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1.
Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants   总被引:33,自引:3,他引:30       下载免费PDF全文
The absorption characteristics of Cd2+ by 10- to 12-day-old soybean plants (Glycine max cv Williams) were investigated with respect to influence of Cd concentration on adsorption to root surfaces, root absorption, transport kinetics and interaction with the nutrient cations Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+. The fraction of nonexchangeable Cd bound to roots remained relatively constant at 20 to 25% of the absorbed fraction at solution concentration of 0.0025 to 0.5 micromolar, and increased to 45% at solution concentration in excess of 0.5 micromolar. The exchangeable fraction represented 1.4 to 32% of the absorbed fraction, and was concentration dependent. Using dinitrophenol as a metabolic inhibitor, the `metabolically absorbed' fraction was shown to represent 75 to 80% of the absorbed fraction at concentration less than 0.5 micromolar, and decreased to 55% at 5 micromolar. At comparatively low Cd concentrations, 0.0025 to micromolar 0.3, root absorption exhibited two isotherms with K2 values of 0.08 and 1.2 micromolar. Root absorption and transfer from root to shoot of Cd2+ was inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+. Analyses of kinetic interaction of these nutrient cations with Cd2+ indicated that Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and possibly Mn2+ inhibited Cd absorption competitively suggesting an involvement of a common transport site or process.  相似文献   

2.
Nutrient concentration in wheat and soil under allelopathy treatments   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Allelopathy is related to soil nutrient availability and allelochemicals can change the soil and therefore the plant nutrient status. Wheat is one of the most important crops for the production of human food in the world. Alhagi maurorum and Cardaria draba are the most important weeds in wheat fields. We performed experiments to assess the allelopathic effect of A. maurorum and C. draba shoots on mineral nutrient concentrations in pot-grown wheat plants and soil. The presence of dry powder of A. maurorum and C. draba shoots reduced concentrations of macronutrients (NO3 ?, K+, Ca2+ and P) and micronutrients (Fe2+ and Cu2+) in roots and shoots of wheat plants, whereas it did not affect concentrations of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+. Allelopathic effect of A. maurorum was significantly greater than that of C. draba. There was a significantly positive correlation between wheat growth and ion concentration. There was a significantly negative correlation between the soil nutrient concentration and plant nutrient concentration across the treatments. These results suggest that allelopathy increases the nutrient availability in the soil because of the decrease in absorption by plants.  相似文献   

3.
彭丽媛  熊兴政  李艳  黄建国 《生态学报》2016,36(10):2819-2825
外生菌根真菌对于酸性和锰污染土壤的植树造林和生态恢复有重要作用。采用液体培养方法,以大白菇Rd Fr(Russula delica Fr.)、彩色豆马勃Pt 715(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)、土生空团菌Cg Fr(Cenococcum geophilum Fr.)和厚环粘盖牛肝菌Sg Kl S(Suillus grevillei(Kl.)Sing)为供试对象,研究了Mn2+对外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收、有机酸和氢离子分泌的影响,以及锰在菌丝细胞内外的分布情况。结果表明:在0—800 mg Mn2+/L的培养液中,Mn2+对Rd Fr生长无显著影响;低浓度的Mn2+刺激Sg Kl S生长,中、高浓度无抑制作用;但大幅度降低Pt 715和Cg Fr的生物量,说明Rd Fr和Sg Kl S抗(耐)锰的能力较强。在Mn2+胁迫下,供试菌株的氮、钾含量和吸收量显著降低;含磷量和吸收量,以及草酸和柠檬酸的分泌速率因菌株不同而表现出多样性,说明在减轻Mn2+毒的过程中,磷酸盐(或聚磷酸盐)对Mn2+固定作用和有机酸的络合作用因菌株不同而异。但是,Mn2+显著降低Rd Fr和Sg Kl S的氢离子分泌速率,菌丝和原生质中的含Mn量显著低于敏感性菌株,说明降低Mn2+的活性和减少吸收可能是外生菌根真菌抗(耐)Mn2+的重要机制。此外,菌丝吸收的Mn2+绝大部份存在于质外体,少量进入细胞,前者是后者的5.23—9.21倍,说明原生质膜是外生菌根真菌防御Mn2+进入细胞的重要屏障。  相似文献   

4.
Background and Aims Manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) phytotoxicities occur mainly in acid soils. In some plant species, Al alleviates Mn toxicity, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are obscure.Methods Rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings (11 d old) were grown in nutrient solution containing different concentrations of Mn2+ and Al3+ in short-term (24 h) and long-term (3 weeks) treatments. Measurements were taken of root symplastic sap, root Mn plaques, cell membrane electrical surface potential and Mn activity, root morphology and plant growth.Key Results In the 3-week treatment, addition of Al resulted in increased root and shoot dry weight for plants under toxic levels of Mn. This was associated with decreased Mn concentration in the shoots and increased Mn concentration in the roots. In the 24-h treatment, addition of Al resulted in decreased Mn accumulation in the root symplasts and in the shoots. This was attributed to higher cell membrane surface electrical potential and lower Mn2+ activity at the cell membrane surface. The increased Mn accumulation in roots from the 3-week treatment was attributed to the formation of Mn plaques, which were probably related to the Al-induced increase in root aerenchyma.Conclusions The results show that Al alleviated Mn toxicity in rice, and this could be attributed to decreased shoot Mn accumulation resulting from an Al-induced decrease in root symplastic Mn uptake. The decrease in root symplastic Mn uptake resulted from an Al-induced change in cell membrane potential. In addition, Al increased Mn plaques in the roots and changed the binding properties of the cell wall, resulting in accumulation of non-available Mn in roots.  相似文献   

5.
Serpentine and non-serpentine plants of Alyssum murale, a nickel (Ni) accumulator plant, from North Greece, were studied in order to examine: (1) The ability of natural plants to accumulate metals; (2) the ability of their seedlings to tolerate increasing concentrations of Ni2+ or Mn2+ (0, 0.16, 0.32, 0.5 and 1 mmol/L), when grown in nutrient solution; (3) the activities and electrophoretic patterns of root and shoot DNases and RNases under the above conditions. Measurements of metal concentrations in serpentine and non-serpentine natural plants and the respective soils revealed: (1) Very low calcium (Ca)/magnesium (Mg) (0.16) ratio and high concentration of Ni in serpentine soil; (2) very high Ca/Mg (17) ratio and high concentration of manganese (Mn) in non-serpentine soil; (3) the ability of serpentine natural plants to accumulate Ni and the inability of plants of both serpentine and non-serpentine populations to accumulate Mn. A. murale plants grown in nutrient solution with increasing Ni2+ or Mn2+ concentrations showed a negative correlation between the Ni2+ or Mn2+ concentrations in the nutrient solution, and the chlorophyll concentration, shoot and especially root length. The accumulation of Ni2+ or Mn2+ in the plant showed a positive correlation with increasing Ni2+ or Mn2+ concentrations in the nutrient solution. Application of 0.5 mmol/L Ni2+ or Mn2+ resulted in the inhibition of DNase activities and the appearance of a new DNase form, in both root and shoot detected by electrophoresis in active ssDNA polyacrylamide gel. The new gel-extracted DNase showed nicking action against plasmid DNA and has been characterised as an endo-DNase. In contrast, electrophoretic patterns and RNase activities were unaffected. According to our studies on growth, both serpentine and non-serpentine plants of A. murale have a constitutive ability to tolerate and accumulate Ni2+ or Mn2+; they have similar DNase and RNase electrophoretic patterns and show a new DNase form under Ni2+ or Mn2+ stress. This is the first report on the response of nucleolytic enzymes under metallic elements hyperaccumulation.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The B-Z transition of the synthetic oligonucleotide, (dG-dC)20, induced by Mn2+ ions at room temperature, was investigated by absorption and Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in the range of 1800–800 cm?1. Metal ion concentration was varied from 0 to 0.73 M Mn2+ (0 to 8.5 moles of Mn2+ per mole of oligonucleotide phosphate, [Mn]/[P]). While both types of spectra showed considerable changes as the Mn2+ concentrations were raised, differences between the two were often complementary in their expression and extent, those displayed by VCD being more clearly evident due to the inversion of the opposite helical sense from the right-handed to the left-handed conformation. The main phase of the transition occurred in the metal ion concentration between 0.8?1.1 [Mn]/[P]. Gradual changes that took place in the spectra were interpreted in terms of simultaneous processes that depended on metal ion concentration, namely B-Z transformation, binding of Mn2+ to phosphates and to nitrogen bases, and partial denaturation. Below~0.6 [Mn]/[P], only a small portion of the oligonucleotide adopted the Z conformation within a 3 hour period, whereas conversion was completed in the same time interval for concentrations between 0.9?1.2 [Mn]/[P]. At [Mn]/[P] > 1.7, complete transition to the Z-form took place immediately on adding Mn2+. Applying VCD spectroscopy in combination with conventional infrared absorption proved most useful for corroborating changes in the absorption spectra, and for detecting in an unique manner, not attainable by absorption methods, conformational changes that lead to the inversion of the helical sense of the oligonucleotide.  相似文献   

7.
Absorption of copper, zinc, and manganese by sugarcane leaf tissue   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
Bowen JE 《Plant physiology》1969,44(2):255-261
The absorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ by leaf tissue of 4-month old sugarcane plants (Saccharum officinarum L., var. H53-263) has been investigated. After the “apparent free space” fraction was desorbed, the absorption of Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ yielded a curve typical of many ion uptake processes when measured as a function of the external concentration. However, only 1 absorption mechanism was evident for each cation. The pH optimum for Cu2+ and Zn2+ uptake was 5.0 to 6.0, whereas that for Mn2+ absorption was 4.5 to 6.0. Absorption was competitively inhibited by H+, and this inhibition was reversible when 0.5 mm Ca2+ was present. Cu2+ and Zn2+ were absorbed through the same carrier sites, as concluded from their mutually competitive activities. Mn2+ was absorbed through a second, independent mechanism. Uptake of each cation was strongly inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, by Amytal and Nembutal2, by 5 × 10−2m succinate, and by ADP and Pi. Absorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ was concluded to be coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, and specifically to energy-conservation Site I.  相似文献   

8.
The absorptive patterns of Mn2+ in excised rice roots, leaf tissues and intact plants, were studied. The rates of absorption of Mn2+ followed different patterns in the roots and the leaf tissues. The uptake from 0.1 and 5 mM MnSO4 was found to be sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. The time course of uptake from 0.1 mM and 5 mM MnSO4 followed a biphasic pattern which represented only the metabolic component of absorption. A secondary biphasic pattern of uptake at 5 mM MnSO4 (one at 20 min and another at 80 min) appears quite anomalous and is probably related to structural virations or cellular compartments. When absorption and transport of Mn2+ were measured in intact rice and wheat plants, it was found that Mn2+ was easily translocated to shoot from roots and the transport of Mn2+ was comparable to that of K+.  相似文献   

9.
10.
The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria terebriformis was shown to exhibit resistance to high manganese concentrations, remaining viable at 2.5 mM MnCl2 in the medium. Cyanobacterial cells were capable of considerable manganese consumption from the medium. The dynamics of Mn sorption by the cells were the same in all experimental variants, independent of the manganese concentration. Manganese concentration in the biomass peaked after 2–3 days and depended on Mn2+ concentration in the medium and on the amount of biomass introduced. In the case of O. terebriformis, manganese removed from the medium may be subdivided into Mn absorbed by the cell, Mn bound to the cell wall, Mn absorbed by the glycocalix, and chemically precipitated Mn. Of the total 21.25 ± 1.0 mg of consumed manganese, biological absorption and chemical precipitation were responsible for 11.78 ± 0.98 and 9.2 ± 0.8 mg, respectively. In the presence of cyanobacteria, Mn removal from the medium was 2.28 times higher than in the control. This process depended considerably on Mn sorption by exopolysaccharides. At 1.3 mM Mn2+, a lamellar mat was formed with interlayers of manganese carbonate.  相似文献   

11.
12.
It has been difficult to impose different degrees of Zn deficiency on Poaceae species in nutrient solution because most chelators which would control Zn to low activities also bind Fe3+ so strongly that Poaceae species cannot obtain adequate Fe. Recently, a method has been developed to provide buffered Fe2+ at levels adequate for rice using Ferrozine (FZ), and use of other chelators to buffer the other micronutrient cations. The use of Fe2+ buffered with FZ in nutrient solutions in which Zn is buffered with HEDTA or DTPA was evaluated for study of Zn deficiency in rice compared to a conventional nutrient solution technique. The results showed that growth of rice plants in FZ+HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution was similar to that in the conventional nutrient solution. Severe zinc deficiency symptoms were observed in 28-day-old rice seedlings cultured with HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution at Zn2+ activities < 10-10.6 M. With increasing free Zn2+ activities, concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in shoots and roots were quite similar for the FZ+HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution and the conventional nutrient solution techniques. The percentages of water soluble Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in shoots with HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution were also similar to those with the conventional solution. However, with DTPA-buffered nutrient solution, the rice seedlings suffered severe Fe deficiency; adding more FeFZ3 corrected the Fe-chlorosis but shifted microelement buffering. Further, much higher total Zn concentrations are required to provide adequate Zn2+ in DTPA-buffered solutions, and the contents of Mn and Cu in shoots and roots cultured with DTPA-buffered solutions were much higher than those with the conventional or HEDTA-buffered solutions. In conclusion, DTPA-buffered nutrient solutions are not suitable but the FZ/HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution technique can be used to evaluate genotypic differences in zinc efficiency in rice.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Rape, cucumber, wheat, oats and tomato were grown for one to two weeks in nutrient solutions with heavy metals added. Of the metal ions tested (Cr3+, Cu2+, Co2+, CrO4 2-, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ag+), manganese, nickel and lead exhibited the greatest mobility in cucumber plants, which resulted in the highest shoot/root concentration ratio. Silver was not translocated to the shoots of cucumber plants in measurable amounts.When the plants were grown with 1.0, 10 and 100 M cadmium or nickel in the solution, the shoot and root concentration increased 5–10 times if the metal ion concentration of the solution was increased 10 times.The plants showed great differences in cadmium and nickel uptake. In the shoot, the cadmium concentration increased in the order: oats = wheat < cucumber = rape < tomato, and in the root in the order: oats = wheat < cucumber = rape < tomato. The great uptake of cadmium and nickel by tomato is notable and agrees with other reports.The nickel, and especially the cadmium, concentration in roots and shoots increases with the age of the plant.The results are discussed and related to other investigations. The need for research on the uptake mechanisms of non-essential heavy metals is emphasized. re]19750415  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. Gradients in acidity‐alkalinity and nutrient availability were studied in 2 Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands on the southeastern Italian Alps. Decreasing concentrations of most mineral elements (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Al3+ and Si4+) in pore water indicated a progressively lower influx of mineral‐soil water from the slightly minerotrophic conditions in the peatland margins to ombrogenous conditions in the central part of the peatlands. This was paralleled by decreasing concentrations of ash, bulk density, Ca, Fe and, partly, Mn in the peat. The nutrient gradient, as defined by pore water concentrations of N and P, was largely independent of the acidity‐ alkalinity gradient: NO3‐ and PO43‐ had similar concentrations throughout the gradient, whereas NH4+ concentrations increased with increasing pore‐water pH. In contrast, the peat nutrient gradient coincided with the acidity‐alkalinity gradient, with total concentrations of N and P decreasing from the margin to the centre. Bryophytes and vascular plants had different responses along the acidity‐alkalinity gradient and the nutrient gradient. Bryophyte distribution reflected the acidity‐alkalinity gradient both in pore water and in peat. Vascular plant distribution was mainly influenced by variations in nutrient availability.  相似文献   

15.
Citrus volkameriana (L.) plants were grown for 43 d in nutrient solutions containing 0, 2, 14, 98, or 686 μM Mn (Mn0, Mn2, Mn14, Mn98, and Mn686, respectively). To adequately investigate the combined effects of Mn nutrition and irradiance on photosystem 2 (PS2) activity, irradiance response curves for electron transport rate (ETR), nonphotochemical quenching (qN), photochemical quenching (qP), and real photochemical efficiency of PS2 (ΦPS2) were recorded under 10 different irradiances (66, 96, 136, 226, 336, 536, 811, 1 211, 1 911, and 3 111 μmol m−2 s−1, I66 to I3111, respectively) generated with the PAM-2000 fluorometer. Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly lower under Mn excess (Mn686) compared to Mn0; its highest values were recorded in the treatments Mn2-Mn98. However, ETR and ΦPS2 values were significantly lower under Mn0 compared to the other Mn treatments, when plants were exposed to irradiances ≥96 μmol m−2 s−1. Furthermore, Mn0 plants had significantly higher values of qN and lower values of qP at irradiances ≤226 and ≥336 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, than those grown under Mn2-Mn686. Irrespective of Mn treatment, the values of ΦPS2 and qN decreased, while those of qP increased progressively by increasing irradiance from I136 to I3111. Finally, Mn2-Mn98 plants were less sensitive to photoinhibition of photosynthesis (≥811 μmol m−2 s−1) than the Mn686 (≥536 μmol m−2 s−1) and Mn0 (≥336 μmol m−2 s−1) ones.  相似文献   

16.
Four cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cvs. Gulf, Marshall, Urbana, and Wilo) were grown in nutrient solution (pH 4.2) at two Al levels (0 and 74 μM). Cations were desorbed from the Donnan free space of roots of 15-, 23-, and 35-day-old plants using BaCl2, BaCl2-triethanolamine, NH4OAc, and KCl. The amounts of desorbed Ca2+ and K+ decreased, while desorption of Mn2+ and Na+ increased with plant age. Differences between 15- and 35-day-old plants, but not between 15- and 23-day-old, were significant. Aluminum considerably decreased the amount of desorbed divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) and increased the amount of desorbed K+ and Na+. Ability to resist these changes appeared to be one of the mechanisms determining Al tolerance of ryegrass cultivars.  相似文献   

17.
Water and K+ fluxes were examined in detopped plants ofZea mays L. (cv. White Horse Tooth), which were grown and exuded on half-strength Long Ashton nutrient solution containing the appropriate concentration of Zn2+ at 20 °C. In light-grown plants, 100 and 500 μM Zn2+ increased both water and K+ fluxes in detopped maize plants whereas 1 000 μM Zn2+ inhibited both fluxes. In the dark-pretreated plants, 1 000 μM Zn2+ in the medium stimulated K+ flux. The fluxes of K+, Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were usually higher in detopped plants than in intact ones. At 1 000 μM Zn2+ in the exudation medium, Zn2+ concentration was higher in the xylem exudate of dark-pretreated plants than in roots of plants maintained in light. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of Zn2+ on the membrane permeability and transport in plants.  相似文献   

18.
H. Stienen  J. Bauch 《Plant and Soil》1988,106(2):231-238
In order to determine the primary causes of coniferous fine root damage and disfunction in acidic soils, hydroponic cultures of young spruce in pH neutral, acidic, and metal ion-amended media were established. After five months, physiological stress in the roots was removed by raising the pH in the acid and metal ion-amended cultures to physiological neutrality. The cellular element analytical techniques of x-ray microprobe (EDXA) and laser-micromass-spectroscopy (LAMMA) were applied to samples of various tissues of the cultured spruce. Nutrient uptake by the fine roots was blocked by the following ions in order of decreasing severity: Al3+>H+>Fe3+>Mn2+. Magnesium uptake by the fine root apoplast was greatly inhibited by these blockers as was calcium. Al3+ and Fe3+ act predominantly in the root cortex, while Mn2+ is mobile throughout the whole plant. Besides the roots, nutrient deficiencies are also severe in the shoot bark and needles. Phloem processes might therefore be affected. The ion exchange functions of the fine roots are almost reversed by raising the pH of the solutions; the nutrient cations may then again be taken up by the apoplast and the crown status improved. The consequences of these findings are discussed with regard to soil processes and fertilization (liming) treatments under field conditions  相似文献   

19.
Cadmium uptake from solution by plants and its transport from roots to shoots   总被引:22,自引:2,他引:20  
Summary The uptake of cadmium by the roots of plants, and its transport to shoots was examined using solution culture. Uptake by the roots of perennial ryegrass over a period of 4 hours from an aqueous solution containing 0.25 ppm cadmium as CdCl2 was (i) enhanced by killing the roots and (ii) depressed when Ca2+, Mn2+ or Zn2+ were added to the solution. The distribution of cadmium between the roots and shoots of 23 species was examined at 4 days after a single, 3-day exposure to a nutrient solution containing 0.01 ppm added Cd. In all except 3 species, i.e. kale, lettuce and watercress, more than 50 per cent of that taken up was retained in the roots. The concentration in the roots was always greater than in the shoots, and in fibrous roots of fodder beet, parsnip, carrot and radish it was greater than in the swollen storage roots. When perennial ryegrass was similarly exposed to solutions containing 0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 ppm added cadmium, uptake, as measured at 3 days after adding cadmium, increased with increasing rates of addition, but the proportion retained in the roots was constant (approximately 88 per cent). There was no further transport from roots to shoots during the next 21 days, with the result that the concentration in the shoots decreased progressively with increasing growth. It is concluded that although the roots of several species can take up large quantities of cadmium from solution there are mechanisms which may restrict the movement of cadmium through plants, and thus to animals.  相似文献   

20.
A field study in an acidic spruce forest soil using soil mesocosms was conducted to investigate the effects of mesofauna and macrofauna on exchangeable cations, organic matter content, base saturation, and Ca-lactate extractable nutrients. In the field, intact soil monoliths were taken from the ground, defaunated by deep-freezing and wrapped in nets of various mesh-sizes to control immigration of different faunal size classes. The monoliths were then replanted in the field. Three types of treatments for the mesocosms were prepared: (1) microbiota only, (2) microbiota and mesofauna, (3) microbiota, mesofauna, and macrofauna (=complex fauna). After eight months the mesocosms and unmanipulated control plots (treatment 4) were destructively sampled and submitted to chemical analysis. Generally, the exchangeable base cations and Mn2+ showed higher contents with increasing faunal complexity, whereas the exchangeable acidic cations of Fe3+ and Al3+ decreased in the monoliths with complex fauna. These effects were significant for K+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ in the L/F-layer and for Ca2+, Mn2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ in the H-layer. As a possible explanation a rise of ion-binding sites in the course of enhanced humification processes is discussed.In the L/F-layer base cations showed higher concentrations in the monoliths with complex fauna as compared to the control plot, which contained intact roots. This might be due to nutrient uptake by roots in the control plot or enhanced mineralization in the monoliths with complex fauna, where roots had been cut.  相似文献   

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