鳗鲡幼鱼耳石日轮的研究

本文报道采自辽东半岛沿岸鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)的白仔鳗和经人工培育的当年幼鳗耳石日轮生长的观察结果。白仔鳗和幼鳗耳石平均直径均与体全长成直线相关。12尾白仔鳗耳石的平均日轮数146.3,据此推测其产卵期为11—12月。观察证实从咸淡水转人到淡水生活的幼鳗耳石的环纹有过渡带存在。     

鱼道进口诱鱼技术研究进展

鱼道进口设置是否合理是鱼道设计和建设的关键.不同的环境条件会使鱼类产生不同的行为特征,合理利用影响鱼类游泳行为特征的水流、声、光、气泡幕等环境因子对提高鱼道进口诱鱼效果具有重要作用.本文聚焦水流、声、光、气泡幕诱鱼技术,归纳了影响各诱鱼技术的主要因素,从鱼类行为学方面总结了相关研究成果.目前诱鱼研究多以理论基础研究为主...     

机器鱼诱鱼技术在集鱼过程中的应用前景

利用仿生机器鱼调节鱼类行为在鱼类资源保护中具有重要意义,为开发诱驱鱼技术提供了新的思路。本文基于国内外机器鱼的研究现状,分析机器鱼诱鱼技术的视觉诱导机理、尾流场诱导机理、电信号诱导机理,归纳了影响机器鱼诱鱼技术的主要因素,总结了国外机器鱼调节鱼类行为的相关研究成果,探讨了机器鱼诱鱼技术的应用前景,为机器鱼诱鱼技术的进一步发展提供参考。     

美洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中鱼油的适宜添加水平研究

为研究饲料中鱼油添加水平对美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)幼鱼生长性能、消化酶、体成分及肝脏脂肪代谢的影响, 以确定美洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中鱼油的适宜添加水平, 选用初始体重(8.34±0.12) g的美洲鳗鲡幼鱼800尾, 随机分成5组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复40尾; 分别投喂添加0(对照组)、3%(FO3组)、6%(FO6组)、9%(FO9组)和12%(FO12组)鱼油的试验饲料, 试验期56d。结果表明, 饲料中添加鱼油显著影响美洲鳗鲡幼鱼生长性能, FO6组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼的增重率、投饵率和饲料效率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比, 鱼油添加组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性显著提高(P<0.05), 蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著降低(P<0.05); FO6组、FO9组和FO12组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著提高(P<0.05), 全鱼粗蛋白质含量在FO12组显著降低(P<0.05), 全鱼水分和灰分含量无显著变化(P>0.05); FO9组和FO12组脂肪酸合成酶活性显著降低(P<0.05), FO12组脂蛋白酯酶和肝脂酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。综上, 饲料中添加适宜鱼油水平可以提高美洲鳗鲡幼鱼的生长性能, 调节肠道脂肪酶活性、全鱼粗脂肪含量和肝脏脂肪代谢酶水平或活性; 美洲鳗鲡幼鱼获得最佳增重率和饲料效率时, 饲料中鱼油添加水平推荐为6.43%—6.78%。     

长吻(鱼危)幼鱼发育的研究

长吻(鱼危)的幼鱼发育共分为仔鱼前期、仔鱼期和稚鱼期三个阶段。本文记述的是幼鱼发育各阶段外部形态的变化和内部器官的建成以及不同时期出现的集群、摄食、避光等生物学特性。对提高鱼苗成活率,培育出优质健壮的苗种有指导意义。       

异齿裂腹鱼幼鱼模拟麻醉运输研究

异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori)是分布于雅鲁藏布江中游的高原特有鱼类。受人类活动影响,异齿裂腹鱼自然种群资源迅速下降。作为鱼类保护研究与实践的重要支撑技术之一,鱼类麻醉运输技术在高原鱼类中的运用还没有公开报道。本研究观察了8种MS-222浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70 mg/L)模拟麻醉运输条件下,异齿裂腹鱼幼鱼(全长17～25cm)的行为表现及运输水质的变化。结果显示,在0～4 h内,各处理组的水体溶解氧和总氮含量大都呈上升趋势,pH呈下降趋势,4～12 h期间各处理组的溶解氧、pH和总氮无统一的变化趋势。MS-222浓度为0～30 mg/L时,试验鱼均未进入麻醉状态;MS-222浓度为40～50 mg/L时,试验鱼在0～8 h内保持深度麻醉或轻度麻醉状态,8～12 h麻醉剂逐渐失效,试验鱼可慢慢恢复正常活动,12 h内没有出现死亡情况;MS-222浓度为60～70 mg/L时,试验鱼进入过度麻醉状态,并出现了死亡。本研究表明,适宜异齿裂腹鱼的MS-222浓度为40～50 mg/L,麻醉运输的时间应控制在8h内。     

昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼对盐度的耐受性研究

在水温20℃,pH=7.1,24 h不断充氧的条件下,观察记录昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼在不同盐浓度下的生活状态,测定其对盐度的耐受性。试验结果表明,24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为15.2399 g/L、12.8126 g/L、12.2689 g/L、11.8187 g/L,两个级别的安全浓度(SC)分别为1.1819 g/L和2.7169 g/L。半致死浓度随时间的增加而减小,说明其对盐度的抵御力随生活在一定盐溶液时间增加而减弱。昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼在死亡前出现急游、游向水面、活动减弱、身体失衡、翻白现象,死亡后体表分泌大量粘液,口角、鱼鳍有充血现象。     

齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼疲劳后游泳特性恢复状况研究

以中国地质公园（神农架）野生动物繁育基地提供的齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）幼鱼（体长为14.017.5 cm,体重为39.665.6 g）为研究对象,利用自制鱼类游泳特性（Swimming performance）研究装置,运用递增流速法（Stepped velocity test）,研究了鱼类疲劳后20d和40d的游泳特性恢复状况。结果表明:（1）在20d内齐口裂腹鱼临界游泳速度（Critical swimming speed,Ucrit）相比于初次测试（20d前）有所降低,20d内的恢复状况较差;而在40d后,临界游泳速度已经基本恢复到最初状况,40d内的恢复状况较好。（2）疲劳后鱼类游泳效率显著下降,并且在40d后无法恢复正常。虽然40d后速度指数低于20d后速度指数,40d后游泳效率高于20d后游泳效率,但是相对于初次测试,40d后游泳效率恢复效果并不明显。（3）齐口裂腹鱼在疲劳后40d内,恢复能力（Recovery capability）无法恢复到正常状况,但由于3次测试中疲劳后过量耗氧（Excess post-exercise oxygen cost,EPOC） 波动并不大,说明疲劳对其恢复能力影响并不大。（4）20d后和40d后无氧呼吸时间均较第一次测试时提前,说明疲劳损伤对其有氧呼吸能力产生了持续影响。（5）疲劳对鱼类生态行为（Ecological behavior）影响不明显。研究有利于为鱼道建设提供基础资料,对生物多样性保护具有深远意义。       

长江上游圆口铜鱼幼鱼肠道内寄生小吻虫种群生态的研究

对长江上游圆口铜鱼幼鱼肠道内寄生小吻虫种群生态的研究表明,长江上游圆口铜鱼幼鱼体内小吻虫感染率为69．88％,感染强度8．18(1-47),相对密度5．72。雌鱼的感染率和感染强度均高于雄鱼,体长4．0～5．9cm的圆口铜鱼被小吻虫的感染率最高,且染虫对肥满度有显著影响。小吻虫在圆口铜鱼幼鱼种群中呈负二项分布,66％的虫体集丛分布在圆口铜鱼肠道的前段,其种群主要由5mm以下个体组成,雌虫明显多于雄虫。     

两种标记方法对异齿裂腹鱼幼鱼的标记效果研究

异齿裂腹鱼（Schizothorax oconnori）是仅分布于雅鲁藏布江中游的高原特有鱼类。本研究在室内水泥池条件下探讨了可见植入荧光（VIE）标记和T型标志牌对异齿裂腹鱼幼鱼的短期（30 d）标记效果。共设置3个处理组,分别为VIE标记组、T型标志牌组和对照组。VIE标记的标记部位为试验鱼的头部表皮,T型牌的标记部位为试验鱼的背鳍基部。试验期间的水温为10.1~11.7 ℃,溶解氧为3.65~7.54 mg/L。结果显示,各标志处理组在试验期间没有显著生长,各组间的全长也没有显著性差异。VIE标记组、T型牌组和对照组的平均存活率分别为95.8%、92.0%和97.5%。VIE标记组和T型牌组的平均标志保持率分别为100%和88.95%。本研究表明,VIE标记是适宜异齿裂腹鱼幼鱼的短期标记方式。     

Multiple population structure of the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata

The population structure of the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata, was investigated with mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA analyses using 449 specimens from 13 localities throughout the species range. Control region F-statistics indicated the North Pacific (Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Sulawesi), South Pacific (Tahiti, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea), eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra), western Indian Ocean (Réunion, Madagascar), Ambon, and Guam regions were significantly different (Phi(ST) = 0.131-0.698, P < 0.05) while only a few differences were observed between localities within the South Pacific. These regions were roughly clustered in the neighbour-joining tree, although Ambon individuals were mainly divided into North and South Pacific groups. Analysis with eight microsatellite loci showed almost identical results to those of the control region, except no genetic difference was observed between the western and eastern Indian Ocean (F(ST) = 0.009, P > 0.05). The Bayesian cluster analysis of the microsatellite data detected two genetic groups. One included four North Pacific localities, and the other included eight localities in the South Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Guam, but Ambon individuals were evenly assigned to these two groups. These results showed that A. marmorata has four genetically different populations (North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Guam region). The North Pacific population is fully panmictic whereas the South Pacific and Indian Ocean populations have a metapopulation structure. Interestingly, Guam was suggested to be inhabited by a reproductive population restricted to that region, and the individuals from the North and South Pacific populations co-exist in Ambon.     

Highly polymorphic microsatellite loci from the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata)

Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite loci from the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) were identified and their characteristics were described. These markers were tested in two wild populations from China (n = 20) and Australia (n = 20) respectively. The number of alleles ranged from 9 to 14 with an average of 11.28 per locus. The mean expected heterozygosity (H_E) was 0.8696 in the population from China, 0.8823 in the population from Australia. No locus deviates significantly from Hardy–Weinberg proportions (P < 0.05).     

Colour vision in the tropical giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata as determined by classical conditioning test

Ichthyological Research - The giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata Quoy &amp; Gaimard is an important aquaculture candidate in eel farming industry. The high economic value of the species leads...     

Regional variation in otolith Sr:Ca ratios of African longfinned eel Anguilla mossambica and mottled eel Anguilla marmorata: a challenge to the classic tool for reconstructing migratory histories of fishes

Otolith Sr:Ca ratios of the African longfinned eel Anguilla mossambica and giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata from nine freshwater sites in four rivers of South Africa were analysed to reconstruct their migratory life histories between freshwater and saltwater habitats. For A. mossambica, the Sr:Ca ratios in the otolith edge differed significantly among rivers and had large effect sizes, but did not differ among sites within a river. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios did not differ among rivers for A. marmorata. When rivers were pooled, the edge Sr:Ca ratios of A. mossambica were not significantly different from those of A. marmorata. According to the river-specific critical Sr:Ca ratio distinguishing freshwater from saltwater residence, most A. mossambica and A. marmorata had saltwater habitat experience after settlement in fresh water. This was primarily during their elver stage or early in the yellow eel stage. During the middle and late yellow eel stage, freshwater residency was preferred and only sporadic visits were made to saltwater habitats. The data also suggest that regional variations in otolith Sr:Ca ratios affect the critical Sr:Ca value and are a challenge for the reconstruction of migratory life histories that should be explicitly considered to avoid bias and uncertainty.     

Antidipsogenic effects of eel bradykinins in the eel Anguilla japonica

A peptide with bradykinin (BK)-like immunoreactivity was isolated from an incubate of heat-denatured eel plasma with porcine pancreatic kallikrein. The purified peptide had the following amino acid sequence: Arg-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Ser-Trp-Pro-Leu-Arg. This decapeptide, named eel [Arg(0)]BK, was identical to two previously identified BK homologs from cod and trout. High conservation of the BK sequence among distant teleost species suggests an important function in this vertebrate group. Bolus intra-arterial injections of eel [Arg(0)]BK, BK, and [Arg(0)]-des-Arg(9)-BK (1-10 nmol/kg) caused significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of drinking in seawater-adapted eels. The potency of the inhibition was ranked in the following order: [Arg(0)]BK > [Arg(0)]-des-Arg(9)-BK = BK. The BK peptides also produced an immediate, transient increase followed by a sustained increase in arterial blood pressure and an initial decrease followed by an increase in heart rate. Strong tachyphylaxis occurred for the cardiovascular effect but not for the antidipsogenic effect. The order of the potency of the cardiovascular actions, [Arg(0)]BK > BK > [Arg(0)]-des-Arg(9)-BK, was different from that of the antidipsogenic action. Slow infusions of eel [Arg(0)]BK in the dose range 1-1,000 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of drinking without changes in arterial pressure, plasma osmolality, and hematocrit. At the infusion rate of >100 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1), plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, a potent dipsogenic hormone in eels, increased, suggesting an interaction of the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems. In mammals, BK is dipsogenic and vasodepressor, so that our data demonstrate opposite effects on fluid and cardiovascular regulation of BK in the eel and suggest a new physiological role for the kallikrein-kinin system in teleost fish.     

Age and growth of migrating tropical eels,Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla marmorata

The age and growth of migrating tropical eels, Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla marmorata from central Sulawesi, Indonesia, were examined. Migrating eels (63 A. celebesensis and 38 A. marmorata ) were obtained from weirs near the Poso Lake outlet and non‐migrating eels (35 A. celebesensis and 119 A. marmorata ) were captured by baited hooks, eel pots, scoop net and electro‐fishing in the Poso River system, Laa River system, Baluga River, Tongku River and Padapu River from February 2009 to October 2010. In both species, the proportion of eels with opaque otolith edges showed a single peak in July, suggesting that one annulus (a pair of translucent and opaque zones) was formed each year in their otoliths. Mean ± s.d . and range of total length (L _T) and age was 785·2 ± 114·9 (585–1083) mm and 7·5 ± 1·6 (5–11) years in migrating female A. celebesensis and 1132·2 ± 173·7 (800–1630) mm and 11·6 ± 3·3 (7–23) years in A. marmorata . The age of migrating female eels was negatively correlated with annual growth rate, 100·7 ± 17·2 (68·1–145·0) mm year^?1 in A. celebesensis and 97·9 ± 19·3 (66·6–131·6) mm year^?1 in A. marmorata , but there was no significant correlation between the L _T and annual growth rate in either species. The annual growth rates of these female tropical eels were typically higher than those of temperate anguillid species, suggesting a latitudinal cline in growth rate in the genus Anguilla reflecting the environmental conditions of their growth habitat.     

花鳗鲡脑cDNA文库的构建及GnRH基因克隆与表达分析

以花鳗鲡脑组织为材料,提取总RNA,应用CloneminerTM文库构建试剂盒构建cDNA文库。经检测,文库的滴度为4.3×106 cfu/mL,总容量为5.16×107 cfu/mL,阳性克隆率为99.6%,插入片段0.43－3.2kb之间,平均插入片段大小为1532bp。以文库为模板,克隆获得花鳗鲡两种类型的促性腺激素释放激素（mGnRH和cGnRH-II）cDNA序列。序列分析表明,花鳗鲡mGnRH cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)包含276个碱基,编码91个氨基酸,其中包括22个氨基酸的蛋白质前体信号肽（1－22位氨基酸）、mGnRH十肽（23－32位氨基酸）、一个三肽裂解位点（33－35位氨基酸）和56个氨基酸的GnRH相关肽（36－91位氨基酸）;花鳗鲡cGnRH-II cDNA开放阅读框包含264个碱基,编码87个氨基酸,其中包括24个氨基酸的蛋白质前体信号肽（1－24位氨基酸）、cGnRH-II十肽（25－34位氨基酸）、一个三肽裂解位点（34－36位氨基酸）和50个氨基酸的GnRH相关肽（37－87位氨基酸）。序列同源性分析表明,花鳗鲡mGnRH、cGnRH-II cDNA与日本鳗鲡之间的相似性率高达98%;与鲑形目、鲈形目、鲽形目鱼类的相似率为73%－78%;而与鲤形目鱼类的相似性相对较低（63%－67%）。采用RT-PCR 方法分析了两种GnRH基因在花鳗鲡雌雄个体中的表达,结果表明该两基因在雌雄个体的组织表达模式无明显差异;但mGnRH基因在雌雄个体内表达部位多于cGnRH-II的。     

Sympatric spawning of Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica in the western North Pacific Ocean

Extensive collections were made of the larvae of the temperate Japanese eel Anguilla japonica and the tropical giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata in an overlapping area of the North Equatorial Current region of the western North Pacific Ocean. Collections of 189 A. marmorata and > 2500 A. japonica larvae during nine surveys from 1991 to 2007 showed that these two anguillid eels have similar spawning areas just west of the southern West Mariana Ridge. In July to August 2006 and August 2007, morphologically and genetically identified A. marmorata preleptocephali were mainly collected between 14·5–15° N and 142–142·5° E, where A. japonica preleptocephali were also caught in some of the same net tows. Fewer A. marmorata preleptocephali, however, were collected ( n = 31) compared to those of A. japonica ( n = c . 165), and fewer small larvae of A. marmorata were collected per tow than A. japonica ( n = 1–10 and 1–294, respectively), suggesting relatively smaller spawning aggregations of A. marmorata . The distribution of preleptocephali and small larvae was wider in longitude in A. marmorata (131– 143° E) than in A. japonica (137–143° E), while the latitudinal range was almost the same (12–17° N). Although spawning by these two species overlaps both spatially and temporally, the tropical eels of the North Pacific population of A. marmorata probably have a much longer spawning season with fewer spawners, at least in summer, and recruit to a much wider latitudinal range of growth habitats.