不同抗性烤烟根系分泌单糖特征及其对黑胫病菌的化感效应

为探讨烤烟根系分泌单糖的品种差异及与黑胫病的相关性,该研究以‘NC102’、‘K326’、‘云87’和‘红花大金元’4个烤烟品种为试验材料,测定了各烤烟品种根系、根际土中的单糖及对黑胫病的化感作用。结果表明:(1)在各烤烟品种的根系和根际土中均检出了木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,检出的糖组分中以葡萄糖含量最高。(2)在烤烟团棵期时,根际土中的葡萄糖含量在高抗品种‘NC102’和中抗品种‘K326’中分别为2.255和4.744μg·g~(-1),中感品种‘云87’和高感品种‘红花大金元’分别为7.100和11.068μg·g~(-1);各烤烟品种团棵期时根际土中的单糖总量表现为:‘NC102’(5.346μg·g~(-1))‘K326’(7.844μg·g~(-1))‘云87’(10.551μg·g~(-1))‘红花大金元’(15.579μg·g~(-1))。(3)根际土中葡萄糖含量、单糖总量均表现为感病品种高、抗病品种少的趋势;感病品种根际土中单糖总量在团棵期时高,而在其他时期时较低。(4)各单糖和混合糖溶液对黑胫病菌的生长均表现为促进作用,单一糖在2.000mg·mL~(-1)处理下促进作用最强,混合糖在4.000mg·mL-1处理下促进作用最强。研究发现,烤烟感病品种在生长发育前期通过根系分泌较多的单糖到根际土中,为土壤中黑胫病菌的生长发育提供了物质和能源,促进了烟草黑胫病菌的生长,导致烟草黑胫病的发生。     

白及花花青素测定与体外抗氧化活性研究

白及为兰科植物白及(Bletilla striata(Thunb.)Reichb.f.)的干燥块茎,是一种重要的中药材,近年来种植面积不断扩大。白及花一般呈紫色,可能富含花青素并具有花青素的生物活性,但未见相关研究报道。本研究采用p H示差法测定发现白及花的花青素含量为0.46 mg/g,高效液相色谱法测定发现其含有飞燕草色素(114.528μg/g)、牵牛花色素(22.737μg/g)、天竺葵色素(23.736μg/g)、芍药色素(9.030μg/g)和锦葵色素(27.831μg/g)。体外测定发现白及花提取液具有抗氧化活性,总抗氧化能力为173.1 U/m L,羟自由基清除活性为147.36 U/m L,DPPH自由基清除率为85.43%和超氧阴离子清除率为18.02%。感官审评发现,白及花经沸水浸泡后,汤色呈紫色、透明,具淡雅花香,滋味稍涩、回甘。以上研究表明,白及花富含花青素,具有抗氧化活性,可作为饮料开发。     

纯化的绞股蓝皂苷的抗氧化活性研究

目的:比较经不同纯化条件纯化的绞股蓝皂苷样品的体外抗氧化能力,方法:通过清除DPPH自由基,羟自由基,抑制脂质过氧化的能力,还原力来检测样品的抗氧化能力。结果:对DPPH自由基清除率最高的是总皂苷A,达86.08%;对.OH的清除率最高的总皂苷A’,为53.49%;对脂质过氧化的抑制率最高的是总皂苷A,为54.08%,还原力大小排序为总皂苷A>总皂苷A’>总皂苷B。结论:总皂苷A的抗氧化能力最强。     

黑粒青稞HvtUF3GT基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究以黑粒青稞品种‘黑老鸦’籽粒为材料,克隆了青稞类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因(HvtUF3GT),获得1 449 bp序列。HvtUF3GT基因包含一个1 434 bp开放阅读框,编码478个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.45,预测蛋白分子量为52 912.58 Da。蛋白质序列分析表明,HvtUF3GT为亲水性的不稳定酸性蛋白,且在C-末端具有一段典型的44个氨基酸PSPG box,在空间结构中含有β-α-β-α-βRossmann折叠结构,属于UDP糖基转移酶基因GT-B型超家族成员。进化树分析表明,HvtUF3GT与小麦族的大麦、乌拉尔图小麦、山羊草和二穗短柄草的糖基转移酶聚为一个分支,且与大麦的亲缘关系最近,与稻族的籼稻和短花稻的亲缘关系较远。半定量和定量PCR结果表明,在‘INB0N-7’蓝粒青稞和‘昆仑12号’白粒青稞的籽粒灌浆后期HvtUF3GT基因不表达,而在黑粒青稞和紫粒青稞中的表达强弱依次为‘黑老鸦’(黑粒)‘昆仑17号’(黑粒)‘达章紫’(紫粒)‘涅如姆扎’(紫粒)。研究推测,HvtUF3GT基因在青稞灌浆后期籽粒着色过程中发挥着重要作用。     

分子标记辅助选育抗水稻条纹叶枯病的‘红血糯’种质

为了改良水稻‘红血糯’品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性,将‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’作为抗性的供体亲本配制杂交组合;同时选取了ST10、H21和STS11-43等3对显性分子标记用于亲本和F2群体田间抗病性的分子标记辅助检测。结果显示:(1)不同分子标记在亲本中的多态性不同,标记H21和STS11-43只有在‘红血糯’和‘香糯Q33’之间具有多态性,标记ST10在‘红血糯’与‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’之间都有多态性。(2)各个分子标记在不同杂交组合F2群体的室内分子检测显示,部分F2单株携带抗性基因条带,也有个别单株含有杂合抗病基因条带。(3)田间发病抗性检测显示,含有抗性基因的植株基本不发病,携带抗性基因的单株与田间发病情况调查结果基本相符,但对含有杂合抗病基因条带的抗病单株,其还需2~3代田间观察,纯化抗病基因。研究表明,分子检测结果与田间抗病性检测结果相符,3种分子标记可以用于‘红血糯’杂交后代的分子标记辅助检测,为改良‘红血糯’的条纹叶枯病抗性育种提供了可行的方法。     

肾茶多酚提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

采用回流提取法,进行单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验,确定肾茶多酚最佳提取工艺;并通过测定1,1-二联苯基-2-苦肼自由基(DPPH·)和羟自由基(·OH)清除率评价其抗氧化活性。得到的肾茶多酚的优化提取工艺为液料比10∶1(m L/g),50%乙醇回流3次,每次提取2 h,肾茶多酚提取率为3.60%,优选的提取工艺稳定可靠,重现性好。体外抗氧化活性实验结果显示:肾茶多酚的抗氧化能力随质量浓度的增大而增强,在1~10μg/m L浓度范围内和100~1250μg/m L浓度范围内,其清除DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的能力略强于抗坏血酸,两者的对DPPH自由基半数抑制浓度分别为5.78和6.31μg/m L;对羟基自由基的半数抑制浓度为851.1和940.1μg/m L。     

低温胁迫对水稻幼苗不同叶龄叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以‘蜀恢162’(‘Shuhui 162’)、‘糯89-1’(‘Nuo 89-1’)、‘蜀恢162/糯89-1’(‘Shuhui 162/Nuo 89-1’)、‘奇妙香’(‘Qimiaoxiang’)和早黄矮(‘Zaohuang’ai’)5个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(系)为研究对象,采用叶绿素荧光成像系统研究了低温(4℃)胁迫对水稻3叶期幼苗不同叶龄叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:经低温胁迫处理后,5个水稻品种(系)幼苗3个叶龄叶片的各叶绿素荧光参数变化有明显差异,其中第一叶的各项参数均降至0。经低温处理后5个水稻品种(系)幼苗3片叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)均明显小于对照(25℃),其中第一叶的降低幅度最大、第三叶最小。经低温胁迫处理后,5个水稻品种(系)幼苗第三叶的非光化学淬灭系数(qN)均显著大于对照,耐冷性品种‘糯89-1’幼苗第二叶的qN较对照显著增大,而其他水稻品种(系)幼苗第二叶的qN均显著小于对照;‘糯89-1’幼苗第二叶的光化学淬灭系数(qP)较对照略有增大,第三叶的qP显著大于对照;‘早黄矮’幼苗第三叶的qP也大于对照但差异不显著,而其余水稻品种(系)幼苗第二叶和第三叶的qP均显著小于对照。经低温胁迫后5个水稻品种(系)幼苗3片叶片的PSⅡ最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax)和半饱和光强(Ik)均显著小于对照;除‘糯89-1’幼苗第三叶外,5个水稻品种(系)幼苗3片叶片的快速光响应曲线初始斜率(α)也均显著小于对照,总体上第一叶的rETRmax、Ik和α下降幅度最大、第三叶最小。研究结果揭示:受低温胁迫后,叶片自身生理差异是导致水稻幼苗不同叶龄叶片受伤害程度不同的主要因素。     

升振山姜茎的黄酮类成分

为了解升振山姜(Alpinia hainanensis‘Shengzhen’)的化学成分,采用柱色谱技术从其茎中分离得到10个黄酮类化合物。经波谱分析,分别鉴定为(-)-乔松素(1)、(±)-山姜素(2)、(±)-7,4′-二羟基-5-甲氧基二氢黄酮(3)、4′,6′-二羟基-2′-甲氧基二氢查尔酮(4)、小豆蔻明(5)、蜡菊亭(6)、(+)-儿茶素(7)、(-)-表儿茶素(8)、原花青素A1(9)、原花青素A6(10)。体外活性测试表明,化合物1、3、5、7~10具有显著的ABTS自由基清除活性,化合物7~10具有显著的DPPH自由基清除活性。     

陈皮黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性检测

本研究采用超声波辅助溶剂提取法提取陈皮(Citrus reticulata Blanco)黄酮类化合物,通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法和2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)法检测抗氧化活性.设计响应面实验,考察乙醇质量分数、超声时间和料液比对陈皮黄酮提取的影响,得到的最佳提取工艺为乙醇质量分数60％,超声时间36 min,料液比1∶25 (g/mL),所得黄酮提取率为24.75 mg/g;DPPH实验表明纯化前、乙酸乙酯萃取和AB-8树脂纯化后的陈皮黄酮的IC50值分别为427.83、129.76、87.44μg/mL,抗坏血酸当量(AEAC值)分别为1283.85、4266.04、6245.73mg/100 g;ABTS实验表明纯化前、乙酸乙酯萃取和AB-8树脂纯化后的陈皮黄酮的IC50值分别为181.67、50.87、43.3μg/mL,AEAC值分别为8584.79、30690.99、36006.24mg/100 g.并且陈皮黄酮的抗氧化能力具有剂量效应关系,纯化后的能力显著增强.     

不同基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片生物活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

以‘胜利’、‘唯一’、‘毛象’和‘库立激’4个费约果品种叶片为试材,探讨基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力的影响,以期深入了解费约果叶片的生物活性物质组成,为其深度开发提供理论依据。结果表明:费约果叶片富含酚类物质[8.27¹8.81 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）],特别是原花青素[0.43³.32 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]和鞣花单宁[0.55⁰.79 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]。基因型显著影响叶片的总酚和原花青素含量,而发育阶段则显著影响叶片的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力,尤以幼叶阶段（20%叶片）各生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力最高。结果表明,费约果果树修剪时产生的叶片可搜集用于天然抗氧化剂或保健品的开发。     

杂交兰花色花香生物合成途径的转录组分析

该研究以杂交兰(Cymbidium hybrid)不同花色花香品种‘玉凤’(K18,黄色)和‘福韵丹霞’(K24,紫红色)为材料,采用RNA-Seq技术获得杂交兰不同花期的花朵转录组数据,分析杂交兰不同时期花色/花香相关基因的表达变化,探讨杂交兰花色花香形成的分子机理,为杂交的定向改良和新品种选育提供依据.结果表明:(...     

粳稻龙锦1号/香软米1578杂交组合F_5家系群糙米总花色苷含量变异及相关性分析

随着环境污染加剧和人们对自身健康关注度的提高,功能性食品在全球范围内蓬勃发展。彩色稻米作为稻米家族中的一员,由于富含微量元素、花色苷、生物碱等功能性成分,已成为当前功能性食品研究开发的热点之一。本研究利用粳稻品种龙锦1号/香软米1578杂交组合214个F_5家系,对水稻糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级和千粒重的变异及其相关性进行了分析。糙米粒色等级变异范围为1~9,平均值为4.98,变异系数为57.87%;糙米总花色苷含量变异范围为0~5459.34 mg/kg,平均值为834.47 mg/kg,变异系数为191.96%;糙米千粒重变异范围为11.96~26.24 g,平均值为17.75 g,变异系数为12.89%。糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级和千粒重在F5家系中不符合正态分布,表现为右偏态,其中糙米总花色苷含量的偏斜程度最大。糙米总花色苷含量和千粒重的峰度系数为正值,表明为尖顶峰;而糙米粒色等级的峰度系数为负值,表明为平顶峰。糙米总花色苷含量与粒色等级呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.69;糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级均与千粒重呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.20和-0.34。与高亲龙锦1号相比,27个家系的糙米总花色苷含量极显著提高,占214个F_5家系的12.62%,为高花色苷水稻种质创新奠定了基础。     

Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylases from rice: key enzymes for favonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis

Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylases (F3H) are key enzymes in the synthesis of flavonol and anthocyanin. In this study, three F3H cDNAs from Oryza sativa (OsF3H-1 approximately 3) were cloned by RT-PCR and expressed in E. coli as gluthatione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. The purified recombinant OsF3Hs used flavanone, naringenin and eriodictyol as substrates. The reaction products with naringen and eriodictyol were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be dihydrokaempferol and taxifolin, respectively. OsF3H-1 had the highest enzymatic activity whereas the overall expression of OsF3H-2 was highest in all tissues except seeds. Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase could be a useful target for flavonoid metabolic engineering in rice.     

黑豆种皮花色苷酶法辅助提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性分析

优化黑豆种皮花色苷复合酶法辅助提取工艺,并对其抗氧化活性进行评价。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化确定了黑豆种皮花色苷生物酶法辅助提取的最佳工艺为:复合酶(纤维素酶400 U/g,α-淀粉酶50 U/g),酶解温度50℃,液料比26∶1 mL/g,乙醇体积分数64%,酶解时间为59 min。在此条件下,提取花色苷的含量为2.019 mg/g。抗氧化试验研究表明,黑豆种皮花色苷的还原能力、对超氧阴离子自由基清除能力低于抗坏血酸,但对亚硝酸根离子和DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力强于抗坏血酸。因此,生物酶法辅助提取是一种高效的黑豆种皮花色苷提取方法,且作为一种新型花色苷资源,黑豆种皮花色苷有着挖掘和应用价值。     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the Indian wheat varieties

In this study, Indian wheat varieties grown under different agro-climatic zones were evaluated for their antioxidant potential. Different grain fractions (bran, flour, shorts) and the whole meal were tested using two free radicals (ABTS and DPPH) for their radical scavenging activities. More variation was observed in the antioxidant activities from different zones using DPPH assay. Irrespective of the method used, the whole meal and the bran of central zone varieties showed the highest and the north western plains zone varieties showed the lowest antioxidant activities. Within each growing zone, both the effect of genotype and environment was observed on the antioxidant activity. Both free and bound phenolic compounds were extracted from the bran of varieties representing different zones. Total phenolic content (TPC) varied from 2,900 to 5,650 μg Gallic acid equivalents/g of bran. Bound phenolic content was found to be more strongly correlated to the TPC than the free phenolic content. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed in the total phenolic content. This study therefore indicates that Indian wheat varieties have good antioxidant activity and high content of phenolic compounds and can be used further in breeding programmes to increase the content of phytochemicals responsible for antioxidant activity.     

不同类型特种稻种质营养及功能性成分含量的差异

本研究以具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2个以上特殊性状聚合于一体的新创制特种稻种质39份和1份白米种质(对照)为试验材料,进行了黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等不同类型特种稻种质的营养及功能性成分含量的差异评价。结果表明,供试特种稻类型在大部分氨基酸含量和矿质元素含量上与白米差异不显著,只在个别氨基酸和矿质元素含量上与白米呈显著或极显著差异。黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、红甜米和白甜米等7种类型的赖氨酸含量显著或极显著高于白米,高2.91%~24.68%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米和红甜米等6种类型的铁含量显著或极显著高于白米,高17.62%~68.09%;黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等7种类型的钙含量显著或极显著高于白米,高23.56%~49.46%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等6种类型的锌含量显著或极显著高于白米,高12.21%~55.87%。由此表明,具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2~3个特殊性状的聚合对赖氨酸含量与铁、钙和锌含量的提高方面具有一定的增加效应,认为在今后以赖氨酸、铁、钙和锌含量为目标性状的功能性水稻育种中,多个特殊性状的聚合将是增加上述功能性成分含量的有效途径之一。通过鉴定评价,从创新种质中还筛选出一些功能性成分含量相对较高的优异种质,白甜米1553和红巨胚糯米1476的赖氨酸含量较高,比白米分别高29.37%和23.42%;红米1439和红米1440的铁含量较高,比白米分别高99.05%和80.00%;黑甜米1511和黑甜米1515的硒含量较高,比白米分别高194.14%和136.48%;白甜米1551和香糯米1446的γ-氨基丁酸含量较高,比白米分别高14.56%和11.83%;黑巨胚糯米1464和黑米1432的花色苷含量较高,比供试18份有色稻米的平均值分别高253.23%和248.83%。这些新创制的功能性成分含量较高的水稻种质有待于今后在育种、生态适应性鉴定与产业化中进一步得到利用。     

The OsmiR396–OsGRF8–OsF3H‐flavonoid pathway mediates resistance to the brown planthopper in rice (Oryza sativa)

Multi‐functional microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key modulators of plant–pathogen interactions. Although the involvement of some miRNAs in plant–insect interactions has been revealed, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most notorious rice (Oryza sativa)‐specific insect that causes severe yield losses each year and requires urgent biological control. To reveal the miRNAs involved in rice–BPH interactions, we performed miRNA sequencing and identified BPH‐responsive OsmiR396. Sequestering OsmiR396 by overexpressing target mimicry (MIM396) in three genetic backgrounds indicated that OsmiR396 negatively regulated BPH resistance. Overexpression of one BPH‐responsive target gene of OsmiR396, growth regulating factor 8 (OsGRF8), showed resistance to BPH. Furthermore, the flavonoid contents increased in both the OsmiR396‐sequestered and the OsGRF8 overexpressing plants. By analysing 39 natural rice varieties, the elevated flavonoid contents were found to correlate with enhanced BPH resistance. Artificial applications of flavonoids to wild type (WT) plants also increased resistance to BPH. A BPH‐responsive flavanone 3‐hydroxylase (OsF3H) gene in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was proved to be directly regulated by OsGRF8. A genetic functional analysis of OsF3H revealed its positive role in mediating both the flavonoid contents and BPH resistance. And analysis of the genetic correlation between OsmiR396 and OsF3H showed that down‐regulation of OsF3H complemented the BPH resistance characteristic and simultaneously decreased the flavonoid contents of the MIM396 plants. Thus, we revealed a new BPH resistance mechanism mediated by the OsmiR396–OsGRF8–OsF3H–flavonoid pathway. Our study suggests potential applications of miRNAs in BPH resistance breeding.     

Effective extraction of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) from wild grape seeds

The Oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) in green and black tea, grape seeds, grapes and wine has raised much attention but that OPC in wild grape seed remains to be intensively investigated. This study investigated the total OPC contents and total antioxidant activity of wild grape seeds and developed an efficient extraction process with various temperatures, solvent compositions and times. Also, a chromatography column packed with the Dia-ion HP-20 resin was used for further purification of the OPC. The total OPC contents were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant activity using total antioxidant potential (TAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The yield of final purified OPC was 1.78 (+)-catechin equivalent (CE) g/100 g, with IC₅₀ activities of TAP and DPPH of 31.60 and 15.70 μg/mL. These activities of the final purified OPC were about two times higher than that of the BHA used as a reference sample.     

Isolation and characterization of dihydromonacolin-MV from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monascus purpureus</Emphasis> for antioxidant properties

The methanolic extract of Monascus purpureus cultivated by solid-state fermentation on rice showed strong 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and better yield as compared to other polarity based extracted fractions. It was selected for further purification of the antioxidant. The activity-guided repeated fractionation of methanolic extract on a silica gel column chromatography yielded a compound that exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Based on the spectroscopic analysis by UV, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, 2D-HSQCT NMR, and MS, the antioxidant isolated was elucidated as a derivative of dihydromonacolin-K, where the ester group is 2-methyl propionate, designated as dihydromonacolin-MV. The DPPH radical was significantly scavenged by the dihydromonacolin-MV (IC₅₀ 20±1 μg ml⁻¹). The dihydromonacolin-MV showed strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation in a liposome model with an IC₅₀ value of 5.71±0.38 μg ml⁻¹ and superoxide radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 163.97±2.68 μg ml⁻¹.     

Extracts of black and brown rice powders improve hepatic lipid accumulation via the activation of PPARα in obese and diabetic model mice

Rice powder extract (RPE) from black and brown rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) improves hepatic lipid accumulation in obese and diabetic model mice via peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. RPE showed PPARα agonistic activity which did not differ between black and brown RPE despite a higher anthocyanin content in black RPE.