长蛸生殖系统的形态学与组织学观察

运用解剖学和组织学方法对长蛸(Octopus variabilis)生殖系统的形态结构进行了研究.结果表明,长蛸雌雄异体并异形,雄性右侧第三腕茎化.长蛸雌性生殖系统由一个卵巢、成对的输卵管及输卵管腺组成.卵巢壁上发出一条线状具分支的生殖索,米粒状的滤泡以卵柄连接至生殖索上.每个滤泡是由单层滤泡细胞围绕着一个卵母细胞构成.输卵管形成丰富的纵行褶皱,黏膜上皮具有纤毛.输卵管腺含有两种类型腺细胞.雄性生殖系统包括精巢、输精管前段、储精囊、摄护腺、盲囊、输精管后段和精荚囊.精巢内部被结缔组织分隔成许多精小叶,精原细胞由小叶壁中的生殖上皮产生,并向小叶腔中逐步分化成精子.输精管前段、盲囊和摄护腺所分泌的黏液物质共同参与精荚的形成.储精囊和输精管后段形成较多的纵行褶皱,输精管后段上皮游离面的纤毛可运输生殖细胞.精荚囊的作用则是贮存精荚,囊壁中的平滑肌利于长蛸交配时精荚的排出.     

Reproduction of the salamander Siren intermedia le conte with especial reference to oviducal anatomy and mode of fertilization

Reproduction was studied in a South Carolina population of the paedomorphic salamander Siren intermedia with emphasis on anatomy of the female oviduct. The oviduct forms 67–79% of the snout-vent length in this elongate species and can be divided into three portions. The atrium, 7–13% of oviducal length, is the narrow anteriormost portion, with the ostial opening immediately caudad of the transverse septum. The ampulla, 63–75% of oviducal length, is the highly convoluted, middle portion in which gelatinous coverings are added to the eggs during their passage. Hypertrophy of the oviducal glands in the ampulla causes the ampulla to increase in diameter during the ovipository season. The secretion of the eosinophilic oviducal glands is intensely positive following staining with the periodic acid-Schiff procedure and does not react with alcian blue at pH 2.5. This staining reaction, coupled with the presence of abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, indicates that the secretion contains a glycoprotein. The ovisac, 16–25% of oviducal length, is the most posterior portion of the oviduct and holds up to 10–11 eggs prior to oviposition. Oviducal glands similar to those in the ampulla are absent in the ovisac. Oviposition in female sirens occurs during February-April in this population, and male spermiation is concurrent. Entire oviducts were sectioned from three females collected during the ovipository season and from two collected prior to the breeding season, and sperm were not found in the oviducts of these specimens. Thus no evidence was found for internal fertilization or sperm storage in the oviducts of sirens. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Sex steroid hormone fluctuations and morphological changes of the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris throughout the annual cycle

Sex steroids (17beta-estradiol and progesterone) and morphological variations of the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris from the Bay of Naples were followed over a period of 2 years. The increase in the ovary weight was independent of body weight as demonstrated by the gonado-somatic index (GSI). Both 17beta-estradiol and progesterone have been detected in the ovary of O. vulgaris, and their concentrations changed in correlation with the ovarian development. No 17beta-estradiol or progesterone was found in the hemolymph. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has been detected in the ovary, indicating that in the female of O. vulgaris the reproductive system is a source of sex steroid hormones. According to the morphological changes of the ovary, the ovarian cycle can be divided into the following phases: previtellogenesis; early vitellogenesis, full vitellogenesis and late vitellogenesis. The morphological changes of the oviducts and oviducal glands throughout the reproductive cycle were in accordance with their role in the transport and secretion of gelatinous coat covering the eggs, as well as in sperm storage and sperm reactivation during fertilization. J. Exp. Zool. 289:33-47, 2001.     

Histomorphological and endocrine assessment of female Arabian carpetshark,Chiloscyllium arabicum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscylliidae) from the Persian Gulf during annual reproductive cycle

The present study aimed at assessing the annual reproductive cycle of female Arabian carpetshark, Chiloscyllium arabicum from the Persian Gulf by a macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the reproductive tract. The annual cycle of gonadal steroids [17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T)] was also assessed in this shark. In total, 130 female C. arabicum were collected from the Bahrakan Creek (located northwest of the Persian Gulf) between January 2018 and March 2019. Females were oviparous with an external-type ovary and only one functional ovary. Five sexual maturity stages were recognized based on macroscopic and microscopic evaluation: Immature I (August–October), Immature II (November–January), Mature (February–March), Pregnant (April–May) and Spent (June–July). The structural changes in the oviducts, oviducal glands and uterus throughout the annual reproductive cycle were consistent with their roles in the egg movement, the egg capsule production and sperm storage. The plasma levels of the gonadal steroids were associated with morphological changes in the reproductive tract. E2 showed two detectable peaks during March (close to ovulation) and June (just before mating). P4 and T displayed a peak just before ovulation.     

Sterol sulfatase activity in the reproductive tract of the ewe

Sterol sulfatase activity was probed with tritiated cholesteryl sulfate in the reproductive tract of seven non-pregnant Suffolk ewes. The enzyme activity was expressed in endometrial, ovarian and oviducal tissue homogenates. The highest specific activities were found in oviducal fluids recovered by flushing the excised oviducts with buffer. Sterol sulfatase was also highly active in oviducal fluids collected during oestrus in conscious ewes through surgically inserted catheters. While part of the enzymatic activity in oviducal fluids was present in a soluble form, most was associated with secretory granules as evidenced by electron microscopy. In view of the fact that oviducal fluid is the medium in which the mammalian egg is normally fertilized, these findings support the hypothesis that sterol sulfatase plays a role in the process of sperm capacitation in the ewe.     

Postembryonic development of the female reproductive system in the pycnogonid Propallene longiceps (Pycnogonida,Callipallenidae)

The postembryonic development of the female reproductive system in the pycnogonid Propallene longiceps is examined. The germ cells can be detected first in the later stage of the 3rd instar and become a paired gonad covered with gonadal epithelium in the next instar. The larval gonad changes its shape: paired at the 4th instar, reversed U-shaped at the fifth, unpaired at the sixth, and paired again at the seventh. Oocytes can be distinguished, and the extension of the ovary into the walking legs begins at the 7th instar. Growing oocytes protrude outward from the ovary on cellular stalks in the pedal part. The trunk ovary becomes U-shaped, and the oviducts and genital pores start forming at the 8th instar. The disappearance of trunk ovary begins at the 9th instar, and is complete at the next adult stage. The connection between the pedal ovarian lumen and the genital pores via the oviducts is complete in the adult, and the female reproductive system becomes segmentally arranged. This study confirms that the segmental arrangement of adult female reproductive system in P. longiceps, which is unique among recently described arthropods, is a secondary state in pycnogonids attained by reducing the trunk part of ovary.     

棘胸蛙繁殖期间输卵管变化的组织学研究

2005年4～6月研究了棘胸蛙Rana spinosa David输卵管繁殖期间组织结构变化的规律.结果表明,棘胸蛙输卵管结构町分为粘膜上皮层、固有层、浆膜层.产卵前,输卵管管壁最厚,固有层中的单管状腺充满胶质;产卵后,输卵管管壁变薄,固有层腺体细胞缩小,粘膜层在产卵时比产卵前明显增厚;产卵前和产卵后浆膜层无明显变化,产卵时厚度明显变薄.本研究为探讨棘胸蛙的分类学地位和棘胸蛙的人工繁殖性能等提供了理论依据.     

The effects of sex steroid treatments on sexual differentiation in a unisexual lizard, Cnemidophorus uniparens (Teiidae)

Cnemidophorus uniparens is a parthenogenetic unisexual species of lizard in which each individual develops as a female, making it a unique animal model for the study of sexual differentiation. In one study, administration of exogenous testosterone before and/or after hatching influenced the development of the gonads, the accessory reproductive ducts, the renal sex segment of the mesonephric kidney, and the femoral glands, a secondary sex character. Testosterone treatment also affected the cross-sectional area of the gonad and the proportions of cortical and medullary tissues present in the developing gonad. The oviducts and femoral glands of testosterone-treated individuals were hypertrophied; the collecting tubules of the kidney of these animals contained granules, an androgen-dependent, sexually dimorphic character in squamate reptiles. In another study, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol were administered to C. uniparens embryos. No treatment effects on gonadal development were detected on the day of hatching. However, estradiol, but not testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, stimulated development of the oviducts. Taken together these studies suggest that androgen aromatization may play a role in sexual differentiation in lizards.     

Spontaneous and neurally evoked contractions of visceral muscles in the oviduct of Locusta migratoria

The oviducts of Locusta migratoria are innervated by a pair of nerves which arise from, the seventh abdominal ganglion. A distinctive network of striated muscle fibres occurs in the oviducts. The lateral oviducts and common oviduct consist of an inner circular layer of muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of muscle. At the junction of the lateral and common oviduct an additional thin longitudinal layer is found adjacent to the basement epithelium. The oviducts contracted spontaneously when isolated from the central nervous system. These myogenic contractions took the form of peristaltic contractions in the lateral oviduct, and intermittent phasic-like contractions of the posterior regions of the lateral oviduct and the common oviduct. These phasic-like contractions were associated with individual complex potentials recorded extracellularly from the muscle fibres. In locusts that had been interrupted in the process of egg laying, there were large-amplitude action potentials, firing in a bursting pattern, in the oviducal nerves. These large action potentials were absent in locusts that had not been egg-laying. These action potentials were associated with both bioelectric potentials and mechanical events in the posterior region of the lateral oviduct and the common oviduct. Electrical stimulation of the oviducal nerve mimicked the effects of spontaneous action potentials, resulting in the appearance of monophasic potentials and contractions. The contractions were graded and dependent upon both frequency and duration of stimulation. It is concluded that the oviducts of Locusta are both myogenic and neurogenic. The role of these contractions in oviposition is discussed.     

Genesis of the reproductive system of mosquitoes II. Male of Aedes stimulans (walker)

The imaginal male of mosquitoes bears a combination of organs and appendages that make it morphologically distinctive. Its reproductive organs produce sperm cells, convey and extrude them, provide accessory fluids, and insure copulation and insemination. In Aedes stimulans (Walker) these organs are derived from one of the two sets of primordia provided by the embryo. The second set of primordia is capable of producing the feminine reproductive system under unusual circumstances. Testes are derived from two compact ovoid masses of cells suspended in the hemocoel of abdominal segment 6. Each enlarges slowly throughout larval instars 1–3 and elongates very rapidly late in instar 4. Specialization of the cellular mass into sperm cells proceeds forward from the caudal end early in pupal life. From the beginning, a sheath of nutritive cells or fatbody encases each gonad, and no tracheation of the mass is evident although one small trachea sends branches to the encasing fatbody late in larval life. The efferent canal from each testis is derived from a tenuous filament extending caudally from each gonad to the venter of segment 9 and a small cluster of cells in the wall of the hemocoel on the ental surface of imaginal disc 9. Early in pupal life the filaments become the tubular vasa efferentia. The caudal clusters are primordial terminal parts of the lateral tract that become vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles and associated accessory glands. The ejaculatory canal comes from a short pouch derived from the median genital plate of disc 9. All external parts except the paraprocts are products of disc 9. The bilateral buds begin to proliferate in larval instar 4 and become the basistyles, dististyles and claspettes of the gonapophyses during pupal life. The phallosome is derived from the median genital plate. Primordia of a possible feminine reproductive system and cerci remain undifferentiated and disappear early in pupal life in the normal course of events. Primordia that were recognizable include those of ovaries, parts of lateral oviducts, median genital tract and cerci.     

Effects of temperature on life history variables in perch

Population structure, recruitment, mortality, life expectancy, age at maturity, gonad development, fecundity, net reproductive rate and energy storage were studied in a perch population exposed to thermal discharge. The experiment was conducted during 1978–1990 in an artificial enclosure at a nuclear power plant on the Baltic Sea coast. Abundance increased after the plant started operating, although the proportion of larger perch dropped to a low level. Recruitment improved, but adult mortality increased. This effect was accentuated as the fishes matured very early and at a very small size, reducing their ability to support a growing gonad in high winter temperatures. During the spawning period, condition dropped to very low levels accompanied by increased mortality. Surviving fish delayed the next spawning by one or more years and reduced their fecundity. Body condition thus improved in large perch at the end of the study period. Life-time fecundity was reduced, and reproductive performance shifted to youner ages.     

Neural inhibition of egg-laying in the locust, Locusta migratoria

The role of the oviducal nerves during egg-laying in Locusta migratoria has been examined. Section of the oviducal nerves did not inhibit egg-laying in any observable way. Electrical stimulation of the oviducal nerves resulted in a contraction of the common and lower lateral oviducts which propelled ovulated eggs up towards the ovaries. Recordings from oviducal nerves using chronically implanted electrodes showed that electrical activity was low during actual egg-laying, but high at times when egg-laying was not occurring (i.e. during digging behaviour, or following interruption of egg-laying). During these periods of high activity recurrent bursts of action potentials occurred. Similar patterns of electrical activity were recorded in semi-intact preparations using suction electrodes applied to exposed oviducal nerves of locusts which had been interrupted during the process of egg-laying. High frequency bursts of activity were recorded simultaneously from both left and right oviducal nerves.It is concluded that one function of the oviducal nerves is to inhibit egg-laying at inappropriate times, by inducing contractions of the oviducts which propel eggs back towards the ovaries. These nerves therefore provide a physiological basis for part of the adaptive ovipositional activities of locusts.     

Oviducal glands throughout the gonad development stages: a case study of Octopus mimus (Cephalopoda)

The oviducal glands (ODG) play a crucial role in octopus reproduction. Herein, structural changes of each section of the ODG of Octopus mimus are described histologically throughout the gonad development stages (GDS). To do this, the epithelial height, stereociliated or non-stereociliated epithelium, nucleus type (pycnotic or non-pycnotic), epithelial secretions and the value range of the macroscopic maturity index (MaMI), which directly involves ODG status, were measured. The ODG are internally constituted of two glandular units (central and peripheral glands) and one set of receptacles (the spermathecae). High epithelia (40 to 80?μm) were observed in both gland units during periods with low MaMI values (< 0.1) corresponding to III-mature and IV-pre-spawning. The stereociliated epithelium was only apparent in II-maturing and III-mature in both gland units. The nuclei were noticeably pycnotic in the central gland during III-mature, IV-pre-spawning and V-spawning, but pycnotic in the peripheral gland only during VI-depletion. The epithelium was disorganised during VI-depletion, while sulphated acid mucin was only present during III-mature in the central gland. The epithelium transformations during the GDS are related to the functions of the gland units and to their multiple secretions. The ODG histology complements the GDS and provides better reproductive status assessment.     

绿蟾蜍繁殖期间输卵管变化的组织学研究

本文研究了绿蟾蜍繁殖期间输卵管组织结构变化的规律。产卵前，输卵管壁最厚，固有层中的单管状腺充满胶质；产卵时，粘膜层形成细长的皱襞，固有层中的腺体分泌胶质，形成包裹卵子的卵胶膜；产卵后，输卵管壁变薄，腺体细胞缩小，但腺体间的结缔组织隔膜增厚，结缔组织可能对腺体细胞的修复起重要作用。     

粉尘螨生殖系统超微结构的透射电镜观察

本研究主要采用透射电镜观察粉尘螨Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes)生殖系统超微结构。粉尘螨雄性生殖系统是由精巢、 输 精管、 附腺、 射精管、 交配器官及附属交配器官组成。精巢内可同时有精子发育各阶段的细胞。精子无核膜、 核染色质聚集成束、 线 粒体缺乏典型的嵴、 胞质内有平行排列的电子致密薄片等为其特征性结构。雌性生殖系统由交合囊、 交合囊管、 储精囊、 囊导管、 卵 巢、 输卵管、 子宫及产卵管构成。卵巢内可见含多个细胞核的中央细胞, 其周为卵母细胞等生殖细胞。该研究丰富了对粉尘螨生殖系统 结构的认识。     

Oviduct development inDrosophila

Summary The lateral oviducts ofDrosophila virilis were investigated in normal unoperated adult females, after unilateral and bilateral ovariectomy, and following the transplantation of genital discs. Subsequent to unilateral ovariectomy at larval stages of development, mature adult females exhibited reproductive systems with a free lateral oviduct which appeared somewhat shorter and less distended than a lateral oviduct normally attached to an ovary. Histological examination revealed that such free lateral oviducts have undergone considerable growth and differentiation in the absence of direct ovarian attachment, but exhibited a smaller lumen and more highly folded epithelium. They may be distinguished from attached lateral oviducts by conformational differences and by a possibly lesser size of the epithelial cells. Free lateral oviducts observed among bilaterally ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized specimens were indistinguishable from those obtained after unilateral ovariectomy. The results are at variance with the previously accepted conclusion that oviduct growth inDrosophila is dependent upon inductive influences emanating from the ovary and directing the outgrowth of the oviducts. Differences in the developmental performance of the oviducts as a function of age at the time of ovariectomy were not evident in the study which included larvae ranging from the second instar to late in the third instar. Transplants of larval female genital discs to other larvae revealed a lesser development of the lateral oviducts than that exhibited by a genital disc developingin situ. A range of oviducal growth which lacked any relation to ovarian influences or to other internal organs of the hosts was obtained. In general, decreased amounts of oviducal muscle were found associated with the transplants.Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. This investigation was supported in part by: a National Science Foundation Co-operative Fellowship, by the United States Public Health Service Predoctoral Grant 1F1-GM 19,262-1, and by a Summer Research Grant, University of Missouri-St. Louis.     

Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). II. Annual oviducal cycle

This article is the first ultrastructural study on the annual oviducal cycle in a snake. The ultrastructure of the oviduct was studied in 21 females of the viviparous natricine snake Seminatrix pygaea. Specimens were collected and sacrificed in March, May, June, July, and October from one locale in South Carolina during 1998-1999. The sample included individuals: 1) in an inactive reproductive condition, 2) mated but prior to ovulation, and 3) from early and late periods of gravidity. The oviduct possesses four distinct regions from cranial to caudal: the anterior infundibulum, the posterior infundibulum containing sperm storage tubules (SSTs), the uterus, and the vagina. The epithelium is simple throughout the oviduct and invaginations of the lining form tubular glands in all regions except the anterior infundibulum and the posterior vagina. The tubular glands are not alveolar, as reported in some other snakes, and simply represent a continuation of the oviducal lining with no additional specializations. The anterior infundibulum and vagina show the least amount of variation in relation to season or reproductive condition. In these regions, the epithelium is irregular, varying from squamous to columnar, and cells with elongate cilia alternate with secretory cells. The secretory product of the infundibulum consists largely of lipids, whereas a glycoprotein predominates in the vagina; however, both products are found in these regions and elsewhere in the oviduct. In the SST area and the anterior vagina, tubular glands are compound as well as simple. The epithelium of the SST is most active after mating, and glycoprotein vacuoles and lipid droplets are equally abundant. When present, sperm form tangled masses in the oviducal lumen and glands of the SST area. The glands of the uterus are always simple. During sperm migration, a carrier matrix composed of sloughed epithelial cells, a glycoprotein colloid, lipids, and membranous structures surround sperm in the posterior uterus. During gravidity, tubular glands, cilia, and secretory products diminish with increasing development of the fetus, and numerous capillaries abut the basal lamina of the attenuated epithelial lining of the uterus.     

长足大竹象生殖系统的形态解剖研究

解剖研究了长足大竹象雌雄虫牛殖系统的构造.该虫的雌性生殖系统包括一对卵巢、一对侧输卵管、中输卵管、交配囊、受精囊、生殖腔、产卵器;雄性生殖系统由一对睾九、一对输精管、一对附腺、射精管和交配器组成.     

Reproduction in the genus Limacina (Opisthobranchia: Thecosomata)

Reproductive mechanisms in the seven species of the thecosomatous pteropod genus Limacina are described and compared. All species are protandrous hermaphrodites. Five species– L. bulimoides, L. helicina, L. lesueuri, L. retroversa and L. trochiformis –have a similar reproductive anatomy in which the gonoduct leading from the gonad to the common genital pore functions as a seminal vesicle in the male and is elaborated into mucous and albumen glands in the female. The male system consists of a prostate gland and penis connected to the common genital pore by an external ciliary tract. All five species have a free-swimming veliger stage which hatches from free-floating egg masses. Limacina helicoides has the same reproductive anatomy but is ovoviviparous, with embryos retained in capsules in the mucous gland until they are juveniles of 50 mm in shell diameter. Limacina inflata lacks mucous and albumen glands and a penis; a spermatophore formed by the prostate gland is used in aphallic sperm transfer. This species exhibits brood protection with un-encapsulated embryos retained in the mantle cavity until they are released as veligers measuring 0067 mm in diameter. L. inflata is the most abundant of the seven species despite lowered fecundity; reasons for its ecological success are discussed.