高压静电场对贯叶连翘种子休眠破除及药用成分的影响

将高压静电场(HVEF)技术应用于贯叶连翘种子休眠破除及组培苗培养,结果显示,贯叶连翘种子在静电场(100 kv/m)中处理1 h,其发芽势(SPO)和发芽率(SPT)是对照组(无静电处理)的5.69倍和2.45倍;贯叶连翘组培苗在静电场(135 kv/m～150 kv/m)中处理1 h,其药用成分总金丝桃素含量和贯叶金丝桃素含量是对照组的1.35～1.53倍;静电场(150 kv/m)处理后,POD活性是其对照的1.30倍.研究表明,一定强度的静电场作用,能有效提高贯叶连翘种子发芽率,促进总金丝桃素和贯叶金丝桃素代谢含量.     

椭圆叶花锚的引种栽培

椭圆叶花锚 (HaleniaellipiticaD .Don)是藏族民间用于治疗黄疸型肝胆疾病和病毒性肝炎的一种名贵草药。引种栽培试验研究表明 ,在青海高原自然环境条件下 ,椭圆叶花锚为二年生草本植物 ,完成植物生长发育需要的时间为 10～ 12个月。自然状态下的植物种子萌发率很低 ,种子经过低温条件处理后可显著提高其萌发率。栽培的椭圆叶花锚植株在植株高度、分枝数量、单株生物量等生长状况指标明显高于野生植株 ,其有效化学成分接近野生状态的水平 ,野生椭圆叶花锚的人工栽培是可行的     

金丝桃属9种植物种子形态及其系统学讨论

对金丝桃属5组9种植物的种子进行了宏观及微观形态学研究,以探讨岐山金丝桃的系统位置。结果显示,种子形态特征在本实验观察的5个组之间有明显差异。其中金丝桃组种子外形较为细长,种皮纹饰为狭长而规则的矩形网纹;黄海棠组种子稍粗,种皮纹饰为长宽近等的多边形(稀矩形)网纹;元宝草组的元宝草、贯叶连翘组的贯叶连翘以及挺茎遍地金组的云南小连翘种子均较小,元宝草种皮纹饰为负网纹,贯叶连翘种皮纹饰为相邻网纹间有间隙的近圆形网纹,云南小连翘种皮纹饰为复网纹。研究显示,岐山金丝桃的种子形态与黄海棠组最为接近,支持岐山金丝桃归于黄海棠组。     

贯叶连翘生长发育规律的观察研究

目的:观察贯叶连翘的生长发育规律,为人工栽培提供参考。方法:人工育苗与野生植株移栽相结合,观察其生长发育规律。测定相应的生长指数(包括株高,叶片长、宽),分析其在人工栽培中的应用。结果与结论:贯叶连翘的种子发芽需要光照,覆土不宜过深;当年育苗生长缓慢,注意少施勤施肥;多年生植株具有明显的两个开花盛期,注意水肥供应,可实现两次收获。     

4种野生牡丹种子休眠和萌发特性及与其致濒的关系(英文)

与栽培牡丹相比,野生矮牡丹、四川牡丹和紫斑牡丹的种子一般较小,但野生黄牡丹种子则明显大于栽培牡丹。这４ 种濒危的野生牡丹种子的休眠与萌发特性与栽培牡丹的有明显差异：萌发生根期需半年以上,但通过胚培养可使之减至２ 周;萌发温度以１０～１５℃为宜, 超过２０℃则明显不利于生根及上胚轴生长; 打破上胚轴休眠需要严格的低温;野生牡丹种子的萌发率及打破上胚轴休眠后的出苗率也大大低于栽培牡丹,而且在不同分布地之间存在较大差异。实验证明：在自然状态下野生牡丹缺乏充分的传粉,特别是居群间的传粉不足,导致其种子质量低下;而野生牡丹种子特殊的萌发特性,特别是严格的上胚轴休眠,则是导致其出苗率极低及自然状态下幼苗和种群稀少的重要内因。生化测定结果表明：在低温打破牡丹种子上胚轴休眠过程中,子叶中的萌发促进剂ＧＡ３ 含量明显升高,抑制剂ＡＢＡ 含量显著下降;而胚乳中的各种激素含量则变化不大,胚轴中的激素变化无明显规律,因此认为子叶是控制牡丹种子上胚轴休眠的关键部位。     

贯叶连翘中金丝桃素的合成与积累研究进展

金丝桃素是贯叶连翘的主要药理活性成分。本文概述了金丝桃素的化学与生物合成途径,介绍了金丝桃素在贯叶连翘个体发育过程中的积累以及利用贯叶连翘的细胞和组织培养技术生产与积累金丝桃素的研究进展。最后,指出分子生物学和电子显微镜技术的发展为深入研究金丝桃素的产生和积累提供了有利工具。     

贯叶连翘的水培及其代谢产物检测

水培可诱导贯叶连翘组培苗生根能力强,根活力也增加;生根苗在1/6MS培养液中培养6周后的金丝桃素(HP)、假金丝桃素(PHP)和贯叶金丝桃素(HF)含量分别比基质[腐质土 蛭石(1:1)]中培养的提高10.13%、16.00%和61.36%。     

贯叶连翘愈伤组织中分泌细胞群的发生与金丝桃素类物质的积累

贯叶连翘(Hypericum perforatum L．)是一种传统草药,在欧洲被广泛用于治疗抑郁症。其重要的活性成分,金丝桃素类物质储存在茎、叶和花瓣的分泌细胞团中。本文应用组织化学及电子显微镜技术,研究体外培养的贯叶连翘叶肉细胞脱分化产生愈伤组织以及细胞发育过程中金丝桃素类物质的积累、运输的情况,进一步探讨细胞的生长发育与次生代谢产物的关系。发现金丝桃素类物质产生于愈伤组织培养后期,在愈伤组织表面所形成的分泌细胞群中,最初在细胞质中形成,之后运输至液泡中积累,内质网参与了金丝桃素类物质的合成过程。这些结果为利用组织培养技术提高金丝桃素类物质含量提供了理论基础和依据。     

用贯叶金丝桃残渣栽培香菇的研究

用提取金丝桃素后的贯叶金丝桃残渣和锯木屑作培养基分别栽培香菇 ,比较了由两种培养基栽培香菇的生物学效率、香菇的可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力。结果表明 :用贯叶金丝桃残渣栽培的香菇有较高的生物学效率、其香菇可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活力亦高 ,说明贯叶金丝桃残渣适合栽培香菇 ,为栽培香菇开发了一种新的生物资源。     

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对贯叶连翘悬浮细胞生长和贯叶金丝桃素产量的影响

培养基中添加100 μm01·L-1MeJA后,贯叶连翘悬浮细胞生物量增加量和贯叶金丝桃素(HF)的产量分别是未经MeJA处理的1.3倍和1.73倍;培养3 d时,培养基中添加100 μmol·L-1 MeJA能提高HF产量,是未经MeJA处理的2.4倍.     

The production of hypericins in two selected Hypericum perforatum shoot cultures is related to differences in black gland structure.

In vitro shoot cultures of Hypericum perforatum derived from wild populations grown in Armenia have a wide variation of hypericin and pseudohypericin metabolite content. We found that a germ line denoted as HP3 produces six times more hypericin and fourteen times more pseudohypericin than a second line labeled HP1. We undertook a structural comparison of the two lines (HP1 and HP3) in order to see if there are any anatomical or morphological differences that could explain the differences in production of these economically important metabolites. Analysis by LM (light microscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) reveals that the hypericin/pseudohypericin-containing black glands located along the margins of the leaves consist of a peripheral sheath of flattened cells surrounding a core of interior cells that are typically dead at maturity. The peripheral cells of the HP3 glands appear less flattened than those of the HP1 glands. This may indicate that the peripheral cells are involved in hypericin/pseudohypericin production. Furthermore, we find that these peripheral cells undergo a developmental transition into the gland's interior cells. The fact that the size of the peripheral cells may correlate with metabolite production adds a new hypothesis for the actual site of hypericin synthesis.     

Variability of Hypericins and Hyperforin in Hypericum Species from the Sicilian Flora

Within Sicilian flora, the genus Hypericum (Guttiferae) includes 10 native species, the most popular of which is H. perforatum. Hypericum’s most investigated active compounds belong to naphtodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin) and phloroglucinols (hyperforin, adhyperforin), and the commercial value of the drug is graded according to its total hypericin content. Ethnobotanical sources attribute the therapeutic properties recognized for H. perforatum, also to other Hypericum species. However, their smaller distribution inside the territory suggests that an industrial use of such species, when collected from the wild, would result in an unacceptable depletion of their natural stands. This study investigated about the potential pharmacological properties of 48 accessions from six native species of Hypericum, including H. perforatum and five ‘minor’ species, also comparing, when possible, wild and cultivated sources. The variability in the content of active metabolites was remarkably high, and the differences within the species were often comparable to the differences among species. No difference was enlightened between wild and cultivated plants. A carefully planned cultivation of Hypericum seems the best option to achieve high and steady biomass yields, but there is a need for phytochemical studies, aimed to identify for multiplication the genotypes with the highest content of the active metabolites.     

Morphogenetic and diurnal variation of hypericin in some Hypericum species from Turkey during the course of ontogenesis

The genus Hypericum has received considerable interest from scientists, as it is a source of a variety of biologically active compounds including the hypericins. The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic, morphogenetic and diurnal variation of the total hypericins content in some species of Hypericum growing in Turkey namely, Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (endemic), Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum pruinatum. The Hypericum plants were harvested from wild populations at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages four times a day. Plants were dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues, which were dried separately, and subsequently assayed for total hypericin content. The density of dark glands on leaves at full flowering plants was determined for each species. Floral parts had the highest hypericin content in all species tested. But diurnal fluctuation in the hypericin content of whole plant during the course of ontogenesis varied among the species. It reached the highest level at floral budding and tended to increase at night in H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum and H. pruinatum, whereas in H. perforatum hypericin content was the highest at full flowering and no diurnal fluctuation was observed. In general, hypericin content of leaves and whole plant was higher in H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum whose leaves had more numerous dark glands than those of the two other species.     

Influence of nitrogen on the production of hypericins by St. John’s wort

The effect of nitrogen supply on the production of ‘hypericins’ (hypericin and pseudohypericin) in leaves of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was examined with plants grown in sand culture and soil. In sand culture, 56-d growth of St. John’s wort plants with decreased nitrogen levels resulted in increased production of hypericins in leaves. A short-term low nitrogen stress in sand culture also resulted in increased production of leaf hypericins. While growth in a low nitrogen-containing soil resulted in elevated levels of hypericins, their production was decreased by supplementation of the soil with additional nitrogen. Increased production of hypericins in St. John’s wort leaves did not require the nitrogen supply to be decreased to levels that resulted in nitrogen deficiency symptoms. Moreover, alteration in the production of leaf hypericins occurring with changes in nitrogen supply did not alter the concentration ratio of pseudohypericin and hypericin. Increased production of leaf hypericins was not associated with any significant changes in the number of dark glands on the leaves and only a weak correlation was observed between leaf dark gland number and levels of leaf hypericins. These results are discussed in terms of the biochemistry of naphthodianthrone production by St. John’s wort plants and implications for growth environment effects during cultivated growth of this medicinal plant.     

Contrasting consequences of plant domestication for the chemical defenses of leaves and seeds in lima bean plants

Plant domestication is assumed to result in reduced levels of defensive compounds in crops, because this makes the plants more suitable for consumption by humans and livestock. We argue that this should mainly be reflected in the concentrations of defense compounds in the plant parts that are used for consumption and not necessarily for other parts of crop plants. We tested this hypothesis for domesticated lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), by comparing its chemical defenses against a leaf herbivore, the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), and a seed predator, the beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus. For seeds and leaves we determined the concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) in cultivated varieties and wild populations and evaluated the preference and performance of the herbivores when exposed to leaves and seeds from wild and cultivated plants. Concentrations of CNGs were significantly different between wild and cultivated plants. In the leaves the concentration of CNGs in the cultivated varieties were more than double that of the wild leaves. In contrast, seeds from cultivated plants had up to 20 times lower CNG concentration compared to seeds from the wild populations. Insect preference and performance do not parallel the chemical data. Larvae of S. exigua preferred wild leaves but had higher survival on cultivated leaves. The beetles, however, strongly preferred seeds from cultivated plants and females developed more quickly on these seeds. We conclude that domestication of P. lunatus has altered the concentration of CNGs in both the seeds and the leaves in opposite directions. This results in differential effects on the herbivores that attack these two plant structures. The contrasting effect of domestication on different plant tissues can be explained by the fact that bean plants have been specifically selected for human consumption of the seeds. Tissue-specific effects of plant domestication on plant defenses can be expected for other crops as well.     

盐生野大豆的异黄酮积累及其生态学意义

以自然生长在盐碱地上的野大豆(Glycine soja)和不耐盐的栽培大豆(G. max)为材料,测定了它们在不同盐度条件下叶片、根部和种子的异黄酮含量,并测定了它们叶片的L-苯丙氨酸含量和苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)活性,还测定了它们根部的结瘤量和固氮酶活性。通过两者比较,分析了它们的大豆异黄酮代谢和盐渍环境的关系。结果表明:盐渍处理不抑制盐生野大豆PAL酶的活性,其大豆异黄酮大量积累;相反,盐渍处理明显抑制栽培大豆PAL酶活性,其大豆异黄酮含量减少,而大豆异黄酮合成前体L-苯丙氨酸积累。结果还显示:在盐渍条件下,盐生野大豆根部异黄酮积累的同时,其根瘤结瘤量较多,且固氮酶活性也较高;而栽培大豆随着其根部异黄酮的减少,其根瘤结瘤量大大减少,且固氮活性大大下降。野大豆和栽培大豆的这些差别说明:盐生野大豆积累大豆异黄酮有其生态学意义,这很可能是野大豆通过异黄酮次生代谢途径适应盐渍环境的一种重要机制。     

NO对金丝桃悬浮细胞生长及金丝桃素生物合成的促进作用研究

一氧化氮 (NO)是近年来发现的一种新型植物信号分子。以硝普钠 (Sodiumnitroprusside ,SNP)为一氧化氮 (NO)的供体 ,研究外源NO对金丝桃悬浮细胞生长及金丝桃素生物合成的影响。试验结果表明 ,金丝桃悬浮细胞在含 0 5和 15 0mmol LSNP的培养基中培养 2 0d后 ,细胞的干重分别为对照组的 140%和50% ;细胞中金丝桃素的含量分别为对照组的 98%和210%。试验结果表明 ,低浓度SNP处理有利于金丝桃悬浮细胞生长 ,而高浓度SNP可以促进金丝桃素的合成。在细胞培养初期 (0d)加入 0.5mmol LSNP并在指数生长后期 (14d)加入15.0mmol LSNP的金丝桃悬浮细胞在培养 2.5d后 ,细胞的干重和金丝桃素的含量分别为对照组的1.4和1.8倍 ,金丝桃素的产量达15.2mg/L ,比对照高3.2倍。SNP对金丝桃悬浮细胞生长及金丝桃素含量的影响可以被NO专一性淬灭剂CPITO(2-4-carboxyphenyl-4 ,4 ,5 ,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide)所抑制,说明SNP是通过其分解产物NO影响细胞生长和金丝桃素的合成。试验结果同时表明,在15.0mmol/L的SNP处理下,金丝桃悬浮细胞中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性显著升高,推测NO可能通过触发金丝桃悬浮细胞的防卫反应,激活了细胞中金丝桃素的生物合成途径。