基于功能特征的城市植物群落生态功能评价

功能特征是植物实现生态功能的重要基础,基于功能特征的功能多样性是评价生物多样性和植物功能的重要指标。本文基于深圳市建成区587个乔灌植物样地和1779个草本植物样地的调查数据,分析主要植物群落类型及其功能特征,比较不同绿地类型乔灌草植物在滞尘、降噪、降温增湿、生物多样性保护等四个生态功能方面的功能多样性。TWINSPAN分类结果表明,41个乔灌群落类型和54个草本群落类型中,涉及乔灌样地数量≥10个的群落类型有9个,涉及草本样方数量≥30个的群落类型共15个。对群落标志植物及优势植物功能特征的分析显示,乔灌植物常见为阔叶(100%)、常绿(79.47%)、小树冠(93.04%)、不固氮(90. 54%)、叶片无毛或近无毛(76. 95%),草本植物则多为小型果(97.07%)、干果(91.33%)、不固氮(93.9%)。各绿地类型功能多样性的排序在乔灌植物与草本植物之间大致相反。乔木植物的滞尘、降噪、降温及生物多样性功能的多样性均以公园绿地最高,灌木植物则分别以居住区、公园、道路及公园绿地最高,草本植物以上前3种功能以荒地最高,最后一种以居住区绿地最高。荒地与其他绿地群落结构差异较大。建议深圳市建成区绿地建设进一步重视居住区及单位绿地各项功能的多样性。本研究可为城市植物功能评价及城市植物规划与物种配置、生物多样性保护和提高生态系统服务提供借鉴。     

城市居住区三维景观变化规律与影响因素

基于1997年1∶10000航片以及2002、2005和2008年QuickBird数据,应用Barista软件以及GIS、RS技术,提取了沈阳市铁西区居住区建筑物的三维信息,采用道路密度、绿化率、建筑平均高度、高度标准差、建筑覆盖率、容积率、建筑体形系数以及人口密度和人均GDP等指标,分析了1997—2008年铁西居住区改造过程中三维景观的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明:1997—2008年,铁西居住区工业建筑面积比重降低,商业与其他公共类建筑面积比重增加,居住、教育与医疗建筑面积比重基本保持稳定;研究区建筑数量减少,建筑覆盖率及体形系数降低,容积率、平均高度、高度标准差及道路密度、绿化率升高;在居住区有限的空间内,人口与经济活动容纳能力提高的同时环境质量也有所提高,建筑高度变异程度增大,建筑能耗降低.人口密度、人均GDP与容积率、道路密度和绿化率呈正相关,与建筑覆盖率呈负相关.     

北京城区自生植物分布格局及其影响因素

了解城市自生植物的空间分布格局有助于城市植物景观的规划和管理。基于北京城区的252个自生植物样地调查数据,使用指示克里金法和地理探测器模型展示了北京城区自生植物的空间分布格局并揭示其形成原因。结果显示：北京城区共记录自生植物173种,其中草本植物144种,木本植物29种。草本和木本自生植物的空间分布格局存在显著差异,草本自生植物多样性沿城市中心-城郊梯度增加;木本自生植物多样性在空间上没有明显的城乡梯度,在城区多数区域的多样性较低。人为干扰对城市生态系统的自生植物空间分布格局产生了巨大的影响,草本自生植物主要受到距市中心距离、社会经济因素和绿地管理强度的影响,而木本自生植物则受到距城市中心距离、绿地管理强度、房价等因子交互作用的影响。研究结果有助于确定北京城区将来迫切需要保护或增强物种多样性的区域,为北京城市绿地管理提供参考。     

上海市景观格局的人工神经网络(ANN)模型

定量分析城市景观的空间格局,深入研究景观格局的形成机制,将有助于理解城市景观的格局与过程,分析城市化的社会、经济和生态学后果以及制定更有效的景观管理策略。研究以城市景观生态学途径,应用基于GIS的景观格局分析与人工神经网络(ANN)相结合的方法定量分析上海市城市景观格局(1994年)及其变化规律,建立了能够较好地模拟上海市景观格局对居住区用地、道路密度、人口密度、城市发展历史与黄浦江等自然、社会、经济因素响应的人工神经网络。结果表明,人工神经网络方法适于研究城市化驱动因素与城市景观格局的非线性对应关系,为景观格局形成机制和景观空间结构与生态学过程相互关系的深入研究提供了一条有效、实用的研究途径。     

上海居住区植物多样性的均质化

居住区植被是我国城市植被的重要组成体,其多样性的分布格局将影响城市植被的多样性.通过对上海市中心、市郊和郊县居住区的植被调查,比较了城乡梯度上居住区绿化观赏植物、杂草和自生逃逸植物的多样性和物种组成.结果表明：城乡梯度上,绿化观赏植物和杂草的丰富度不存在显著差异,而市郊自生逃逸植物的丰富度最高;不同城乡梯度居住区中,绿化观赏植物、杂草和自生逃逸植物的物种组成相似,其中40％～50％的物种为共有种.上海城镇居住区植物均质化的主要原因是几近雷同的居住区建造风格和绿化形式,制约了绿化植物的使用和异质生境的营造.     

中国植物分类及标本采集史简述

植物分类学是一门古老的科学,其发展也受到了社会历史变革的深刻影响。该文通过对我国植物分类学研究和发展史进行简要回顾,根据人们对植物分类学科的认识程度以及社会重大历史事件等,将我国植物分类的发展史大体分为原始、古代、近代和现代4个阶段,并对各阶段进行了简要说明。植物标本是植物分类研究最基本和最重要的凭证材料,因此我国的植物标本采集史也见证了植物采集人员在我国植物分类学研究发展的历史过程中所付出的血汗、泪水甚至生命。植物资源的保护和种质资源的收集和保存正日益成为我国生态文明建设的主要内容,在新时代生物多样性保护的背景下,植物分类学和植物分类研究人员将会发挥更重要的作用,为我国的生物多样性保护提供更加有力的支撑。     

城市河流改造工程对河流生态系统野生维管植物的影响

随着城市化的发展,许多城市对流经市区的河流进行了大规模工程改造,在获得了多种效益的同时,也引起了诸如生物多样性破坏和物种组成改变等一系列生态问题,因此对城市河流改造工程的生态影响进行研究非常重要,将有助于在未来城市河流改造中更有效地保护河流生态系统。该文以汾河太原段的河道改造工程为研究对象,用Shannon-Weiner 多样性指数、Sørensen群落相似性指数和单因素方差分析方法,研究了河流改造工程对河流生态系统中的野生维管植物物种多样性、频度和群落物种组成相似性的影响。结果表明:太原汾河段改造后比改造前的野生维管植物物种数和Shannon-Weiner 多样性指数显著降低;低频度的物种数明显增加而高频度的物种数明显减少;河流改造前后的群落相似性明显降低。由此可见,城市河流改造工程对河流生态系统中的野生维管植物物种多样性、频度和群落相似性有明显影响。     

人类活动和气候因子对中国外来入侵物种分布的影响

全球变化引起的生物入侵已经严重地威胁了生物多样性分布和生态系统功能与服务.生物入侵分布格局及其影响因素的深入研究有助于更好地预测和管理外来入侵物种,从而有效地保护生物多样性和生态系统功能与服务.然而,目前尚未有研究系统地讨论不同时期人类活动与自然因子对中国外来入侵植物、外来入侵昆虫和外来入侵微生物分布格局的影响.本研究基于最近出版的外来入侵生物相关资料,首先描述了3个外来入侵类群在我国的省级分布格局.然后利用单因素普通最小二乘法模型和空间自回归模型探讨了不同时期人类活动和自然因素对这些分布格局的影响.结果表明, 3个外来入侵类群丰富度在我国各省份的分布呈现相似的格局,即东南偏多,西北偏少;相较于入侵植物和入侵昆虫,入侵微生物在东北和华北的丰富度也较高. 2000年的国内生产总值是影响3个分类群丰富度最大的人类活动指标,且均呈显著正相关关系.在自然因子中,年均温和年降水对入侵植物丰富度和入侵昆虫丰富度解释率也较高,且呈显著正相关关系,但对入侵微生物丰富度影响不显著.值得一提的是,即使在控制自然因子的影响后, 2000年的国内生产总值依然是对3个分类群丰富度影响最大的因子.研究结果表明,尽...     

三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护价值

生物多样性保护是三江平原湿地生态系统提供的一项重要的生态服务功能,具有重要的经济价值。应用M.Hoel和T.Sterner提出的经济模型,分析了贴现率和边际价格变化综合影响下的三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护价值变化过程,研究了收入边际效用弹性和替代弹性对贴现率和边际价格变化综合效应的影响,并通过对比传统贴现方法揭示了三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护所蕴含的巨大经济价值。研究结果表明,在贴现率和边际价格变化的综合影响下,三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护价值曲线呈现出先增长再下降的变化趋势,总经济价值为人均19438.9元;收入边际效用弹性和替代弹性的取值对价值评估结果的影响较大,不同参数条件下的价值评估结果将最终作用于湿地生态系统保护相关决策的制定;价值评估结果同样证明了在保持经济较快速度发展的同时提高三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护功能的恢复速率对于促进地区经济协调发展和提高社会福祉状况具有重要的现实意义。     

上海濒危植物现状及保护对策

通过实地网格化调查、标本查阅及历史资料搜集对上海濒危植物现状及保护对策进行了研究,结果表明:上海共有国家重点保护和濒危野生植物23科27属28种,建议上海重点保护的野生植物有54科82属101种。上海原生植物减少、外来植物增多、生物多样性降低等是上海一些原生植物变为濒危的主要原因。今后应建立上海濒危植物保护体系,重点保护上海的植物多样性中心,并尽快立法公布上海地方重点保护野生植物名录;加强植物多样性保护宣传,保护上海的野生植物资源并防范外来植物入侵。     

The “dehesa”, a key ecosystem in maintaining the diversity of Mediterranean saproxylic insects (Coleoptera and Diptera: Syrphidae)

The “dehesa” is a traditional Iberian agrosilvopastoral ecosystem characterized by the presence of old scattered trees that are considered as “keystone-structures”, which favor the presence of a wide range of biodiversity. We show the high diversity of saproxylic beetles and syrphids (Diptera) in this ecosystem, including red-listed species. We analyzed whether saproxylic species distribution in the “dehesa” was affected by tree density per hectare, dominant tree species or vegetation coverage. Species diversity did not correlate with tree density; however, it was affected by tree species and shrub coverage but in a different way for each taxon. The highest beetle diversity was linked to Quercus pyrenaica, the most managed tree species, with eight indicator species. In contrast, Q. rotundifolia hosted more species of saproxylic syrphids. Regarding vegetation coverage, shrub coverage was the only variable that affected insect richness, again in a different way for both taxa. In contrast, beetle species composition was only affected by dominant tree species whereas syrphid species composition was not affected by tree species or shrub coverage. We concluded that the high diversity of saproxylic insects in the “dehesa” is related to its long history of agrosilvopastoral management, which has generated landscape heterogeneity and preserved old mature trees. However, the richness and composition of different taxa of insects respond in different ways to tree species and vegetation coverage. Consequently, conservation strategies should try to maintain traditional management, and different saproxylic taxa should be used to monitor the effect of management on saproxylic diversity.     

城市化和绿地类型对土壤跳虫群落及功能性状的影响

随着城市规模不断扩大和城市植被管理实践的日益推进,我国城市化进程正在飞速发展。城市化进程的加快及其导致的植被改变强烈影响土壤生物多样性。作为城市绿地生态系统中的优势类群和环境变化的指示生物,土壤跳虫的群落结构和功能性状变化反映了环境变化对土壤生态功能的影响。以跳虫为研究对象,按照城市化梯度,分别在公园绿地、道路两侧绿化带、居民区绿地和工业园绿地四种绿地类型中采集样品,并选择森林样地作为对照,探讨了城市化和绿地类型对跳虫群落及其功能性状的影响。结果表明：(1)不同绿地类型中跳虫群落组成和结构存在显著差异,其中森林中等节跳科的丰度最高,而其它绿地中为长角跳科;城市化和绿地类型显著影响了跳虫的物种多样性,其中城市公园中跳虫的Shannon指数比城郊公园显著降低,而城市居民区中的Shannon指数显著高于城郊居民区;在城市生境中,居民区和绿化带中跳虫的Pielou均匀度指数显著大于公园,而在城郊中,公园中的物种丰富度和Shannon指数均显著大于森林。(2)相比城市化,绿地类型对跳虫功能性状的影响更强烈,比如公园、绿化带和居民区等人为扰动较强的绿地筛选出了弹器发达、相对腿长较长和体色较深的表土...     

不同城市绿地类型碳源/汇的城乡梯度格局——以杭州市为例

探究城市化对绿地空间碳源/汇的空间分布格局的影响,对评估城市生态系统的碳足迹和制定相应的碳收支管理措施具有重要意义。以净生态系统生产力(NEP)做为碳源/汇的反映指标,基于净初级生产力和土壤呼吸估算杭州市主城区绿地碳源/汇的空间分布格局,关注城乡梯度对不同绿地类型碳源/汇水平的作用。基于净初级生产力和土壤呼吸数据综合获得绿地空间NEP,通过土地利用数据和Fragstats软件进行景观格局分析,采用多元线性回归模型和逐步回归模型筛选影响NEP的景观、植被和气象因子,最后利用广义加性模型探讨NEP与各因子之间的关系。此外,分别比较了相同统计过程在不同城乡梯度和不同绿地类型之间的模型差异。结果表明:杭州市绿地空间NEP分布及其影响因子存在显著的城乡梯度与绿地类型差异。2019-2022年杭州市主城区绿地空间,整体表现为碳源,年均NEP为-0.277 kg C m^-2 a^-1;其中表现为碳汇的绿地主要分布在杭州市主城区的西部,而碳源绿地主要分布在中部和东部。整体绿地空间的NEP大小与绿地斑块面积、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与灌木物种丰富度和气温呈负相关。NEP随城区、城郊结合部、郊区的城乡梯度逐步增强;城区NEP与乔木盖度呈正相关,与景观多样性和气温呈负相关;城郊结合部NEP与乔木物种丰富度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与绿地斑块密度和气温呈负相关;郊区NEP则与聚集度指数、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关。公园、农田、自然植被的NEP依次增大并受到不同因素的调控。公园NEP与聚集度指数、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与景观分割指数、灌木物种丰富度和气温呈负相关;农田NEP与聚集度指数和灌木盖度呈正相关,与气温呈负相关;而自然植被NEP则与乔木盖度呈正相关,与景观多样性指数和气温呈负相关。研究进一步揭示了城市化对绿地空间碳源/汇的影响,为城乡碳收支的差异化管理提供了一定的理论和数据支持。     

Urban greenspace composition and landscape context influence natural enemy community composition and function

Conservation research has historically been aimed at preserving high value natural habitats, but urbanization and its associated impacts have prompted broader mandates that include the preservation and promotion of biodiversity in cities. Current efforts within urban landscapes aim to support biodiversity and diverse ecosystem services such as storm water management, sustainable food production, and toxin remediation. Arthropod natural enemies provide biocontrol services important for the ecosystem management of urban greenspaces. Establishing habitat for these and other beneficial arthropods is a growing area of urban conservation. Habitat design, resource inputs, management, and abiotic conditions shape the value of greenspace habitats for arthropods. In general, larger patches with diverse plant communities support a greater abundance and diversity of natural enemies and biocontrol services, yet opposing patterns or no effects have also been documented. The surrounding landscape is likely a contributor to this variation in natural enemy response to patch-scale habitat design and management. Looking across rural–urban landscape gradients, natural enemy communities shift toward dominance by habitat generalists and disturbance tolerant species in urban areas compared to rural or natural communities. These changes have been linked to variation in habitat fragmentation, plant productivity and management intensity. In landscape-scale studies focusing solely within cities, variables such as impervious surface area and greenspace connectivity affect the community assembly of natural enemies within a patch. Given these findings, a greater mechanistic understanding of how both the composition and spatial context of urban greenspaces influence natural enemy biodiversity–biocontrol relationships is needed to advance conservation planning and implementation.     

Positive relationships among aboveground biomass,tree species diversity,and urban greening management in tropical coastal city of Haikou

Within urban green spaces, tree species diversity is believed to correlate with aboveground biomass, though there is some disagreement within the literature on the strength and directionality of the relationship. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between the biodiversity of woody species and the aboveground biomass of woody plant species in the tropical, coastal city of Haikou in southern China. To accomplish this, we obtained comprehensive tree and site data through field sampling of 190 urban functional units (UFUs, or work units) corresponding to six types of land uses governmental‐institutional, industrial‐commercial, park‐recreational, residential, transport infrastructure, and undeveloped area. Based on our field data, we investigated the relationship between tree species diversity and aboveground biomass using multiple regression, which revealed significant relationships across all five types of land uses. Aboveground biomass in green spaces was also correlated with anthropogenic factors, especially time since urban development, or site age, annual maintenance frequency by human caretakers, and human population density. Among these factors, maintenance is the strongest predictor of aboveground biomass in urban green space. Therefore, this study highlights the critical role of maintenance of urban green space in promoting both aboveground biomass and woody biodiversity in urban ecosystems and, consequently, on urban ecosystem services. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ecosystem services provided by communities of woody plant species in urban areas.     

杭州市主城区居住生态环境评价

随着社会经济的快速发展和工业化、城市化的快速推进,城市生态环境日益恶化,城市生活诉求逐渐转向对居住生态环境的关注。对居住生态环境进行评价,有助于为城市发展规划、环境规划,以及城市房地产的区域开发模式和开发方向提供科学依据。采用主成分分析方法,定量研究了杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量及其空间格局。结果表明:杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量基本呈从风景旅游区向城市中心区和北部工业区递减的梯度结构;植被、交通、地表温度、人口密度和空气质量是影响居住生态环境的关键因素,决定了杭州市主城区居住生态环境的总体格局,而工业密度和水体覆盖率对少数区域的居住生态环境有着重要影响。良好的居住生态环境是未来杭州市不断增强城市竞争力的重要资本,应根据不同城市区域居住生态环境限制因素的特点,因地制宜地采取相应措施,加大居住生态环境脆弱区的保护和建设。     

Socioeconomic development shows positive links to the conservation efficiency of China's protected area network

While the protected area (PA) covers >15% of the planet's terrestrial land area and continues to expand, factors determining its effectiveness in conserving endangered species are being debated. We investigated the links between direct anthropogenic pressures, socioeconomic settings, and the coverage of vertebrate taxa by China's PA network, and indicated that high socioeconomic status and low levels of human pressure correlate with high species coverage, with threatened mammals more effectively conserved than reptiles or amphibians. Positive links between conservation outcomes and socioeconomic progress appear linked to local livelihood improvements triggering positive perceptions of local PAs—aided further by ecological compensation and tourism schemes introduced in wealthy areas and reinforced by continued positive conservation outcomes. Socioeconomic development of China's less developed regions might assist regional PA efficiency and achievement of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, while also addressing potential shortcomings from an insufficient past focus on socioeconomic impacts for biodiversity conservation.     

Plant diversity in hiking trails crossing Natura 2000 areas in the Azores: implications for tourism and nature conservation

The Azores Archipelago, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, with an extensive hiking trail system is a promising destination for nature tourism. Hiking is becoming an important touristic attraction, but negative impacts may arise on trails. We aim to evaluate plant biodiversity along eight hiking trails located inside Special Areas of Conservation in two islands with different levels of population density and touristic activity (São Miguel and Flores). Along each trail, 3 plots of 5 × 5 m were used to evaluate the vegetation at every 500 m. Effects of distance to the trail border, altitude, trail, and island, were evaluated by: (i) diversity measures; (ii) floristic composition (different life forms; different biogeographic/conservation status); and (iii) identifying indicator species. Bayesian models run in WinBUGS and the R package “Indicspecies” were used. In total, 111 plant taxa were found, with: (i) highest species richness and diversity in the plots closer to the trail; (ii) highest evenness at the lowest altitude class; (iii) a reduction in the proportion of introduced species with increasing altitude; (iv) a variation in life forms’ composition between and within trails (with the altitude); and (v) the presence of indicator species associated to one altitude, one trail, or one island. The results showed a slight impact on vegetation from the presence of the trails, although with no major changes in the community composition. Presently, factors like the type of land use in areas surrounding the trails may have a deeper effect on plant biodiversity than trail use by visitors.