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1.
赵淑清  方精云  雷光春 《生态学报》2001,21(7):1171-1179
全球面临着生境破碎化的危机,物种保护已成为人类面临的重大课题,并不是所有的人对岛屿生物地理学理论的产生及其关注的海洋岛屿都很熟悉,但是越来越多生物赖以生存的自然栖息地的丧失和破碎化都是有目共睹的,岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前物种保护的两个基本理论,物种迁入率和绝灭率的动态变化决策岛屿上的物种丰富度是岛屿生物地理学理论的核心内容,而集合种群理论关注的是局部种群之间个体迁移的动态以及物种的续存条件,在概述两个理论形成、发展及其核心内容的基础上,着重比较它们的异同点以及在生态学理论和实践中的应用,并论述物种保护理论范式从岛屿生物地理学向集合种群理论转变的基本背景和原因。  相似文献   

2.
岛屿生物地理学理论:模型与应用   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:17  
前言岛屿有许多显著特征,如地理隔离,生物类群简单。这些特点为重复性研究和统计学分析奠定了基础,从而有利于许多深入而细致的生物学研究。因此,岛屿为发展和检验自然选择、物种形成及演化,以及生物地理学和生态学诸领域的理论和假设,提供了重要的自然实验室。岛屿生物地理学理论(MacArthurwilson学说)即为岛屿生物学研究中所产生的著名理论之一。该理论发展之  相似文献   

3.
集合种群与生物多样性保护   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
集合种群的概念受到空前的重视,其精髓是强调物种受局域和区域两个空间尺度上生态学过程的共同作用。主要介绍了集合种群概念的由来、集合种群动态理论以及集合种群理论在生物多样性保护及生物防治中一些可能的应用。  相似文献   

4.
岛屿生物地理学理论在物种保育方面的应用误区   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
岛屿生物地理学理论疏忽岛屿与大陆环境存在的实质性差异:岛屿是由性质均一的海水环绕,导致岛屿周边气流温度、湿度等因子较一致,使得岛屿环境多样性降低.岛屿环境单一化和气候变化是物种较少和易灭绝主要原因.岛屿生物地理学理论在物种保育方面的应用误区,主要是片面强调自然保护区面积效应和距离效应,忽视气候变化等产生的环境单一化对物种濒危作用.说明岛屿生物地理学理论必须修正,只有将岛屿环境单一化以及物种脆弱性作用等方面纳入理论框架内,才是正确理论和可应用于物种保育.对自然保护区设置和物种保育提出新思路和应用方法.  相似文献   

5.
20世纪伟大的博物学家和生物地理学家爱德华·奥斯本·威尔逊(Edward Osborne Wilson,1929-2021)与杰出的理论和数学生态学家罗伯特·赫尔默·麦克阿瑟(Robert Helmer MacA rthur,1930-1972)共同开创的岛屿生物地理学理论是他们青年时代的巅峰之作。  相似文献   

6.
岛屿生物地理学与自然保护区的建立   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
曹坤芳 《生态学进展》1989,6(3):172-178
  相似文献   

7.
岛屿生物地理平衡理论简评   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
王军 《化石》1997,(2):20-22
岛屿生物地理平衡理论简评王军本世纪60年代地质学经历着一场由板块构造理论引发的变革,而同时期在生物学领域发生的,是由R.H.MacArthur和E.O.Wilson创立的岛屿生物地理平衡理论(Theequilibriumtheoryofislandb...  相似文献   

8.
MacArthur-Wilson的平衡理论是生态学中最有影响力的理论之一,尽管进化的重要性早已认识到,但进化因素一直没有很好地整合到岛屿生物地理学模型中.本文通过在经典MacArthur-Wilson模型中整合成种及其他相关因素提出了一个更通用的综合模型.模型证实成种对岛屿上物种丰富度和特有种的形成具有重要作用,并且在满足一定条件时成种对局域物种多样性的作用可超过迁入的作用,这些条件与平均每物种成种率、绝灭率以及岛屿特征有关,但与迁入率无关.当其他参数固定时,模型预测,大岛具较大但不是最大的特有种比例.基于这一模型,可以预测海洋岛上物种丰富度和特有种的变化,预测结论与实际观察的一致.本文提出的模型为重新评估成种的作用和岛屿物种多样性数据,尤其是对那些偏离MacArthur-Wilson模型的数据进行重新分析提供了一个新方法.  相似文献   

9.
集合种群动态:理论与应用   总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28  
集合种群是指一相对独立地理区域内各个局域种群的集合,这些局域种群通过一定程度的个体迁移而连结在一起。集合种群理论是生态学最新分支领域——空间生态学的主要研究途径之一;它关注的是局域种群之间个体迁移的动力学后果,以及具有不稳定局域种群物种的区域续存的条件。本文较为全面地介绍了集合种群理论的基本内容,并展望其应用前景。  相似文献   

10.
生物地理学的新进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
近30年来,生物地理学的发展极为迅速。由于遗传学和生态学的介入,生物区系的研究由描述走向解释、分析。历史生物地理学中离散观点的兴起,不仅能对生物地理分布格局的形成过程作出客观的解释,也可对地球的演化提出生物学家的看法。  相似文献   

11.
影响水稻纹枯病流行、危害的因子分析   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
以连作早稻为研究对象,对影响水稻纹枯病发生、危害有关的因子,即品种、施氮肥量、气象因素、为害损失、发病时间、病情程度及药剂等作了系统的定量研究.结果表明,品种间存在抗病性和危害损失程度上的差异;施氮肥量与发病程度关系密切;气象因素中以日均温和雨日频率与病害流行速率关系密切;发病时间与为害损失率相关性不明显,药剂防治效果与控病时间、病情基数有关.  相似文献   

12.
Speciation and phylogeography of Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6  
The Hawaiian archipelago is arguably the world's finest natural laboratory for the study of evolution and patterns of speciation. Arthropods comprise over 75% of the endemic biota of the Hawaiian Islands and a large proportion belongs to species radiations. We classify patterns of speciation within Hawaiian arthropod lineages into three categories: (i) single representatives of a lineage throughout the islands; (ii) species radiations with either (a) single endemic species on different volcanoes or islands, or (b) multiple species on each volcano or island; and (iii) single widespread species within a radiation of species that exhibits local endemism. A common pattern of phylogeography is that of repeated colonization of new island groups, such that lineages progress down the island chain, with the most ancestral groups (populations or species) on the oldest islands. While great dispersal ability and its subsequent loss are features of many of these taxa, there are a number of mechanisms that underlie diversification. These mechanisms may be genetic, including repeated founder events, hybridization, and sexual selection, or ecological, including shifts in habitat and/or host affiliation. The majority of studies reviewed suggest that natural selection is a primary force of change during the initial diversification of taxa.  相似文献   

13.
14.
    
We compile a Mexican insular herpetofaunal checklist to estimate endemism, conservation status, island threats, net taxonomic turnover among six biogeographic provinces belonging to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, and the relationships between island area and mainland distance versus species richness. We compile a checklist of insular herpetofaunal through performing a literature and collection review. We define the conservation status according to conservation Mexican law, the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Environmental Vulnerability Scores. We determine threat percentages on islands according to the 11 major classes of threats to biodiversity. We estimate the net taxonomic turnover with beta diversity analysis between the Nearctic and Neotropical provinces. The Mexican insular herpetofauna is composed of 18 amphibian species, 204 species with 101 subspecies of reptiles, and 263 taxa in total. Endemism levels are 11.76% in amphibians, 53.57% in reptiles, and 27.91% being insular endemic taxa. Two conservation status systems classify the species at high extinction risk, while the remaining system suggests less concern. However, all systems indicate species lacking assessment. Human activities and exotic alien species are present on 60% of 131 islands. The taxonomic turnover value is high (0.89), with a clear herpetofaunal differentiation between the two biogeographic regions. The species–area and species–mainland distance relationships are positive. Insular herpetofauna faces a high percentage of threats, with the Neotropical provinces more heavily impacted. It is urgent to explore the remaining islands (3,079 islands) and better incorporate insular populations and species in ecological, evolutionary, and systematic studies. In the face of the biodiversity crisis, islands will play a leading role as a model to apply restoration and conservation strategies.  相似文献   

15.
The focus on place rather than space provides geography with a powerful raison d’être. As in human geography, the functional role of place is integral to the understanding of evolution, persistence and extinction of biotic taxa. This paper re‐examines concepts and biogeographical evidence from a geographical rather than ecological or evolutionary perspective. Functional areography provides convincing arguments for a postmodern deconstruction of major principles of the dynamic Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB). Endemic oceanic island taxa are functionally insular as a result of long‐term island stability, confinement, isolation, and protection from continental invasion and disturbance. Most continental taxa persist in different, more complex and open spatial systems; their geographical place is therefore fundamentally distinct from the functional insularity of oceanic island taxa. This creates an insular‐continental polarity in biogeography that is currently not reflected in conservation theory. The focus on the biogeographical place leads to the development of the eigenplace concept defined as the functional spatial complex of existence. The application of still popular ETIB concepts in conservation biology is discouraged. The author calls for the integration of functional areography into modern conservation science.  相似文献   

16.
Synopsis Multiple datasets show global maxima of marine biodiversity in the Indo–Malay–Philippines archipelago (IMPA). Analysis of distribution data for 2983 species reveals a pattern of richness on a finer scale and identifies a peak of marine biodiversity in the central Philippine Islands and a secondary peak between peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. This pattern is repeated in diverse habitat and higher taxa classes, most rigorously for marine shore fishes, supporting geohistorical hypotheses as the most general unifying explanations. Specific predictions based on area of overlap, area of accumulation, and area of refuge hypotheses suggest that present day eastern Indonesia, or Wallacea, should be the center of marine biodiversity. Processes suggested by these three hypotheses contribute to the diversity in this region and are also a likely explanation for the secondary center of diversity. Our study indicates, however, that there is a higher concentration of species per unit area in the Philippines than anywhere in Indonesia, including Wallacea. The Philippine center of diversity is consistent with hypotheses that this area experienced numerous vicariant and island integration events and these hypotheses warrant further testing. Special attention to marine conservation efforts in the Philippines is justified because of the identification of it as an epicenter of biodiversity and evolution.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract.  1. Metapopulation and island biogeography theory assume that landscapes consist of habitat patches set in a matrix of non-habitat. If only a small proportion of species conform to the patch–matrix assumptions then metapopulation theory may only describe special cases rather than being of more general ecological importance.
2. As an initial step towards understanding the prevalence of metapopulation dynamics in a naturally fragmented landscape, the distribution of beetle species in three replicates of three habitat types was examined, including rainforest and eucalypt forest (the habitat patches), and buttongrass sedgeland (the matrix), in south-west Tasmania, Australia.
3. Ordination methods indicated that the buttongrass fauna was extremely divergent from the fauna of forested habitats. Permutation tests showed that the abundance of 13 of 17 commonly captured species varied significantly among habitats, with eight species confined to eucalypts or rainforest, and three species found only in buttongrass. Approximately 60% of species were confined to forested habitat implying that metapopulation theory has the potential to be very important in the forest–buttongrass landscape.
4. Although floristically the rainforest and eucalypts were extremely distinct, the beetle faunas from eucalypts and rainforests overlapped substantially. Therefore rainforest patches connected by eucalypt forest represent continuous habitat for most species.
5. Other studies report a wide range of values for the proportion of patch-specific species in fragmented landscapes. Understanding the environmental or historical conditions under which a high proportion of species become patch specialists would help to identify where spatial dynamic theory may be especially applicable, and where habitat loss and fragmentation poses the greatest threat to biodiversity.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
We review the early development of metapopulation ideas, which culminated in the well-known model by Levins in 1969. We present a survey of metapopulation terminology and outline the kinds of studies that have been conducted on single-species and multispecies metapopulations. Metapopulation studies have important conceptual links with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and with studies on the dynamics of species living in patchy environments. Metapopulation ideas play an increasingly important role in landscape ecology and conservation biology.  相似文献   

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