分离自我国蜜蜂的一株新的致病螺原体及其基本特性

【目的】通过分析分离自我国患病蜜蜂体内的螺原体MF1006的基本生物学特征,初步确定其分类地位及致病性。【方法】应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,运用常规螺原体分离和培养方法、分子生物学方法和血清学方法研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位,并采用饲喂接种法研究其致病性。【结果】菌株MF1006具有典型的螺旋形和运动性,能通过0.22μm孔径的滤膜,与我国之前发现的引起蜜蜂螺原体病的参比菌株Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1的基本生物学特征差异较大。S.melliferum CH-1抗血清对其没有抑制作用。根据16S rDNA、ITS序列构建系统发育树显示,菌株MF1006与在法国发现的引起蜜蜂"五月病"的Spiroplasma apis的亲缘关系最近。此外,菌株MF1006对供试意蜂有较强的致病性。【结论】分离菌株MF1006是在我国蜜蜂体内发现的除S.melliferum以外的另一种致病螺原体。     

分离自蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的三株螺原体的基本特性

【目的】调查我国蜜蜂螺原体的种类,研究它们的基本生物学特性,初步确定其分类地位,为研究螺原体在自然界中的传播途径提供依据。【方法】螺原体的分离、培养方法,应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,运用分子生物学方法(选16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因进行系统发育分析)和血清学方法(生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验)研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位。【结果】从健康的意蜂(Apis mellifera)体内分离到3株螺原体MF0903、MF0904、MF0905。3株螺原体都呈典型的螺旋状,但菌株MF0905的菌体短小,螺旋数较少;MF0903和MF0904菌落呈规则的圆形,MF0905菌落近圆形、较大;它们都能利用葡萄糖、D-果糖作为碳源,不能利用尿素;菌株MF0903、MF0904能强烈代谢精氨酸、不能利用蔗糖作为碳源,而MF0905不能代谢精氨酸、能利用蔗糖作为碳源;根据16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因序列构建系统发育树显示,分离菌株MF0903、MF0904与Spiroplasma melliferum聚类较近,而MF0905与Spiroplasma clarkii聚类较近。生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验结果均表明标准菌株Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1的抗血清对菌株MF0905没有抑制作用,而能抑制菌株MF0903和MF0904生长。【结论】分离菌株MF0903、MF0904属于Spiroplasma melliferum,而MF0905可能是Spiroplasma clarkii,这表明我国蜜蜂中存在的螺原体不仅仅是Spiroplasma melliferum。     

黄道蚜蝇螺原体的分离及其基本生物学特性

摘要：【目的】调查我国部分昆虫螺原体的存在情况,收集我国的昆虫螺原体资源,并研究它们的基本生物学特性,初步确定其分类地位。【方法】螺原体分离、培养方法,应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,根据16S rDNA构建系统发育树研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位。【结果】从黄道蚜蝇昆虫体内分离到螺原体YY0801,并对其进行了形态学、基本生物学及分子生物学特性研究。分离菌株在R2液体培养基中生长良好,能通过孔径为0.22 μm、0.45 μm的微孔滤膜;在R2固体培养基上呈颗粒状菌落;在对数期呈典型的螺旋状;能利用葡萄糖、D-果糖作为碳源;能强烈代谢精氨酸;不能利用尿素,在含氨苄青霉素钠(2000 U/mL)的R2液体培养基中生长良好。根据16S rDNA构建的系统发育树显示,分离菌株YY0801与血清组Ⅰ的Spiroplasma melliferum 聚类较近。【结论】首次在国内从食蚜蝇科中的黄道蚜蝇（Phytomia zonata）分离到螺原体,分离菌株YY0801可能是Spiroplasma melliferum,但其确切的分类地位需要进行血清学进一步分析。     

中国蜜蜂新病原的分离

蜜蜂是自然界最主要的授粉昆虫,它们除了为农作物授粉外,还为人类提供营养丰富的蜂产品,具有重要的经济价值和社会效益。然而春季蜜蜂的"爬蜂病"几乎是年复一年的发生,轻则削弱蜂群,重则使蜜蜂全部死亡。引起蜜蜂"爬蜂病"的病原包括细菌、孢子虫、花粉、病毒、螺原体等多种,因此,准确鉴定出蜜蜂发病的病因对于蜜蜂疾病的正确防治非常必要。     

3种植物花螺原体的分离及其基本特性

[目的]调查我国植物花上的螺原体的存在,搜集我国的螺原体资源,并研究它们的基本生物学特性.[方法]常规螺原体分离、培养方法,应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,根据16S rDNA和ITS序列构建系统发育树研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位.[结果]分别从油菜(Brassica napus)、杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)、红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa)3种植物花表分离到4株螺原体CNR-1和CNR-2、CNA-1、CRW-1,对其形态、部分生理生化特性及分子生物学特性进行了初步研究.这4株螺原体在R-2液体培养基中生长良好,都能通过孔径为0.22 μm的微孔滤膜;在R-2固体培养基上呈圆形或颗粒状菌落,菌落直径约50～600 μm;在生长的某个阶段可呈典型的螺旋状,菌体直径为37.04～370.40 nm,长度约0.89～11.88 μm;它们都能利用葡萄糖作为碳源,不能利用尿素;在不含胎牛血清的R-2培养基中,它们都不能生长;菌株CNR-1、CNA-1能强烈代谢精氨酸,而CNR-2和CRW-1不能代谢精氨酸;在氨苄青霉素钠浓度高达2000 U/mL的R-2培养基中,分离菌株生长良好.根据16S rDNA序列构建的系统发育树显示,分离菌株CNR-1和CNR-2、CNA-1与蜜蜂螺原体Spiroplasma melliferum聚类较近,而CRW-1与S.clarkii聚类较近;根据ITS序列构建的系统发育树显示,CRW-1形成一个单独的分枝,其它3个菌株仍与S.melliferum聚类.[结论]以上结果初步表明,分离菌株CNR-1和CNR-2、CNA-1极有可能是spiroplasma melliferum,而CRW-1可能是一个新的螺原体种,但还需要血清学试验进一步验证.     

三株螺原体对抗生素敏感性的体外测定

对我国新分离的两个螺原体和典型的柑桔僵化病螺原体,在体外条件下对10种抗生素的敏感性进行了测定;其敏感程度用最小生长抑制浓度(MIC)和最小致死浓度(MBC)表示。结果表明,红霉素、四环素、土霉素等有较强的生长抑制和致死作用;其次是氯霉素、夹竹桃霉素、庆大霉素;作用较弱的有链霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素;青霉素在试验浓度范围内(0.01—2000μg/ml)无作用。三株供试菌中,以柑桔僵化病螺原体(Sc189)对10种抗生素最敏感,新分离的两个螺原体CH-1和CB-2的敏感性相似。同时,不同培养时间对MIC测定     

三株螺原体对抗生素敏感性的体外测定

对我国新分离的两个螺原体和典型的柑桔僵化病螺原体,在体外条件下对10种抗生素的敏感性进行了测定;其敏感程度用最小生长抑制浓度(MIC)和最小致死浓度(MBC)表示。结果表明,红霉素、四环素、土霉素等有较强的生长抑制和致死作用;其次是氯霉素、夹竹桃霉素、庆大霉素;作用较弱的有链霉素,新霉素、卡那霉素;青霉素在试验浓度范围内(0.01—2000μg/ml)无作用。三株供试菌中,以柑桔僵化病螺原体(Sc189)对10种抗生素最敏感,新分离的两个螺原体CH-1和CB-2的敏感性相似。同时,不同培养时间对MIC测定     

泰安枣疯病植原体的分子鉴定

【目的】对3个枣疯病病原物泰安株系进行分子鉴定。【方法】采用植原体通用引物对R16F2n/R16R2,通过直接PCR技术,扩增枣疯病植原体16S rDNA基因,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析和在线模拟16S rDNA-RFLP分析,并将其16S rDNA基因序列提交到GenBank数据库。【结果】3个枣疯病病原物16S rDNA基因片段与16SrⅤ-B亚组中枣疯病植原体(AB052876和AF279272)、樱桃致死黄化植原体(AY197659)及杏卷叶植原体(FJ572660)的同源性高达99.5%99.7%,分别命名为枣疯病植原体泰安圆铃1号株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Yuanling1,JWB-Yuanling1,TA)、枣疯病植原体泰安鲁北冬枣株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Lubeidongzao,JWB-Lubeidongzao,TA)和枣疯病植原体泰安大白铃株系(Jujube witches’-broom phyto-plasma strain Dabailing,JWB-Dabailing,TA),基因登录号分别为:HM989946、HM989947和HM989948。【结论】3个枣疯病植原体泰安株系均归属于16SrⅤ-B亚组。     

牛虻螺原体的基本生物学特性

【目的】通过分析分离自牛虻体内的螺原体NM1108-1和NM1108-5的基本生物学特性,了解分离菌株可能的分类地位,为进一步研究螺原体与宿主的相互作用提供信息。【方法】运用常规方法分离培养牛虻螺原体,利用暗视野显微镜和透射电镜观察分离菌株的形态特征,结合其生理生化特性及系统发育学特性研究初步确定分离菌株的分类地位。【结果】从牛虻中分离到大量螺原体,以其中两个代表性的菌株NM1108-1和NM1108-5为主要研究材料,在暗视野显微镜下观察其形态均呈螺旋状,做翻滚式运动;两者都能利用葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖作为碳源,不利用尿素和精氨酸,对四环素比较敏感,对青霉素不敏感;系统发育树显示,分离到的牛虻螺原体菌株NM1108-1和NM1108-5属于Apis一支但属于不同亚支,NM1108-1与S.turonicom聚为一支;NM1108-5与S.gladiatoris聚为一支。【结论】两株牛虻螺原体NM1108-1和NM1108-5的分类地位分别初步被确定为S.turonicom和S.gladiatoris,这是首次报道我国牛虻体内的螺原体。     

柳树黄化病植原体的分子分类

[目的]柳树黄化病是一种重要的植原体病害,本研究旨在明确柳树黄化病植原体(Willow Yellow phytoplasma,WY)的分类地位,为进一步开展致病性和防治研究奠定基础.[方法]采用植原体特异引物通过PCR方法从患病植株DNA中扩增植原体16S rDNA基因和核糖体蛋白基因(ribosomal proteins gene,rp),对所得的序列进行分析,构建同源进化树,并用限制性片段长度多态性(RFTJP)对巢式PCR产物进行分析.[结果]首次从柳树黄化病植原体中分离出了16S rDNA基因和rp基因,大小分别为1246 bp和1212 bp.通过对植原体16S rDNA和rp基因的核苷酸同源性比较和RFLP分析,发现该分离物与16S rI组的核苷酸同源性均在99%以上,与16S rI-C亚组中的小麦蓝矮病植原体同源性高达99.8%(16Sr DNA)和99.6%(rp),且RFLP分析与16SrI-C亚组的植原体有相同的酶切条带.[结论]柳树黄化植原体应划分于16SrI-C亚组.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of mitochondrial ATP 6 and 8, Cyt b and 16S rDNA genes for differentiation of Iranian honeybees (Apis mellifera meda) from commercial subspecies of Apis mellifera L. and comparison with geometric morphometric method

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variations and the geometric morphometric method can be used to differentiate honeybee subspecies and evolutionary lineages. Molecular markers are powerful tools for discriminating honeybee subspecies. In this study, 19 beekeeping sites were selected to collect Iranian honeybee samples. The honeybee forewing images stored at Oberursel (the Bee Data Bank) were used to compare with those of Iranian honeybees using the geometric morphometric method. Furthermore, the abilities of DNA markers to differentiate Iranian honeybees (A. m. meda) from the most common commercial subspecies (A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica) were assessed. In the present research, 16S rDNA (Mitochondrial 16S rDNA Region) showed greater ability in differentiating Iranian honeybees from other subspecies compared with ATP 6 and 8 and Cyt b. The phylogenetic tree derived from 16S rDNA differentiated A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica from Iranian honeybees. Principle component analysis (PCA) discriminated C lineage and Z subgroup from A and M lineages using 16S rDNA. In addition, the phylogenetic tree of the 16S rDNA affirmed the findings of the cluster analysis derived from the geometric morphometric method in differentiating A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica from Iranian honeybees. The cluster analysis grouped reference subspecies of A. m. meda with Iranian honeybees. Moreover, the Discriminant Function Analyses (DFA) differentiated Iranian honeybees from A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica.     

Arginine metabolism by the corn stunt spiroplasma

When corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) was grown in spiroplasma medium A (SMA) containing 5% horse serum, 16% sucrose, 1.5% PPLO broth, and 0.002% phenol red indicator, color and pH of the medium changed from red (pH 7.5) to yellow (pH 5.8) by 4 days after inoculation with CSS. In spiroplasma medium B (SMB), identical to SMA except for supplementation with 47 mM arginine-HCl, color and pH changed within 4 days but reverted to red (pH 7.5) 6 days later, suggesting that arginine was metabolized. Growth of CSS in both SMA and SMB was a characteristic sigmoid pattern; maximum titers were reached the fifth day after inoculation and were 2.3 × 10⁸ cells/ml in SMA and 4.5×10⁸ cells/ml in SMB. Helicity and motility of CSS were lost after 8 days in SMA, while in SMB some cells were still helical and motile up to 15 days. Daily analyses of CSS cultures by photometric methods showed that arginine was depleted from SMB and production of ammonia and ornithine was higher in SMB than in SMA; citrulline was detected in SMB but urea was not found in either medium. Results from additional tests using an amino acid analyzer and thin-layer chromatography further substantiated arginine metabolism and indicated that an arginine deiminase pathway was operative in CSS.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Influence of Fixation Vehicle Osmolality on Cell Morphology of Spiroplasma, Acholeplasma, and Mycoplasma spp. grown on Agar

Young Spiroplasma citri, corn stunt spiroplasma, and honey bee spiroplasma colonies fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in M 199 cell culture medium with 0.25 M sucrose showed elongated mycelium-like cells which were sometimes branched or helical. In older colonies beaded chains and rounded bodies were formed. Fixation in 6 % glutaraldehyde in distilled water resulted in amorphous masses in which rounded bodies were present. The spiroplasma cells did not remain osmotically active after glutaraldehyde fixation. Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma hyorhinis colonies fixed in glutaraldehyde with or without M 199 medium with 0.25 M sucrose showed little difference in cell morphology.     

Vitamin requirements of three spiroplasmas.

A chemically defined medium (CC-494M) was used to study the vitamin requirements of three spiroplasmas representing three distinct serogroups: flower spiroplasmas [Spiroplasma floricola and FS (SR-3)] and honeybee spiroplasma [HBS (AS-576)]. Nicotinic acid and riboflavin were essential to spiroplasma growth. Nicotinamide could substitute for nicotinic acid. Populations of S. floricola, FS (SR-3), and HBS (AS-576) reached 3.2 X 10(9), 1.96 X 10(10), and 6.1 X 10(9) CFU/ml, respectively, when nicotinic acid (0.036 mg/liter) and riboflavin (0.014 mg/liter) were supplied.     

Influence of five spiroplasma strains on growth rate and survival of Galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

Infection of Galleria mellonella larvae with five spiroplasma strains caused increased mortality and decreased growth rates of larvae. Reductions in growth rate and survival were related to spiroplasma strain and multiplication rate of the spiroplasma in the larvae. Three strains, considered to be ephiphytic on flowers (23-6, SR-3, PPS1), proved highly pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae, whereas strains known to be pathogenic to plants (SC-27) or honeybees (G-1) had a lesser impact.     

一株降氰细菌的筛选及其转化特性初步研究

从污染土壤中分离一株高效降氰菌株DN25,经表型分析和16SrDNA分析,初步判断为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp．)。该菌株耐氰能力强,能在氰浓度达1,000mg／L的环境中生长。其生长和转化的最佳温度和pH分别为30％和8．0,10h对氰浓度为500mg／L的溶液转化率可达到99％。同时菌株也可有效转化亚铁氰化钾,对于氰浓度相当于500mg／L的亚铁氰化钾液,12h的转化率可达到96％。     

Simplified media for spiroplasmas associated with tabanid flies

Traditionally, isolation, maintenance, and testing of Spiroplasma species (Mollicutes: Entomoplasmatales) from horse flies (Tabanus spp.) and deer flies (Chrysops spp.) (Diptera: Tabanidae) have been accomplished in the complex M1D medium. A relatively inexpensive, simplified medium for tabanid spiroplasmas could expedite procedures that require large quantities of growth medium. Nine strains of spiroplasmas, eight from tabanids and one from mosquitoes, were cultured in three simplified broth media, R2, R8-1, and C-3G, and in M1D. There was no significant difference in the rate of spiroplasma growth in M1D and the three simplified media. R2 medium supported the growth of tabanid spiroplasmas more consistently and with better morphology through 10 subcultures than did the other simplified media. Primary isolations were made in R2 medium from tabanids collected (i) in Georgia, U.S.A., with 10 isolations from 10 flies and (ii) in coastal Costa Rica, with isolation rates of 70% (28/40) and 73% (27/37), respectively, for R2 and M1D. Of the seven group VIII field isolates from Costa Rica, four were capable of sustained growth in R2, and three were triply cloned in this simplified medium. These results suggest that the simplified medium R2 is suitable for many procedures with tabanid spiroplasmas.     

DETs缓冲液对肠道微生物DNA的保存效果

方便高效的保存方法是开展动物肠道微生物研究的重要前提,用T-RFLP（末端限制性片段长度多态性）结合16S rDNA分析评估了野外采样常用的DETs（20%DMSO,0.25 M sodium-EDTA,100 mM Tris,pH 7.5,and NaCl to saturation）缓冲液对不同保存时间（24h,7天,30天,90天）粪便样品肠道微生物DNA的保存效果。结果表明,DETs保存在30天保存时间内微生物群落结构无显著变化,95.6%的T-RFs仍然存在,能效好的保护肠道微生物DNA。