张广才岭北部三大硬阔树木生长-气候关系的时空变异

树木年轮在时空尺度上的比较可以更好地反映环境变化对树木生长的影响,在认识气候变化对森林生态系统的影响上具有重要意义。采用树木年代学方法分析了张广才岭北部地区阔叶红松林中主要阔叶树种-水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、黄菠萝(Phellodendron amurense)和胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)径向生长与气候关系的时空变异。结果表明,在同一地点树种间气候响应差异明显,胡桃楸受降水和最低温度共同作用,而黄菠萝和水曲柳则主要受最低温度限制,这表明树木生长与气候因子的关系具有一定的物种特异性。随着温度和降水格局的改变,三大硬阔年轮与气候关系在空间水平上存在差异,方正和西大圈样点的胡桃楸与6—8月最低温度呈显著正相关(P0.05),而凤凰山样点与5、6月最低温度和降水呈正相关(P0.05);黄菠萝和水曲柳径向生长随着降水空间格局的变化,其生长季末期相关性程度逐渐减弱。1980年后张广才岭北部出现气温显著升高,在升温前三大硬阔的生长趋势相对一致,而在升温后黄菠萝和水曲柳树轮宽度随温度升高呈上升趋势,但胡桃楸却出现随温度升高而生长下降的"分异现象"。如果未来增温趋势持续发生或者加重,可以推断在张广才岭北部胡桃楸可能受干旱胁迫加剧,其可能出现生长衰退,但增温可能更有利于黄菠萝和水曲柳的生长。     

东北南部蒙古栎径向生长对气候变化的响应——以千山为例

蒙古栎是东北森林中最重要的阔叶树种之一.本研究利用树木年代学方法研究中国东北南部千山地区蒙古栎的径向变化,结合1951—2010年的温度和降水等气象数据,利用相关函数分析了树木生长与气候变化的关系,揭示蒙古栎径向生长对气候响应规律.结果表明：研究区4—7月的降水量与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著正相关,是限制该地区蒙古栎径向生长的主要限制因子;5月极端最高温度与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著负相关,也是影响蒙古栎生长的关键因素.研究期间,蒙古栎年轮宽度与4月降水量的相关显著且稳定,自20世纪80年代开始蒙古栎径向生长对夏季温度的响应敏感性逐渐减弱,对温度的响应表现出从响应夏季温度向响应春季温度的转变.     

东北南部蒙古栎径向生长对气候变化的响应——以千山为例

蒙古栎是东北森林中最重要的阔叶树种之一.本研究利用树木年代学方法研究中国东北南部千山地区蒙古栎的径向变化,结合1951—2010年的温度和降水等气象数据,利用相关函数分析了树木生长与气候变化的关系,揭示蒙古栎径向生长对气候响应规律.结果表明:研究区4—7月的降水量与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著正相关,是限制该地区蒙古栎径向生长的主要限制因子;5月极端最高温度与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著负相关,也是影响蒙古栎生长的关键因素.研究期间,蒙古栎年轮宽度与4月降水量的相关显著且稳定,自20世纪80年代开始蒙古栎径向生长对夏季温度的响应敏感性逐渐减弱,对温度的响应表现出从响应夏季温度向响应春季温度的转变.     

近40年河北坝上地区杨树人工林径向生长对气候变化的响应差异

运用树木年轮气候学方法,研究近40年河北坝上地区健康和衰退小叶杨人工林径向生长对气候响应敏感性差异,揭示健康和衰退杨树生长与气候关系的时间变异规律。结果表明：（1）衰退杨树径向生长对温度、降水等气候因素响应较健康杨树敏感。衰退杨树年表中的气候信号较强,与当年生长季（4、8-10月）的气温因素呈显著负相关,与上一年休眠期（9月-当年1月）和当年生长季（7月）的降水和相对湿度呈显著正相关。健康杨树年表中气候信号较弱,主要与上一年冬季（12月）和当年生长季（4月）的气温因素呈显著负相关,与上一年生长末期（8-11月）降水和相对湿度呈显著正相关。（2）从各年表与帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）的响应强度来看,衰退杨树生长更易受夏季干旱胁迫影响。衰退杨树年表与上一年9月-当年3月、6-10月的PDSI呈显著正相关,而健康杨树径向生长与PDSI呈弱的正相关。（3）1975-2017年间,随气温升高,健康和衰退杨树生长对温度的敏感性下降;健康杨树生长对降水和PDSI的敏感性较为稳定,适应能力强,而衰退杨树生长对降水和PDSI的敏感性增强,适应能力变弱。综上所述,干旱胁迫是限制衰退杨树生长的主要因素,而健康杨树生长受气候影响较弱,能适应当地气候条件。衰退杨树对气候变化响应较健康杨树明显,在气候变暖背景下,衰退杨树生长的气候限制因子由温度转变为水分,导致河北坝上地区遭受干旱灾害时发生退化的趋势更加明显。     

暖干化加剧东北半干旱地区油松人工林径向生长的水分限制

相较天然林,人工林生态系统对全球性气候变化更敏感。本文利用树木年代学方法,以东北半干旱地区油松人工林为对象建立油松年轮宽度年表,研究油松生长的动态变化及其径向生长与气象因子的相关关系,探讨升温对油松生长及分布的影响。结果表明: 研究区油松年轮宽度主要与生长季5—7月的平均温度呈显著负相关,与生长季早期4月和生长季5—7月的平均降水量和PDSI呈显著正相关,水分可利用性是限制研究区油松径向生长的主要因子。自西南向东北随着年降水量增加,各样点油松径向生长对年均温的敏感性增强,与年降水量的相关关系由显著正相关转变为负相关,说明偏干旱的西南部地区油松生长受水分限制更严重。气候变暖导致的干旱胁迫使得研究区西南部的部分人工林油松生长呈衰退状态。随着暖干化的持续,研究区油松分布边界将发生局地收缩,适宜生长的边界将向北移动。     

昌岭山两个优势树种径向生长对气候变化的响应

在气候变暖背景下,树木径向生长对气候变化的响应存在不稳定性。利用采自祁连山东部余脉昌岭山两个优势树种油松和青海云杉的树轮样芯,建立树轮宽度标准年表,通过分析树轮宽度年表与气候要素的相关关系,探讨两个树种径向生长对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）油松年表比青海云杉年表包含更多的气候信息,其平均敏感度、标准差、信噪比和样本对总体的代表性等统计量均高于青海云杉标准年表。（2）气候要素对不同树种径向生长限制程度不同,油松径向生长主要与降水（前一年9月和当年3-8月）和气温（前一年9月）有关,但对降水的响应更为敏感,而青海云杉径向生长则受到气温（当年9月）和降水（前一年9月、当年3月和7月）的共同作用。（3）气温突变后,油松和青海云杉年表与各气温要素的相关性显著增强,而青海云杉年表与气温要素的相关性变化更明显,指示了青海云杉径向生长对气温的响应更不稳定。（4）生长季平均最低气温的升高诱导的干旱胁迫是油松和青海云杉树木径向生长-气温响应变化的主要原因。     

长白山红松和鱼鳞云杉在分布上限的径向生长对气候变暖的不同响应

用树木年代学方法研究了近50年来气候变化对长白山自然保护区两种广泛分布的重要乔木树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)和鱼鳞云杉(Picea jezoensis var. komarovii)分布上限树木径向生长的影响, 发现红松年轮宽度具有与温度升高相一致的趋势, 而鱼鳞云杉年轮宽度则出现随温度升高而下降的“分离现象”。对水热条件的正响应是分布上限红松年表与温度保持一致的关键: 生长季的温度和降水的增加对上限红松的生长有促进作用, 且二者对树木生长的有利效应有相互促进的现象; 生长季的延长也有利于红松的生长。升温导致的水分胁迫是造成上限分布的鱼鳞云杉年轮宽度与温度变化趋势相反的重要因素: 分布上限的鱼鳞云杉年表与大多数温度指标均呈负相关关系; 随着温度升高, 年表与年降水量尤其是春季降水量的相关性逐渐由负转正; 各月的高温以及生长季中后期的少雨是形成上限鱼鳞云杉窄轮的主要气候因素, 而较低的各月温度以及生长季后期充足的降水则有利于上限鱼鳞云杉的生长; 此外, 生长季长度没有变化也可能是造成鱼鳞云杉年表序列对温度变化敏感性下降的重要因素。     

气候变暖下大兴安岭落叶松径向生长对温度的响应

大兴安岭是我国气候变暖的敏感地区。为比较在升温过程中不同地区落叶松(Larix gmelinii)径向生长对温度的响应差异,在大兴安岭主脉南段、中段和北段进行树木年轮取样,建立了各点年轮宽度年表,根据年表第一主成分载荷系数分类最终合成南部、中部和北部各区年轮指数。利用相关函数分析了落叶松径向生长与温度变化的关系,结合主成分分析对比了不同地区树木年轮宽度变化对温度的响应差异。结果表明:落叶松径向生长对温度变化的响应呈现明显的南北差异(中部北部南部);南部年轮指数与上年11月到当年4月的平均温度显著相关,中部年轮指数与上年生长季(6–8月)和当年3–10月的平均温度显著负相关,北部年轮指数与生长季前(4–5月)的平均温度极显著正相关。气候变暖背景下,高温引起的区域暖干化使土壤水分成为限制落叶松径向生长的主要因子,土壤干旱程度加剧使落叶松生长对温度变化的响应增强。胸高断面积增量指示的落叶松生产力经历了从响应低温胁迫到响应高温引起的水分胁迫的转变。未来几十年,若温度持续升高,大兴安岭地区落叶松径向生长量将呈南部和中部降低、北部升高的趋势。     

天山中西段不同地区雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应差异

为研究乌苏和石河子地区雪岭云杉（Picea schrenkiana）径向生长对气候变暖的响应差异状况,利用响应函数及滑动相关分析等树轮气候学方法,研究了2个地区森林下限雪岭云杉径向生长与气候因子的响应关系。结果表明：乌苏和石河子地区雪岭云杉生长均与生长季的气候因子呈显著相关关系。但乌苏和石河子地区雪岭云杉生长对当地气候因子的响应也存在差异,乌苏地区雪岭云杉径向生长与上一年7、9月平均气温呈显著负相关,与当年8月降水、上一年9月及当年8月平均相对湿度和上一年7~10月的scPDSI呈显著正相关。石河子地区雪岭云杉径向生长与当年1月平均湿度和当年1、2月的scPDSI呈显著正相关。此外,乌苏地区树轮宽度指数具有与温度升高而下降的“分离现象”,而石河子地区树轮宽度指数具有与温度升高相一致的趋势。升温导致的水分胁迫是造成乌苏地区雪岭云杉径向生长与温度变化趋势相反的重要因素。生长季的温度和降水的增加对石河子地区雪岭云杉径向生长有促进作用。乌苏地区雪岭云杉径向生长对5~7月平均气温和降水量变化敏感性上升;石河子地区雪岭云杉径向生长对5~7月降水量变化敏感性上升,而对5~7月平均气温变化敏感性下降。结果显示,气候变化的区域差异是造成乌苏和石河子地区雪岭云杉径向生长趋势不同以及各年表序列对温度和降水变化敏感性变化的主要气候因素。     

川西亚高山林线岷江冷杉和红杉对气候变化的响应

为揭示川西亚高山林线优势树种岷江冷杉（Abies fargesii var.faxoniana）和红杉（Larix potaninii）径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。通过树木年轮生态学的方法,研究了岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长与年均温的分异现象、生长衰退以及应对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力稳定性,并结合限制岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长的主要气候因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）温度是限制林线岷江冷杉径向生长的主要气候因素,而限制红杉径向生长的主要气候因素是降水;（2）岷江冷杉的径向生长与年平均温度的变化趋势一致,红杉在20世纪90年代后径向生长呈现出下降的趋势,与年均温的升高出现分异;（3）1800-2019年间,岷江冷杉出现生长衰退2次,红杉出现生长衰退5次,相同的时间内,红杉的衰退频率高于岷江冷杉;（4）岷江冷杉对严重干旱事件的恢复力相比升温前有所增强,抵抗力相比升温前下降明显,红杉对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力相比升温前均呈现出下降的趋势。可为川西亚高山林线的植被动态变化预测和历史区域气候重建提供参考。     

长白山群落交错带长白松和鱼鳞云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应

长白山是典型的温性针阔叶混交林分布区,也是受全球气候变化影响最为显著的地区之一.为了解该区森林生态系统对气候变化的响应,本研究选取该区阔叶红松林与云冷杉林(又称暗针叶林)群落交错带内优势乔木树种长白松和鱼鳞云杉作为对象,获取树木年轮宽度资料建立标准年表,明确限制2个树种径向生长的关键气候因子.结果表明:长白松和鱼鳞云杉...     

伊春地区红松和红皮云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

树木生长-气候关系对准确评估气候变化对森林生态系统影响、预测森林生产力与植被动态及揭示树木对气候变化的响适应策略至关重要。在全球变暖背景下,升温可能会对树木的生长产生影响,从而改变区域森林生态系统的生产力或碳储量。本研究利用生长-气候响应函数、滑动相关分析等树木年轮学方法,探讨伊春地区阔叶红松林内红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要限制因子及两者径向生长对快速升温(1980年后)响应的异同。结果表明:1980年前红松径向生长有明显加速的趋势,红皮云杉上升趋势较弱;而1980年后红松径向生长趋势显著下降,红皮云杉则下降不明显。红皮云杉径向生长与上一年9月及当年6月平均气温显著负相关,而红松径向生长与上一年12月及当年1月、4月和6月最低气温显著正相关。1980年快速升温后,高温对两树种生长的抑制作用增强,尤其是红松。生长季末(9月)降水对红松和红皮云杉的限制作用由升温前的负相关转变为升温后的显著正相关。温度是限制红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要气候因子,降水影响相对较弱;其中红松径向生长对气候变化的响应比红皮云杉更敏感。快速升温后,红松和红皮云杉生长-气候关系的变化可能与升温导致的暖干旱化有关。若气...     

Different responses of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Mongolia oak (Quercus mongolica) growth to recent climate warming in northeast China

Different tree species growing in the same area may have different, or even contrasting growth responses to climate change. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Mongolia oak (Quercus mongolica) are two crucial tree species in temperate forest ecosystems. Six tree-ring chronologies for Korean pine and Mongolia oak were developed by using the zero-signal method to explore their growth response to the recent climate warming in northeast China. Results showed that Mongolia oak radial growth was mainly limited by precipitation in the growing season, while Korean pine growth depended on temperature condition, especially monthly minimum temperature. With the latitude decrease, the relationships between Korean pine growth and monthly precipitation changed from negative to positive correlation, while the positive correlation with monthly temperature gradually weakened. In the contrary, Mongolia oak growth at the three sampling sites was significantly and positively correlated with precipitation in the growing season, while it was negatively correlated with temperature and this relationship decreased with the latitude decrease. The radial growth of Korean pine at different sites showed a clearly discrepant responses to the recent warming since 1980. Korean pine growth in the north site increased with the temperature increase, decreased in the midwest site, and almost unchanged in the southeast site. Conversely, Mongolia oak growth was less affected by the recent climate warming. Our finding suggested that tree species trait and sites are both key factors that affect the response of tree growth to climate change. In addition, the suitable distribution area of Korean pine may be moved northward with the continued global warming in the future, but Mongolia oak may not shift in the same way.     

西昆仑山两种针叶树种径向生长及其对气候变化的响应

利用西昆仑山的雪岭云杉和昆仑圆柏树芯样本,建立其树轮宽度年表。通过分析两种针叶树种树木径向生长特征与气候要素的相关关系,探讨了树种间的树木生长气候响应异同及响应关系的稳定性。结果表明：研究区域内的雪岭云杉和昆仑圆柏年表间存在显著正相关。两种针叶树种在1994年气温突变前树轮宽度年表指数和基部断面生长增量（BAI）呈上升趋势,在气温突变后年表和BAI则呈下降趋势,并且昆仑圆柏的树木径向生长速率高于雪岭云杉。与气候要素的相关性分析结果表明,雪岭云杉径向生长与上年生长季（5—6月和8—10月）和当年生长季（3—6月和10月）气温呈显著负相关,而昆仑圆柏径向生长与上年10月和当年生长季前期（4—6月）气温呈显著负相关;两者均与当年春季降水呈显著正相关。滑动相关分析结果显示,上年和当年生长季气温对两个树种树木径向生长的负响应在增强,特别是在当年生长季前期更为显著。此外,当年生长季前期降水对树木径向生长的促进作用也在增强。在有可能的气候突变年份（1994年）之后,两种针叶树种对气温和降水的响应敏感性均有所增强,并且雪岭云杉对气温的响应敏感性强于昆仑圆柏,而对降水响应敏感性要弱于昆仑圆柏。     

阿尔泰山萨彦岭4种优势树种径向生长对气候因子的响应

气候变化深刻地影响森林树木的生长,而树种对气候变化敏感度的差异可能影响了气候变化下的森林生态系统响应。因此,研究优势树种间生长对气候变化的敏感度差异,对正确认识气候变化下林分生长动态及分布格局十分重要。基于树木年代学的方法,研究了阿尔泰山萨彦岭西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）、西伯利亚红松（Pinus sibirica）、西伯利亚冷杉（Abies sibirica）以及西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）4种优势树种的径向生长-气候关系。结果显示：（1）西伯利亚冷杉径向生长与上一年10-11月、当年1-9月的干旱指数、2-4月的降水显著正相关,与1月的平均温和最高温呈显著负相关关系,与当年4、6月份的水汽压正相关;（2）西伯利亚落叶松径向生长与上一年8月和当年8月的平均温、最高温以及当年8月的最低温显著负相关,而与当年6月的最低温则正相关,与8月份的水汽压显著负相关;（3）西伯利亚红松径向生长与3月降水、7月最低温、上一年10月的水汽压显著正相关;（4）西伯利亚云杉径向生长与6月平均温、最高温、水汽压正相关,与上一年10-11月、当年2-4月和9月的干旱指数正相关,同时与3、4月的降水量显著正相关。西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚落叶松、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚红松对于特定气候因子表现出相似的响应结果,与年表间相关性的结果一致。但差异也是明显的,西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉对区域水分变化敏感,而西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚红松主要对区域温度变化敏感。综上所述,气候变化下,该区域优势树种对气候变化响应的差异可能导致区域林分动态和格局的改变,因此,多树种径向生长-气候关系研究有助于正确反映森林动态。研究结果可以为区域森林管理与生态保护工作提供理论依据。     

Radial growth response of major conifers to climate change on Haba Snow Mountain,Southwestern China

Climate change has an inevitable impact on forest ecosystems, to better understand the influence of climate change on forest growth, we analyzed the growth response of four major conifers to climate on Haba Snow Mountain in central Hengduan Mountains. Tree ring samples were taken from four species at their upper distributional limits, and residual chronologies were developed by using tree ring width data. Response function and redundancy analysis were taken to reveal the key climatic factors affecting tree growth and moving interval analysis was applied to detect the stability of growth-climate relationships. The results showed that previous November temperature, precipitation in current February, current May and current June were common factors affecting the radial growth of the studied species. Abies georgei was mainly influenced by the temperature in previous November. The photothermal condition in May and June controlled the growth of Larix potaninii. Moisture condition in previous August and current May was the key factor affecting Pinus densata growth. As for Pinus yunnanensis, the drought in current May was the limiting factor influencing its growth. The dynamic relationship between tree growth and climatic factors varied among species, and the results were consistent with response function analysis. A forecast in future forest growth on Haba Snow Mountain was complex, since future climate change had both positive and negative effects on the radial growth of four major conifers.     

Contrasting climate-growth relationship between Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica along a latitudinal gradient in Daxing’an Mountains,China

The Daxing’an Mountains is one of the areas with the most serious climate warming in northern China. Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) are two major coniferous species in boreal forests of the region. Their growth-climate relationship is crucial for understanding the effects of climate change on boreal forest ecosystems. To examine and compare the changes of climate-growth relationship between larch and pine, a total of 418 tree-ring cores of the two species were collected at six sites in the Daxing’an Mountains, and the tree-ring chronologies were developed. The results showed that water availability (Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI) played a key role in the stable growth of larch and pine. The temperature and precipitation in January, June-August are important factors affecting the radial growth of the two coniferous species along the latitude gradient. The correlation coefficients of growth and the seasonal temperature and precipitation of larch and pine showed a completely opposite trend with the increase of latitude. In summer and autumn, the correlation coefficients between larch growth and seasonal mean temperature decreased first and then increased with the increase of latitude, while that of pine, on the contrary, increased first and then decreased. In winter, spring and autumn, the correlation coefficients between larch growth and seasonal total precipitation decreased first and then increased with the increase of latitude, while that of pine was opposite. However, the correlation coefficients between larch and pine growth and PDSI showed the same trend with the increase of latitude, decreasing at first and then increasing. Before and after rapid warming (around 1980), the correlation coefficients between larch and pine growth and PDSI showed a completely opposite change. Our findings emphasize that the growth-climate relationships of Dahurian larch and Mongolian Scotts pine shows an opposite trend with latitude, which means that the two species may exhibit a completely opposite response with climate change along the latitude gradient.     

Abies spectabilis shows stable growth relations to temperature,but changing response to moisture conditions along an elevation gradient in the central Himalaya

A better understanding of growth-climate responses of high-elevation tree species across their distribution range is essential to devise an appropriate forest management and conservation strategies against adverse impacts of climate change. The present study evaluates how radial growth of Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis D. Don) and its relation to climate varies with elevation in the Manaslu Mountain range in the central Himalaya. We developed tree-ring width chronologies of Himalayan fir from three elevational belts at the species’upper distribution limit (3750−3900 m), in the middle range (3500−3600 m), and at the lower distribution limit (3200−3300 m), and analyzed their associations with climatic factors. Tree growth of Himalayan fir varied synchronously across elevational belts, with recent growth increases observed at all elevations. Across the elevation gradient, radial growth correlated positively (negatively) with temperature (precipitation and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index, SPEI-03) during the summer (July to September) season. However, the importance of summer (July to September) temperatures on radial growth decreased with elevation, whereas correlations with winter (previous November to current January) temperatures increased. Correlations with spring precipitation and SPEI-03 changed from positive to negative from low to high elevations. Moving correlation analysis revealed a persistent response of tree growth to May and August temperatures. However, growth response to spring moisture availability has strongly increased in recent decades, indicating that intensified spring drought may reduce growth rates of Himalayan fir at lower elevations. Under sufficient moisture conditions, increasing summer temperature might be beneficial for fir trees growing at all elevations, while trees growing at the upper treeline will take additional benefit from winter warming.