提取方式对土壤和植物水分提取率的影响及其氢氧同位素分析

氢氧同位素示踪技术是研究土壤-作物-大气连续体(SPAC)水分循环的重要手段,而土壤水和作物水的提取方法是氢氧同位素研究最关键的一步。本文采用真空蒸馏和共沸蒸馏2种提取方法对不同含水量(35%、25%和15%)下的土壤(红粘土、红砂土和水稻土)和植物(橘树和水稻)茎叶的水分分别进行了提取,并对提取出的水分进行了氢氧稳定同位素的对比分析,旨在提出合适的提取方法。结果表明:真空蒸馏对土壤和植物水分提取率显著高于共沸蒸馏(P<0.001);土壤含水量和土壤类型对水分提取率影响不显著;而水稻水分提取率显著高于橘树(P<0.001),且叶的水分提取率显著高于茎(P<0.001)。真空蒸馏提取出土壤水分的δD和δ18O值与标准样的差异不显著,而共沸蒸馏下提取出土壤水分的δD与标准样差异显著(P<0.001),水稻叶和橘树叶的δD和δ18O值高于茎。研究表明,真空蒸馏比共沸蒸馏更适合土壤和植物水分的提取且其提取出的水分更能真实反映样品中氢氧同位素组成。     

陕北黄土区深剖面不同土地利用方式下土壤水氢氧稳定同位素特征

研究不同利用方式下的土壤水分稳定同位素组成有助于理解土壤水分运动过程,且可以分析土地利用变化的水文效应.本研究采集陕北黄土区4种土地利用方式(农地、草地、沙柳和杨树)下>15 m深的土样,测定土壤水的氢氧稳定同位素组成,探究土壤水分运动机制并分析土地利用方式的影响.结果表明: 4种土地利用方式下土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成特征具有显著差异.农地、草地、沙柳地和杨树地土壤水δD分别在-81.1‰～-60.1‰、-91.2‰～-61.0‰、-87.4‰～-63.6‰和-73.5‰～-62.2‰,δ¹⁸O分别在-11.2‰～-7.6‰、-12.6‰～-8.2‰、-11.5‰～-8.1‰和-9.9‰～-7.7‰.土壤水氢氧稳定同位素垂直分布均呈波动变化:浅层(活跃层,0～3 m)土壤水氢氧稳定同位素变化剧烈,δD值分别在-80.2‰～-61.8‰、-75.9‰～-65.5‰、-76.0‰～-63.6‰和-73.5‰～-62.2‰;中层(3～12 m)农地和草地氢氧稳定同位素剖面呈抛物线型,而沙柳地和杨树地相对稳定;但深层(12 m以下)土壤水氢氧稳定同位素值基本稳定,δD值分别在-80.8‰～-71.5‰、-83.0‰～-67.5‰、-87.4‰～-76.0‰和-67.5‰～-64.3‰.4个样地土壤水氢氧稳定同位素值在浅层和深层土壤均无明显差异,而在中层差异较大.土壤水分主要来自降水.活塞流可能是土壤水分运动的主导方式.不同样地土壤水可能接受不同强度降水的补给,农地和草地也可被强度小的降水事件补给,而沙柳地和杨树地可能主要接受夏秋季暴雨补给.     

不同质地盐渍化土壤水盐含量的高光谱反演

为了方便快捷地同步监测盐渍化土壤的水、盐含量,本文以新疆典型盐渍化灌区为研究对象,基于高光谱技术、运用便携式光谱仪获取不同质地的土壤水盐含量光谱曲线,采用一阶微分、二阶微分、连续统去除的数据处理方法对土壤原始光谱进行变换.结果表明: 对原始光谱数据的变换有利于土壤属性指纹波段的提取,不同质地水盐含量的变换方法并不相同,在壤土中质量含水量为0%和10%时的水盐光谱曲线使用连续统去除方法、15%含水量使用一阶微分、19%含水量使用二阶微分,砂土中0%含水量使用连续统去除方法、10%、15%和19%含水量水盐光谱曲线使用二阶微分处理后,有利于特征波段的提取;对筛选出的变换数据采用偏最小二乘回归方法构建水盐反演模型,壤土盐度小于6.38 mS·cm^-1、砂土小于5.94 mS·cm^-1时,模型建立的建模数据集决定系数(R_cal²)、内部交叉验证(R_cv²)和外部检验数据集决定系数(R_val²)均大于0.65(P<0.05);壤土水分含量小于16%、砂土小于12%时模型反演精度较高.研究结果可为盐渍化土壤水盐含量同步监测提供阈值参考.     

亚热带地区常绿阔叶林SPAC系统水分的氢氧稳定同位素特征

森林的土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是陆地重要的水循环连续界面过程。本研究通过分析亚热带常绿阔叶林的降水、大气水汽、土壤水、叶片水的同位素组成,探讨森林SPAC系统水分的氢氧同位素组成特征以及植物蒸腾与叶片性状和环境因子的关系。结果表明: 研究区大气降水、土壤水、竹柏枝条水、竹柏叶片水和大气水汽的δD-δ¹⁸O线性回归方程分别为: δD_P=7.97δ¹⁸O_P+12.68(R²=0.97)、δD_S=4.29δ¹⁸O_S-18.62(R²=0.81)、δD_B=3.31δ¹⁸O_B-29.73(R²=0.49)、δD_L=1.49δ¹⁸O_L-10.09(R²=0.81)、δD_V=3.89δ¹⁸O_V-51.29(R²=0.46)。在降水→土壤水→植物水的界面水输送过程中,氢氧同位素逐渐富集,而从土壤蒸发和从植物蒸腾的水汽同位素贫化。在降水和蒸发作用的影响下,土壤水同位素随深度增加有贫化的趋势,而且整体上旱季土壤水同位素比雨季富集。观测期间,枝条水同位素比土壤水略微富集,说明水分在植物体内运输过程中存在受到蒸腾富集作用的可能性。旱季,乔木的枝条水同位素比灌木贫化,说明根系分布更深的乔木植物更倾向于利用深层土壤水。由于在叶片性状、蒸腾速率以及对环境因子的响应程度等方面存在差异,不同植物的叶片水同位素组成随叶龄增长的变化特征有所不同。雨季的环境条件更有利于叶片蒸腾,使雨季的叶片水同位素比旱季富集。叶片水同位素组成与植物叶片含水量呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系,综合反映了植物应对环境变化的水分调控功能。     

激光同位素分析仪测定液态水的氢氧同位素及其光谱污染修正

氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术是研究土壤-作物-大气连续体(SPAC)水分循环的重要手段。激光同位素分析仪以其独特的优点逐渐得到广泛应用,但其在测量植物水时,与同位素质谱仪的测量结果存在差异。本文采用Los Gatos Research公司生产的激光同位素分析仪DLT-100分别测定植物水、土壤水、雨水和地下水等共19个样品,并用其开发的光谱污染矫正软件标记和量化水样品的污染,修正污染水样品的同位素值,然后与同位素质谱仪进行比对。结果表明:土壤水、雨水和地下水等样品均未受到污染,而植物样品均受到一定程度的光谱干扰;植物水的δD和δ18O修正范围分别是1.21‰～26.65‰和0.50‰～18.27‰。该修正方法消除了δD测定的差异,并大大降低了δ18O的偏差。可见,激光同位素分析仪法在测量土壤水、雨水和地下水同位素时可以有效地代替传统的同位素质谱仪法,但对植物水的测量时,则首先需要判断样品是否受到光谱干扰,如果受到污染,仍需同位素质谱法进行确认。     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤水稳定同位素变化特征

土壤水稳定同位素组成的时空变化反映了区域降水与前期水分的混合及蒸散发过程。2013年7-9月对鄱阳湖湿地保护区3个断面不同土地覆盖下0-2 m剖面土壤水进行分层采样,以及采集修水和贛江的河水,测定其氢、氧稳定同位素,分析土壤水稳定同位素沿土壤剖面的变化规律、土壤水运动机制及其主要补给来源。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖采样区3个断面土壤水同位素δ~(18)O值变化范围-10.63‰—-1.17‰,其中7月份的土壤水δ~(18)O均值最小,8、9月份土壤水δ~(18)O均值相对较大。表层(0-60 cm)土壤水同位素富集可能因为蒸发作用,深层土壤水同位素组成变化因降水入渗与前期水分混合作用。不同土地覆盖表层土壤水同位素变化较大,随着深度的增加,同位素变化减少。从水分溯源上,断面一的土壤水同位素组成主要受降水的影响,断面二的土壤水同位素组成主要受赣江和降水的影响,而断面三则主要受鄱阳湖水体和降水的影响。研究结果可为鄱阳湖区域地下水资源的评价提供参考     

内蒙古西鄂尔多斯荒漠区降水入渗氘同位素特征

探讨我国干旱半干旱地区大气降水在土壤剖面中的时空分布特征将为西鄂尔多斯荒漠退化生态系统恢复和维持提供科学依据.本研究利用氘同位素技术研究了内蒙古西鄂尔多斯荒漠的大气降水、土壤水、地下水中的氘同位素值(δD),运用二元线性混合模型计算降水对各层土壤水的贡献率,并结合土壤含水量分析了不同降水条件下土壤剖面各层土壤水δD的时空分布特征.结果表明: 雨后9 d内,小雨(0～10 mm)影响0～10 cm土壤含水量和土壤水δD值,对表层土壤(0～10 cm)的贡献率在30.3%～87.9%;中雨(10～20 mm)影响0～40 cm土壤含水量和土壤水δD值,对0～40 cm土壤水的贡献率为28.2%～80.8%;大雨(20～30 mm)和特大暴雨(＞30 mm)影响0～100 cm土壤含水量和土壤水δD值.降水对100～150 cm深层土壤水δD值影响不显著.西鄂尔多斯荒漠土壤水δD介于大气降水δD与地下水δD之间,表明西鄂尔多斯荒漠土壤水主要来源于大气降水与地下水.在同一降水强度下,表层土壤水(0～10 cm)受降水的直接影响显著,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水δD变化幅度降低,100～150 cm深层土壤水δD基本趋于稳定.降水强度越大,对土壤水δD影响的时间越长,影响的土壤深度也越深.     

基于同位素技术的蒸散组分区分采样方案优化研究

采集2021年生长季和非生长季新安江源区常绿针叶林土壤-植物-大气多源水样进行氢氧稳定同位素测试，分析不同来源水分同位素组成(δ¹⁸O和δ²H)的差异及变化特征，评估不同季节多水源采样方案(植物不同部位、土壤不同深度)对蒸散发组分区分的影响程度，进而优化我国南方湿润区森林生态系统蒸散组分区分的氢氧稳定同位素采样方案。结果显示：多源水δ¹⁸O和δ²H在土壤-植物的水分传输过程中逐渐富集，非生长季较生长季更为富集。植物各部位水分的动力学分馏强度随着同位素不断富集而逐渐增大。河道水与山泉水同位素组成分布较为接近，大气水汽相较于其他水源明显最为贫化。土壤水同位素组成垂向分布主要呈现三种不同的规律：随深度增加而减小、先增大后减小或先减小后增大。浅层土壤水同位素组成变化范围大于深层土壤水，拐点位于50—90 cm。由植物各部位与土壤的水同位素组成分布特征及其差异可知符合同位素稳态假设的杉木最佳取样部位为韧皮部。比较基于不同深度土壤蒸发水汽同位素组成δ_E计算得出的T/ET(蒸腾与蒸散发比率)...     

黄土塬区几种典型土地利用类型的土壤水稳定同位素特征

对陕西省长武县黄土塬区降水及主要土地利用方式下0～20 m剖面土壤水进行采样和稳定同位素测定,研究了该区深层土壤水稳定同位素特征及土壤水运动机制.结果表明：长武塬区大气降水线方程为δD=7.39δ18O+4.34（R2=0.94,n=71）,其降水稳定同位素值具有明显的冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化特征.土壤水稳定同位素值落于当地大气降水线下侧,且高于7-10月降水稳定同位素值,该区土壤主要接受同位素值偏负的夏秋降水的补给.土壤剖面上,不同土地利用方式之间土壤水同位素值随土壤深度增加而趋于一致;相同土地利用条件下,浅层土壤水同位素组成随时间推移而变化的程度剧烈,随土壤深度增加,土壤水同位素值的变化程度减弱,甚至无变化.对比降水和土壤水的稳定同位素值变化发现,在黄土塬区,活塞流和优先流并存于降水入渗过程中,但优先流入渗的发生与土地利用方式存在一定关系.通常情况下,高耗水型人工林草因水分负平衡形成的土壤干层将减小优先流发生的可能性,而农田、荒草地等土地利用方式均易发生优先流形式的降水入渗,从而对深层土壤水分或地下水形成补给.     

岩溶区不同植被下土壤水溶解无机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素组成特征

自2010年7月至2011年7月对重庆青木关岩溶区典型植被下的土壤水进行了月动态取样,分析了土壤水溶解无机碳含量(DIC浓度)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13CDIC值)的时空变化特征,以揭示岩溶土壤系统碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用及其碳汇效应。研究结果表明:草地和针叶林地土壤水的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值相对较低,分别为59.12 mg/L和-17.22‰,31.47 mg/L和-16.37‰;而旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地土壤水具有较高的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值,分别达153.88 mg/L和-12.2‰,221.82 mg/L和-11.9‰,97.30 mg/L和-11.23‰,其中灌丛和退耕还林地的δ13CDIC值与DIC浓度呈正比,且雨季较旱季偏高约4‰—5‰。根据δ13CDIC值,结合各植被类型下土壤水DIC浓度与其相应的土壤碳酸盐含量呈正相关,判断旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地等岩溶土壤水中的DIC主要来自土壤中碳酸盐岩矿物的碳酸溶蚀,即岩溶土壤中存在着碳酸盐岩碳酸溶蚀作用,从而在一定程度上减少了土壤系统向大气排放的CO2量。     

Soil water uptake by trees using water stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O)−a method test regarding soil moisture,texture and carbonate

Aims

Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen are often used to determine plant water uptake depths. We investigated whether and to what extend soil moisture, clay content, and soil calcium carbonate influences the water isotopic composition.

Methods

In the laboratory, dried soil samples varying in clay content were rewetted with different amounts of water of known isotopic composition. Further, we removed soil carbonate from a subset of samples prior to rewetting. Water was extracted from samples via cryogenic vacuum extraction and analysed by mass spectrometry.

Results

The isotopic composition of extracted soil water was similarly depleted in both ¹⁸O and ²H with decreasing soil moisture and increasing clay and carbonate content. Soil carbonate changed the δ¹⁸O composition while δ²H was not affected.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that soil carbonate can cause artifacts for ¹⁸O isotopic composition of soil water. At low soil moisture and high carbonate content this could lead to conflicting results for δ¹⁸O and δ²H in plant water uptake studies.     

基于多种同位素模型的侧柏林生态系统蒸散组分定量拆分

为了全面认识森林生态系统蒸散各组分及其对蒸散的贡献率在日尺度上的变化规律,本研究利用同位素稳态和非稳态假设理论结合水同位素分析仪系统,对生长季侧柏林生态系统蒸散各组分进行了定量拆分和比较。结果表明: 4个测定日(2016年8月5、8、10、11日)不同来源水体的¹⁸O都呈现表层土壤水氧同位素组成(δ_S)＞枝条水氧同位素组成(δ_X)＞大气水汽氧同位素组成(δ_V),说明三者可能因同位素分馏效应表现出明显的差异。土壤蒸发水汽氧同位素组成(δ_E)在日尺度上为-26.89‰～-59.68‰,整体上呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势;森林生态系统蒸散水汽氧同位素组成(δ_ET)为-15.99‰～-10.04‰,稳态(ISS)下植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δ_T-ISS)为-12.10‰～-9.51‰,而非稳态(NSS)下植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δ_T-NSS)为-13.02‰～-7.23‰,在日时间尺度上δ_ET与δ_T-NSS全天的变化趋势一致,在11:00—17:00 δ_ET、δ_T-ISS与δ_T-NSS三者的变化趋势近似一致。总体上,植物蒸腾量对蒸散量的贡献率表现为F_T-ISS 79.1%～98.7%,而F_T-NSS 88.7%～93.7%。这表明研究区土壤蒸发耗水远小于植被蒸腾耗水,植被蒸腾在林地蒸散中起主导作用。     

Soil types with different texture affects development of Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat seedlings

The effect of different soil textures, sandy (97.5% sand, 1.6% silt, 0.9% clay), loamy sand (77% sand, 11% silt, 12% clay) and a sandy clay loam (69% sand, 7% silt, 24% clay), on root rot of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Anastomosis Group (AG) 8 was studied under glasshouse conditions. The reduction in root and shoot biomass following inoculation with AG-8 was greater in sand than in loamy sand or sandy clay loam. Dry root weight of wheat in the sand, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils infested with AG-8 was 91%, 55% and 28% less than in control uninfested soils. There was greater moisture retention in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils as compared to the sand in the upper 10–20 cm. Root penetration resistance was greater in loamy sand and sandy clay loam than in sand. Root growth in the uninfested soil column was faster in the sand than in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, the roots in the sandy soil being thinner than in the other two soils. Radial spread of the pathogen in these soils in seedling trays was twice as fast in the sand in comparison to the loamy sand which in turn was more than twice that in the sandy clay loam soil. There was no evidence that differences among soils in pathogenicity or soil spread of the pathogen was related to their nutrient status. This behaviour may be related to the severity of the disease in fields with sandy soils as compared to those with loam or clay soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Soil fungistasis: role of the microbial nutrient sink and of fungistatic substances in two soils.

Sensitivity of conidia of Cochliobolus victoriae to fungistasis decreased markedly following incubation on moist sand for at least 1 h. Germination was greater on Conover loam or on sand being leached with water than on an alkaline clay loam soil known to produce a volatile fungistatic substance. Evolution of 14CO2 began within 3 min after [14C]glucose was applied to the soils; the rate of 14CO2 evolution was faster with Conover loam. Germination of Thielaviopsis basicola conidia per unit of glucose remaining in agar discs initially containing 0-1% glucose, was lower for discs incubated on the clay loam soil than on Conover loam, and was greatest on a bed of sand undergoing aqueous leaching. Germination of ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma and conidia of C. victoriae was suppressed on discs of washed, Purified Agar or polyacrylamide gel incubated on or over the clay loam soil, but no suppression resulted when discs were incubated on Conover loam. Extensive aeration of either soil did not remove its fungistatic effect. Fungistasis in Conover loam appears to be caused primarily by nutrient deprivation, whereas volatile fungistatic substances may play a major role in the clay loam soil.     

Soil water dynamics and vegetation patterns in a semiarid grassland

Long-term (1985–1992) dynamics and spatial variations in soil water below the evaporative zone were evaluated for a shortgrass steppe with a low and variable precipitation regime. Each of a sandy loam, clay loam, and two sandy clay loam sites comprised a toposequence with upland, midslope and lowland positions. Soil water was monitored at 15 cm intervals providing estimates covering 22.5 to 97.5 cm depths.Soil water throughout the profile was highest in the clay loam site and lowest in the sandy loam site. However, stored soil water did not vary systematically among slope positions. Total vegetation cover was highest on the lowland in two sites, but was greatest on the midslope position in the other two. Total vegetation cover was greatest on the CL site, which was the wettest in terms of soil water. Soil water depletion was related to the depth-distribution of roots. There was an inverse relationship between aboveground production and soil water content of the 30, 45 and 60 cm layers during the growth period. Root distributions through the profile did not, however, vary with soil texture or with different soil water profiles controlled by texture. The less variable water content of deeper soil layers is a resource which potentially buffers the impact of pronounced variability in precipitation and thus contributes to vegetation stability of the shortgrass community.     

The influence of soil texture on the soil water dynamics and vegetation structure of a shortgrass steppe ecosystem

We analyzed soil water data from three sites with different soil textures in the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado, USA. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of plant functional types and the effect of soil texture on soil water availability. Soil water availability was greatest in the upper soil layers at all three sites, but the loamy sand site had significantly greater soil water availability than the sandy clay loam and sandy clay sites in wetter years at depths below 60 cm. Calculations of proportional water availability by layer using both field data and fifty-year soil water model simulations, showed that the sandy clay loam and sandy clay soils on average had greater water availability in layers 30 cm and above, but that the loamy sand had the greatest water availability in layers beneath this, particularly at 105 cm. This observation can be linked to the occurrence of a fine textured subsoil at this site. The textural pattern in the loamy sand profile effectively creates two water resources: a shallow pool accessible to all plants; and a deep pool accessible only to deep-rooted plants. This is offered as an explanation for the co-dominance of the two main plant functional types at the loamy sand site. At the other two sites, shallow-rooted shortgrass vegetation dominated, being more consistent with the general pattern for the area. Thus the patterns of vegetation structure at the three sites were consistent with the hypothesis. Aboveground net primary production data for the three sites, along with transpiration estimates from the model simulations, indicated that the additional water availability in the coarse textured soil was associated with higher overall plant productivity.Nomenclature: Taxonomic nomenclature follows R. L. McGregor & T. M. Barkley (1986) Flora of the Great Plains. Great Plains Flora Association. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.     

Willow water uptake and shoot extension growth in response to nutrient and moisture on a clay landfill cap soil

Extension growth of willow (Salix viminalis L.) and changes in soil water were measured in lysimeters containing clay and sandy loam soils with different amendment and watering treatments. No water uptake was found below 0.3 m in the nutritionally poor unamended clay; amendment with organic matter to 0.4 m depth resulted in water extraction down to 0.5 m depth whereas in the sandy loam, there was greater extraction from all depths down to 0.6 m. With water stress, wilting of plants occurred when the volumetric soil water content at 0.1 m was about 31% in the clay and 22% in the sandy loam. Compared with shoots on plants in the amended clay, those in the unamended treatment showed reduced extension growth, little increase in stem basal area (SBA) and a small shoot leaf area, resulting from a reduced number of leaves shoot⁻¹ and a small average area leaf⁻¹. Water stress also reduced shoot extension growth, SBA gain and the leaf area on extension growth. Shoot growth rates were significantly correlated with air temperature and base temperatures between 2.0 and 7.6 °C were indicated for the different treatments. These studies have helped to explain some of the large treatment effects described previously on biomass production and plant leaf area.     

Oxygen isotope ratios between soil water and stem water of trees in pot experiments

Since the oxygen isotopic ratio of water extracted from stems reflects that of water taken up by roots, the stem water isotope ratio can be used to analyze the source of water for plant growth. However, it is known that the fractionation of isotopes during evaporation from the surface soil increases the isotope ratio in soil water drastically. In this study, it was experimentally confirmed that the stem water of Elaeocarpus sylvestris vs. ellipticus Hara seedlings is not isotopically similar to the water source in the case where evaporation from the soil occurs actively. However, since water in these plant bodies was replaced in about 2 days in the pot experiments, the 2-day-averaged values of the soil water isotope ratio approached the stem water isotope ratio. Thus, time-course samplings of the soil and stems, and measurements of the replacement time of water in the plant body (water volume in plant/transpiration rate) are recommended for correct interpretation of the isotopic signature of soil water and stem water.