camellia, Thea and Metacamellia were investigated under light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The shape of the epidermal cells is elliptical, polygonal or irregular and the anticlinal walls are arched, straight or sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. 2) The stomatal apparatus, consisting of a stoma (a pore plus a pair of guard cells) and 3–4 subsidiary cells, restricted to the abaxial surface of the leaves, were assigned to anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic or tetracytic type. 3) Special structures in leaf epidermis, such as stomatal clusters, aborted stomata, secretory cells, cuticular intrusions and their taxonomic implications were also elucidated.     

Development of high‐resolution DNA barcodes for Dioscorea species discrimination and phylogenetic analysis

The genus Dioscorea is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and is economically important in terms of food supply and pharmaceutical applications. However, DNA barcodes are relatively unsuccessful in discriminating between Dioscorea species, with the highest discrimination rate (23.26%) derived from matK sequences. In this study, we compared genic and intergenic regions of three Dioscorea chloroplast genomes and found that the density of SNPs and indels in intergenic sites was about twice and seven times higher than that of SNPs and indels in the genic regions, respectively. A total of 52 primer pairs covering highly variable regions were designed and seven pairs of primers had 80%–100% PCR success rate. PCR amplicons of 73 Dioscorea individuals and assembled sequences of 47 Dioscorea SRAs were used for estimating intraspecific and interspecific divergence for the seven loci: The rpoB‐trnC locus had the highest interspecific divergence. Automatic barcoding gap discovery (ABGD), Poisson tree processes (PTP), and generalized mixed Yule coalescence (GMYC) analysis were applied for species delimitation based on the seven loci and successfully identified the majority of species, except for species in the Enantiophyllum section. Phylogenetic analysis of 51 Dioscorea individuals (28 species) showed that most individuals belonging to the same species tended to cluster in the same group. Our results suggest that the variable loci derived from comparative analysis of plastid genome sequences could be good DNA barcode candidates for taxonomic analysis and species delimitation.     

Comparative anatomy of leaves and stems in some species of the South American genus Chrysolaena (Vernonieae,Asteraceae) and taxonomic implications

Vegetative anatomical features are poorly known in the South American genus Chrysolaena. In this study, leaves and stems of six Chrysolaena species were described and compared morphologically and anatomically using diaphanization, microtome serial sectioning and scanning electron microscopy. The species differed in leaf epidermis, type of stomata, shape of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, trichome density, and presence or absence in stems of small air spaces in the cortical parenchyma and of druse‐shaped oxalate crystals. Furthermore, glandular trichomes and three types of non‐glandular trichomes with different number of basal cells were identified on leaves and stems. Collectively, these features proved instrumental to discriminate among the six studied species, suggesting that leaves and stems of Chrysolaena can represent a source for taxonomically useful characters. We also discuss anatomical features in relation to the environmental conditions in the species’ habitats.     

Micromorphology of Leaf Epidermis of Chimonobambusa (Bambusoideae)

Micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of 27 published species of Chimonobambusa Makino were examined by both light and scanning electron microscopes (Table 1). On the adaxial surface, bulliform cells are of irregular or tetragonal shape and in 2-- 3 rows between veins; stomata rare. On the abaxial surface, intercostal long cells are of thin and sinuous wall; short cells solitary, paired, or 3 to several in a row on veins; silica bodies narrow tall or saddle like; bicellular hairs common, with the basal cell slightly longer than or as long as the distal cell; hooks elliptic and apiculate, common in some species and rare in the others; papillae numerous, those overarching stomata showing different patterns (Plates 1, 2). The examined species exhibit three types of leaf epidermis (Table 2 ): 1, papillae widely spread, 4 rod- like papillae overarching the individual stomata, hooks common, including all the six examined species of Sect. Qiongzhuea and 9 species of Sect. Oreocalamus; 2, papillae around stomata only (with the exception of C. microfloscula), the 4 papillae branched or curved, plus several small ones, forming an arciform cover over the individual stomata, hooks sparse, including 7 species of Sect. Oreocalamus and 1 species of Sect. Chimonobambusa; 3, papillae overarching stomata intermediate between the other two types, with the other characters similar to type 1, including 2 species of Sect. Chimonobambusa and 2 species of Sect. Oreocalamus. The three types more or less correspond to the current classification of the genus based on gross morphology, but since Sect. Oreocalamus showed all the three types and type 3 was somewhat intermediate between the other two, present data support a broad sense of the genus Chimonobambusa, and the three sections proposed by Ohrnberger (1990) are to some extent acceptable. The results support the removing of C. luzhiensis from Sect. Qiongzhuea, but reassignment of C. metuoensis to Sect. Qiongzhuea cannot be confirmed. In addition, the leaf epidermis is of diagnostic value at species level. The data support the inclusion of C. linearifolia in C. angustifolia, but do not support that of C. rivularis in C. lactistriata, nor of C. yunnanensis and C. tuberculata in C. armata (Ohrnberger, 1990). In fact, C. yunnanensis, C. tuberculata and C. lactistriata, in addition to C. hirtinoda, are similar to C. qudrangularis in both leaf and gross morphological characters; so is C. pachystachys to C. utilis, C. neopurpurea to C. marmorea, and maybe C. rigidula to C. szechuanensis. They are possibly sister-species.or even conspecific, respectively. The various specific papillate patterns are characteristic of bamboo taxa, andinvestigation of wider samples will be of great interest in bamboo systematics.     

4种薯蓣属植物的分子鉴别和亲缘关系研究

为揭示薯蓣属植物的亲缘关系,根据叶绿体matK、rbcL、trnL-F和psbA-trnH序列片段,对小花盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea sinopatviflora)、盾叶薯蓣(D.zingibiernsis)、黄独(D.bulbifera)和山药(D.polystachya)进行种间分子鉴别研究,并探讨这4个片段在薯蓣属植物系统发育上的意义。结果表明,4种薯蓣属植物共22份材料的matK、rbcL、trnL-F和psbA-trnH序列片段的长度分别为1026~1142 bp、1156~1178 bp、744~822 bp和355~599 bp。用PAUP 4.0b10和贝叶斯推断构建的系统发育树分析表明,云南的黄独与盾叶薯蓣的亲缘关系较近;小花盾叶薯蓣与盾叶薯蓣的亲缘关系很近;而非洲的黄独与云南的黄独的亲缘关系很远。但仅用这4个cpDNA片段还不能完全区分小花盾叶薯蓣和盾叶薯蓣,这说明基于这4个序列片段的系统发育证据与4种薯蓣属植物属内的分类划分并不十分吻合。     

青藏高原不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征研究

采用胶带粘取叶表皮法,利用光学显微镜观测不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片的表皮毛、气孔及表皮细胞结构特征,探讨全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,随着海拔高度增加,全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片上、下表皮毛密度、气孔密度和表皮细胞密度逐渐增加;气孔器及表皮细胞的长度、宽度和面积逐渐减小;表皮细胞的形态随着海拔升高由无规则形向多边形变化,垂周壁由波状向弓形或平直变化。全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮结构在不同海拔高度下表现出的差异,可能是植物长期在高原生态环境下的综合反应,以结构上的变化来适应对高海拔地区的环境特点,为进一步研究高海拔地区植物的适应性提供一定依据。     

淫羊藿属植物的数量分类学研究

通过观测淫羊藿属植物的30个质量性状和15个数量性状,利用聚类分析和主成分分析的方法研究淫羊藿属属下类群的分类关系。结果表明:(1)聚类分析结果将淫羊藿属中国种类划分为大花类群和小花类群,支持Stearn对Sect.Macroceras、Sect.Polyphyllon和Subg.Rhizophyllum的处理,但认为Sect.Epimedium的分类地位尚需进一步探讨。(2)主成分分析结果显示,性状的累积贡献率不是很高,前3个主成分累积贡献率为51.86%,这可能与本属植物演化过程中性状变异的多样化和复杂化相关,但由主成分分析的结果仍可以看出中国种类被划分为大花类群和小花类群。研究认为,花瓣与内萼片长度比、花瓣是否具距、萼片轮数等作为主成分反映的性状对淫羊藿属分类具有重要价值。