吴茱萸果料分泌囊发育和精油产生过程的超微结构研究

吴茱萸果实分泌囊是通过其原始细胞群的中央细胞之间分离,以裂生方式形成。根据分泌囊发育过程中上皮细胞各细胞器的变化规律分析,质体变化最为明显,其体积和数量逐渐增加,基质中出现嗜锇滴和管状结构周围有油滴分布,因而认为质体是精油的合成场所。     

花椒果实分泌囊发育过程的超微结构研究

电镜观察结果表明,花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)果实分泌囊是由裂生方式形成,由鞘细胞、上皮细胞和油腔构成。对分泌囊的原始细胞、油腔发生和扩大以及发育成熟3个时期的超微结构研究表明,其精油是在分泌囊油腔发生时开始积累,以油滴形态存在于上皮细胞的质体内及其周围的细胞质中。根据各细胞器的变化规律分析,质体是精油合成的主要场所,内质网参与精油的合成和转运,线粒体为上述活动提供能量。上皮细胞内积累的精油可能通过两种途径排出细胞,分泌至油腔内贮存。鞘细胞内也积累精油,其主要合成场所也与质体有关,以后转运至上皮细胞内。成熟分泌囊的质体由于功能改变,其内出现蛋白质结晶和淀粉粒。     

元宝草的分泌结构与其次生产物的研究

利用整体透明,石蜡掉片和组织化学方法对元宝草不同器官中分泌结构的类型和分布进行研究。结果表明：其分泌结构根据形态结构特点可分为分泌细胞团,分泌囊及分泌道3类,并指出了3类分泌结构在各器官的分布位置和密度,组织化学试验表明,前者含金丝桃素等,后二者含挥发油,为此种药用植物的开发利用提供了依据。同时为该属植物的系统分类研究提供一些解剖学依据。     

中国芸香科植物叶分泌囊比较解剖学研究

利用整体透明、石腊和薄切片方法对芸香科22属,40种和2变种植物叶分泌囊的形态结构和分 布进行了比较研究。成熟分泌囊都由鞘细胞和一层上皮细胞围绕圆形腔隙构成,上皮细胞扁平,细胞壁 薄、完整,故分泌囊属裂生方式发生。鞘细胞1～5层,不同种类的层数有变化,个别种缺乏。内层鞘细 胞为扁平的薄壁细胞,外层的细胞壁较厚。分泌囊的形态结构、着生位置和分布密度等在不同属或不同 种间存在一定差异。根据分泌囊在叶中的分布位置和形态结构特点,可将其划分为:叶缘齿缝分泌囊, 叶肉分泌囊和两者混合型。叶肉分泌囊又可分海绵组织分泌囊和栅栏组织分泌囊。在此基础上对该科各类型分泌囊的形态演化关系以及各亚科或各属间的亲缘关系进行了探讨。     

吴茱萸果实分泌囊发育和精油产生过程的超微结构研究

吴茱萸（Ｅｖｏｄｉａｒｕｔａｅｃａｒｐａ（Ｊｕｓｓ．）Ｂｅｎｔｈ．）果实分泌囊是通过其原始细胞群的中央细胞之间分离,以裂生方式形成。根据分泌囊发育过程中上皮细胞各细胞器的变化规律分析,质体变化最为明显,其体积和数量逐渐增加,基质中出现嗜锇滴和管状结构,周围有油滴分布,因而认为质体是精油的合成场所。精油合成后,通过质体膜转运到质体周围的光滑内质网或液泡中,然后由内质网膜或液泡膜所包被。最后这些含油的小泡直接与质膜融合,将精油释放至油腔中。     

金丝桃属植物叶中分泌结构的比较解剖学研究

利用整体透明法、石蜡制片法和半薄切片法,对金丝桃属9组43种l亚种1变种的植物叶分泌 结构的类型、形态、结构和分布进行了比较研究。结果表明,分泌结构是金丝桃属植物叶片普遍的结构特征,根据其分泌结构的特征,可划分为分泌细胞团、分泌囊(道)和韧皮部中分泌小管道等3种分泌结构。其中,分泌细胞团按其在叶片的分布可分为叶缘型和散生型;分泌囊按其在叶横切面中的位置可分为栅栏组织型、海绵组织型、居中型(位于栅栏组织型与海绵组织型之间)和横跨叶肉组织型。根据分泌囊和分泌细胞团在该属植物叶中的分布可划分为3种类型：(1)只有分泌囊的类型;(2)只有分泌细胞团的类型;(3)具分泌囊和分泌细胞团的类型。两种主要分泌结构的类型、分布密度、分布位置及其形态等方面在组间和种间均存在—定的差异,对金丝桃属属以下等级的区分具有一定意义。在此基础上,对该属分泌结构的形态演化以及金丝桃属各组间的亲缘关系进行了探讨。     

FSP27基因敲除小鼠——初步揭开白色脂肪细胞单房油滴之谜

脂肪组织储存甘油三酯等中性脂质,维持能量平衡,在肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究中备受关注,脂肪细胞内油滴也被看成是具有活跃功能的细胞器。众所周之,哺乳动物白色脂肪细胞,胞浆部分95％以上空间被一个单房的大油滴（直径10～200μm不等）所占据;棕色脂肪细胞内含丰富的线粒体和多房的小油滴;其它组织,如肝脏、心肌、肾脏等细胞胞浆内含有多房且体积很小的油滴,提示白色脂肪细胞内单房大油滴是甘油三酯储存的主要形式。     

管氏肿腿蜂毒液器官超微结构观察

应用透射电镜技术,观察了管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani毒液器官的超微结构.毒腺由基膜层、分泌细胞层、导管细胞层和内膜层构成,分泌细胞内含内质网、末端附器、分泌囊泡、分泌颗粒、液泡等细胞器,其内合成的毒液由末端附器输送至毒腺的腔体.毒囊由肌肉鞘层、上皮细胞层和内膜层组成,肌肉鞘内的肌纤丝规则排列不交错,上皮细胞层内细胞器稀少,内膜层呈波浪状均匀加厚.     

芸香科植物茎分泌囊的研究

利用石蜡切片和薄切片方法对芸香料１４属２３种和１变种植物幼茎中分泌囊的分布和结构进行了比较研究。在芸香科植物茎中,靠近表皮的皮层中分布一轮分泌囊,分泌均由鞘细胞和一层上皮细胞围绕圆形腔隙构成,上皮细胞扁平,细胞壁薄,完整。鞘细胞１－５层。在不同亚科、不同属之间,分泌囊的差异仅仅表现在分泌腔的大小和鞘细胞的层数方面。一般草本类型属植物     

曼氏无针乌贼墨囊组织学及墨汁形成的超微结构

采用组织学和电镜技术对曼氏无针乌贼的墨囊及墨腺细胞进行了研究。结果表明:墨囊壁和导管壁由外膜、肌肉层和黏膜三部分组成;墨腺体集中在墨囊底部,呈索状,腺体中部含丰富的结缔组织;墨汁颗粒以游离态形式分布于索状腺体的间隙及墨囊腔中。实验观察到无分泌黑色素功能的A型细胞和有分泌黑色素功能的B型细胞;在B型细胞中可见黑色素颗粒储存在囊泡中,囊泡在移出细胞的过程中逐渐变大,泡内的黑色素颗粒逐渐变多。囊泡可能通过胞吐的方式排出细胞外,黑色素排出后以颗粒的形式游离于细胞间隙中,形成墨汁。     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITATE GLANDULAR HAIRS OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. (CANNABACEAE)

The capitate-sessile and capitate-stalked glands of the glandular secretory system in Cannabis, which are interpreted as lipophilic type glandular hairs, were studied from floral bracts of pistillate plants. These glands develop a flattened multicellular disc of secretory cells, which with the extruded secretory product forms the gland head and the auxiliary cells which support the gland head. The secretory product accumulates beneath a sheath derived from separation of the outer wall surface of the cellular disc. The ultrastructure of secretory cells in pre-secretory stages is characterized by a dense ground plasm, transitory lipid bodies and fibrillar material, and well developed endoplasmic reticulum. Dictyosomes and dictyosome-derived secretory vesicles are present, but never abundant. Secretory stages of gland development are characterized by abundant mitochondria and leucoplasts and by a large vacuolar system. Production of the secretory product is associated with plastids which increase in number and structural complexity. The plastids develop a paracrystalline body which nearly fills the mature plastid. Material interpreted as a secretion appears at the surface of plastids, migrates, and accumulates along the cell surface adjoining the secretory cavity. Extrusion of the material into the secretory cavity occurs directly through the plasma membrane-cell wall barrier.     

贯叶金丝桃叶中分泌细胞团的超微结构

随着贯叶金丝桃（Hypericum perforatum L.)叶中分泌细胞团的发育,其细胞中质体的数量和体积逐渐增大,但一些质体局部出现解体,大量的深色管状结构和小泡出现在退化质体的周围,有些小泡与液泡融合,并将其内容物释放至液泡中,导致液泡中出现大量的多泡结构,多膜结构和嗜锇滴。同时,高尔基体分泌小泡进入液泡。然而,当分泌细胞团发育成熟后,分泌细胞被含有灰色均匀的分泌物（金丝桃素）的大液泡所占据,嗜锇滴消失。表明嗜锇滴可能是金丝桃素的前体物,来源于退化的质体。出现于质体和嗜锇滴之间的内质网和高尔基体可能也参与了金丝桃素前体物的合成和细胞内的转运。     

白花罗勒(Ocimum basilium L.)盾状腺毛分泌过程的超微结构研究

白花罗勒成熟的盾状腺毛头部细胞中 ,质体含量丰富 ,体积较大 ,其中有大量的嗜锇物质积累 ;在分泌过程中 ,分泌细胞出现质壁分离现象 ;嗜锇物质向外分泌的途径有两条 :一条是以胞吐的方式 ,另一条是以渗透的方式     

牡丹苗端由营养生长转向生殖生长过程中超微结构研究

电镜观察了营养生长和生殖生长两个发育埋藏的牡丹（Ｐａｅｎｉａ ｓｕｆｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａ．）苗端。结果如下：（１）营养生长期,原套和原体的细胞壁厚薄不均,多有胞间连丝分布。两者细胞核内均在较多异染色质。细胞质内含许多质体、嗜锇细胞主少量的线粒体,内质网和高尔基体。质体无片层结构,部分质体有淀粉粒和脂滴。原体细胞的液泡化过程比原套细胞略高。原体下方扁平细胞的大部分空间被大量的淀粉质体和液泡占据,淀粉粒     

Ultrastructure of Resin Ducts in Pinus halepensis Development, Possible Sites of Resin Synthesis, and Mode of its Elimination from the Protoplast

Development of the resin duct cavity, sites of resin synthesisin the epithelial cells and elimination of resin from the protoplastwere studied in roots of young Pinus halepensis seedlings. Itis suggested that the Golgi bodies are involved in dissolutionof the middle lamella in the region of the future duct cavityby secretion of lytic enzymes into the cell walls. In earlystages of duct development osmiophilic droplets were observedin plastids, periplastidal and cytoplasmic ER, Golgi vesicles,mitochondria, nuclear envelope and in the cytoplasm. In thelatter they were often observed to be surrounded by a membrane.Electron micrographs suggested that elimination of resin dropletsfrom the protoplast occurs by their becoming surrounded by plasmalemmainvaginations.     

Electron microscope studies on the morphogenesis of plastids

Streptomycin sulphate (2 mg/ml) did not affect the formation of proplastids or the elaboration of prolamellar bodies. The plastids of the streptomycin (SM)-treated cotyledons contained both crystalline prolamellar bodies and ribosomes, and were undistinguishable from the plastids of the water-grown cotyledon. However, plastids from dark-grown SM-treated cotyledons were no longer able to differentiate to more advanced stages of development, even after exposure to light. The plastids of light and dark-grown SM-treated cotyledons often contained prolamellar bodies and abnormal giant grana. Variegation developed in the cotyledons germinated in Hoagland's solution plus SM. The plastids in pale green tissue contained stroma-lamellae and one or two giant grana, whereas in those of pale yellow tissue, many osmiophilic globules, large vacuoles and crystal bodies were observed. It is suggested that the formation of prolamellar bodies may depend on cytoplasmic protein synthesis whereas functional stroma- and grana-lamellae may depend on protein synthesis within the plastids. The inhibitory effects of SM on protein synthesis were used as a tool to test this hypothesis. This work was carried out in the Department of Botany, University of California, Davis, by Grant-GB-11906 from National Science Foundation of U.S.A.     

薄荷头状腺毛分泌过程的超微结构研究

电镜观察表明,刚形成的薄荷头状腺毛的头部细胞,细胞核较大细胞质浓,有一些小液泡,质体和线粒体最显著,分泌前期,内质网及高尔基体数量明显     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SECRETORY DUCTS OF RHUS GLABRA L.

The infrastructure and development of the secretory ducts were studied in the secondary phloem of Rhus glabra L. The ducts were found to develop schizogenously. The electron microscope observations may explain the view of several previous authors of schizo-lysigenous development of the duct lumen in the Anacardiaceae. The secreted material consists of lipophilic and polysaccharide substances. The electron micrographs suggest that the lipophilic substances arise in plastids, ER cisternae, Golgi vesicles, and mitochondria. The polysaccharide constituents apparently originate from the outer wall layers of the epithelial cells. The wall layers facing the lumen of the duct disintegrate and form, together with the secreted osmiophilic droplets, the gum-resin. Numerous microtubules were found along walls of the epithelial cells.     

Glandular scale development and essential oil secretion in Origanum dictamnus L.

Glandular scales of Origanum dictamnus L. originate from a single protodermal cell. They are composed of a 12-celled head and an unicellular stalk and foot. During the early stages of gland differentiation, the head cells possess a small number of plastids which contain globular inclusions. Similar inclusions are also observed in the plastids of the stalk and the foot cell. The lateral walls of the stalk cell progressively undergo cutinization which does not extend to the upper and lower periclinal walls. At the onset of secretion the electron density of the plasmalemma region lining the apical walls of the head cells remarkably increases. These walls are impregnated with an osmiophilic substance identical in appearance to the content of the subcuticular space. In a following stage of the secretory process osmiophilic droplets of various size arise in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells which undergoes simultaneously a reduction of its initial density. After secretion has been concluded the protoplast of the head cells becomes gradually degenerated. The chlorenchyma cells of the mesophyll possess numerous microbodies closely associated with various organelles. In the cytoplasm of these cells crystalloids occasionally occur.