奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的建立及高温对细胞超微结构的影响

应用差酶消化法和反复贴壁法在体外建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,以细胞流式术、免疫组化、免疫印迹、超微结构观察等方法对乳腺上皮细胞特性进行检测,并研究高温热刺激对乳腺细胞超微结构的影响。实验结果表明,运用本方法建立的奶牛乳腺细胞系上皮特性及遗传特征完备;41℃ 1h 的高温热刺激可使乳腺细胞染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、空泡化,形成凋亡小体,说明高温可以诱发乳腺细胞凋亡。     

甲状腺素T4对体外高温培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长和凋亡的影响

以体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为模型,采用台盼蓝染色绘制生长曲线,细胞流式检测细胞凋亡,以正常培养温度(38℃)为对照,研究体外高温培养条件下(42℃),添加不同浓度(0.01、01和1mol/L)甲状腺素(thyroxine,T4)对细胞生长和凋亡的影响.结果表明,不同浓度的T4在38℃有促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长的趋势,但是变化不显著(P>0.05),而T4对缓解高温所造成的乳腺上皮细胞的生长抑制作用也不显著(P>0.05);不同的T4都能够极显著缓解42℃培养1 h和3 h的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的凋亡(P<0.01),并且对缓解42℃培养3 h的细胞凋亡效果更加明显,但是对42℃培养5 h和8 h的细胞,仅1 μmol/L的T4能够极显著缓解其凋亡(P<0.01).结果提示,T4对高温造成的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的生长抑制没有明显的缓解作用,但能缓解高温诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡.     

Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及乳蛋白合成的影响

Pten作为抑癌基因,参与调控细胞生长、粘附、凋亡以及其它细胞活动.目前,国内外关于Pten在奶牛乳腺发育过程中表达及调节的研究鲜有报道.为了揭示Pten的表达与奶牛乳腺发育与泌乳之间的关系,本研究应用qRT-PCR技术检测Pten在不同泌乳时期和不同乳品质的奶牛乳腺组织中的表达差异,进而应用脂质体转染方法,通过siRNA介导的RNA干扰技术改变Pten基因在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达量,CASY法检测细胞活力,用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞分泌β-酪蛋白的含量,采用qRT-PCR、Western 印迹等技术检测Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳蛋白相关信号通路基因表达的影响.结果显示,泌乳期高乳品质奶牛乳腺组织中Pten表达水平显著低于泌乳期低乳品质及干乳期奶牛;Pten基因沉寂后,细胞活力提高,β-酪蛋白质量浓度增加,CSN2、AKT、MTOR、STAT5表达量增加.研究表明,Pten可通过抑制细胞活力和乳蛋白分泌而影响泌乳.     

胶原酶Ⅰ消化法体外分离培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞

为获得纯净的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,该研究采用胶原酶I消化法,在不添加外源激素及生长因子的条件下培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。采用差时消化与差速贴壁方法,对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行纯化。采用Western blot方法检测细胞中β-酪蛋白(β-casein,CNS2)的水平。通过免疫荧光技术对细胞进行鉴定。结果显示,纯化后的细胞呈现典型的"铺路石"或"鹅卵石"样。细胞角蛋白-18(cytokeratin-18,CK-18)反应呈阳性,波形蛋白反应呈阴性。细胞传至15代冻存并复苏后生长状态依然良好。这提示,胶原酶I消化法在不添加外源激素及生长因子的条件下可以获得奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,以用于后续实验。     

组织灌流与贴壁法体外培养奶牛乳腺组织的比较研究

采用组织灌流和组织块贴壁法体外培养奶牛乳腺组织,通过LDH活力测定、台盼蓝染色、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、透射电镜技术比较两种培养方法对奶牛乳腺组织活性及组织超微结构的影响,建立奶牛乳腺组织的培养体系。结果表明,以1mL/h的速度灌流培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM 10%小牛血清培养基中12～60h内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构,贴壁培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM 10%小牛血清的培养基中60～108h内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构,两种培养方法各有优缺点。     

14-3-3γ蛋白协同mTOR信号通路影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生理功能

14-3-3γ作为蛋白质与蛋白质之间的"桥梁蛋白",广泛参与细胞凋亡、细胞分裂、信号转导和蛋白质合成等生物体所有的重要生命活动的调节。以体外培养的荷斯坦奶牛(Vaccas)乳腺上皮细胞(dairy cow mammary gland epithelial cells,DCMECs)为模型,研究14-3-3γ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白、乳脂合成的影响。瞬时和稳定转染p GCMV/IRES/EGFP/14-3-3γ即14-3-3γ过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,应用CASY细胞活力分析仪分析细胞活力的变化,测定细胞中甘油三脂(triglyceride,TG)和β-酪蛋白(β-Casein,CSN2)的合成,并且通过Western blot检测DCMECs中m TOR(mammalian target of rapamycin,m TOR)和p-m TOR的表达量,探究14-3-3γ影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生理功能的机制。结果显示,瞬时和稳定转染p GCMV/IRES/EGFP/14-3-3γ的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞相对正常培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,细胞活力极显著增强(P0.01),CSN2和TG表达量极显著增加(P0.01),同时m TOR和p-m TOR的表达量也显著增加(P0.01)。研究结果表明14-3-3γ参与泌乳关键信号通路即m TOR信号通路,能够增强乳腺上皮细胞活力,促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞CSN2和TG的合成,丰富了奶牛泌乳信号通路,为乳品质研究提供了新的理论依据。     

牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列驱动人α-LA基因与LacZ基因在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

将牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列约1.2 kb的片段,连接到含SV40启动子调控下β-半乳糖苷酶基因(LacZ)的PSV载体上,做为启动子,在其后连接0.76 kb的人α-乳白蛋白基因(α-LA),构建真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv．采用组织块接种法,培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,经传代纯化后,对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状进行检测,用免疫荧光细胞染色法对培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行角蛋白18鉴定,结果表明,成功建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力．将构建的真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv 转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,培养24～120 h均检测到了β-半乳糖苷酶的表达;培养72 h检测到细胞中人α-乳白蛋白的表达,表达量约为0.64 g/L．实验结果表明,建立的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系具有外源基因表达活性,得到的牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列能作为启动子指导外源基因的表达,构建的真核表达载体能在体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞中同时表达人α-乳白蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶．     

牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系的建立与生物学特性

本研究旨在建立牦牛乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系。采用胶原酶消化法成功地建立了牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系(YMEC),通过免疫细胞化学、超微结构观察和RT-PCR 法对YMEC 细胞进行了鉴定,并研究了其形态、活力、生长曲线以及核型等生物学特性。结果表明,YMEC 细胞染色体2n = 60,群体倍增时间为45 ～ 48 h,持续培养25 代后出现细胞分化;细胞呈典型的“铺路石样”形态,其表面有丰富的微绒毛,细胞质内含丰富的线粒体和粗面内质网。污染检测结果为阴性。在激素诱导培养时,检测到了β - 酪蛋白mRNA 的表达。表明本研究成功建立了保留泌乳功能的牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系,为研究牦牛乳腺上皮细胞的功能提供了理想的工具。     

牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列驱动人α-LA基因与LacZ基因在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

将牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列约1．2kb的片段,连接到含SV40启动子调控下β-半乳糖苷酶基因（LacZ）的PSV载体上,做为启动子,在其后连接0．76kb的人α-乳白蛋白基因（α-LA）,构建真核表达载体αS1-LA-psv．采用组织块接种法,培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,经传代纯化后,对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状进行检测,用免疫荧光细胞染色法对培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行角蛋白18鉴定,结果表明,成功建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力．将构建的真核表达载体αS1-LA-psv转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,培养24～120h均检测到了β-半乳糖苷酶的表达;培养72h检测到细胞中人α-乳白蛋白的表达,表达量约为0．64g／L．实验结果表明,建立的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系具有外源基因表达活性,得到的牛αS1-酪蛋白5＇调控序列能作为启动子指导外源基因的表达,构建的真核表达载体能在体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞中同时表达人α-乳白蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶．     

硒对H2O2诱导的人甲状腺细胞凋亡和超微结构改变的影响

目的：观察硒对H2O2诱导的人甲状腺上皮细胞凋亡和超微结构改变的影响。方法：取良性甲状腺腺瘤旁正常组织进行细胞培养。加硒（10^-7mol／L）或不加硒后加入不同浓度H2O2（0～800μmol／L）刺激单层培养的甲状腺细胞,流式细胞术（FCM）检测甲状腺细胞凋亡率并在电镜下观察其超微结构的改变.结果：经过H2O2作用24h的人甲状腺细胞,随H2O2浓度升高,细胞凋亡率逐渐升高;电镜下甲状腺细胞超微结构呈损伤型改变,甚至出现凋亡、死亡。预先加入10^-7mol／L硒可降低细胞凋亡率,可明显减轻亚细胞结构损伤。结论：硒可减轻H2O2诱发的人甲状腺细胞的氧化损伤,拮抗其导致的细胞凋亡。     

转基因小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养及其对催乳素反应的研究

实现转基因生物乳腺反应器对外源蛋白的高效表达是目前生物制药亟待解决的难题。催乳素对泌乳期乳蛋白的合成与分泌具有重要的调控功能。通过转基因小鼠乳腺上皮细胞模型的建立,研究催乳素如何调控乳蛋白的表达,为提高乳腺反应器高效表达外源蛋白提供技术及理论支撑。应用机械破碎及胶原酶消化法,经差速贴壁纯化,成功培养含人转铁蛋白基因的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞,细胞上清液中检测到人转铁蛋白表达。细胞经牛催乳素诱导后人转铁蛋白的表达水平明显升高。利用转基因小鼠乳腺上皮细胞模型,可以进行催乳素和环境因素等对乳腺上皮细胞合成及分泌蛋白能力影响的研究。     

Irregular distribution of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in the bovine mammary epithelium

Localization of a mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) in the bovine mammary gland was verified by light-and electron-microscopic methods. Expression of MDGI, which is known to inhibit the growth of mammary epithelial cell lines in vitro, was found to be highest in the late pregnant and in the lactating state. A combination of immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical methods with semi- and ultrathin resin sections revealed marked variations in MDGI staining. High MDGI levels were predominantly detectable in epithelial cells with large milk fat droplets. Distinct cell types that were almost free of label could be identified among bovine mammary epithelial cells that always exhibited high MDGI levels. Similar results were obtained when using a serum-free organ culture system in which MDGI was hormonally induced in cell types of comparable differentiation state. The specific occurrence of the growth inhibitor in developing alveoli and certain cell types points to the association between MDGI expression and functional differentiation in the normal mammary gland.     

Hyperthermia causes bovine mammary epithelial cell death by a mitochondrial-induced pathway

The effects of mild hyperthermia on bovine mammary epithelial cells exposed to 40 °C for 1 h were studied. The results showed that cell viability, ultrastructural features as well as mitochondrial function were significantly influenced by the mild heat treatment (40 °C). There was a considerate decrease in cell viability accompanied by cell loss resulting from apoptosis and necrosis followed by G₂/M arrest. Cell death followed the typical cascade, namely decrease in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m), mitochondrial swelling and caspase-3 activities dramatically increased; DNA was also damaged. In conclusion, hyperthermia depresses cell viability and induces bovine mammary cell apoptosis and necrosis through the mitochondrial-triggered cell death pathway.     

Cellular microenvironment influences the ability of mammary epithelia to undergo cell cycle

The use of cell culture models is a principal and fundamental technology used in understanding how mammalian cells work. However, for some cell types such as mammary epithelia, the lines selected for extended culture are often transformed or have chromosomal abnormalities, while primary cultures have such a curtailed lifespan that their use is restricted. For example, mammary luminal epithelial cells (MECs) are used to study mechanisms of breast cancer, but the proliferation of primary cell cultures is highly limited. Here we describe the establishment of a new culture system to allow extended analysis of cultures of primary mouse MECs. In 2D monolayer culture, primary MECs showed a burst of proliferation 2-3 days post isolation, after which cell cycle decreased substantially. Addition of mammary epithelial growth factors, such as Epidermal Growth Factor, Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, and Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor κB Ligand, or extracellular matrix proteins did not maintain their proliferation potential, neither did replating the cells to increase the mitogenic response. However, culturing MECs directly after tissue extraction in a 3D microenvironment consisting of basement membrane proteins, extended the time in culture in which the cells could proliferate. Our data reveal that the cellular microenvironment has profound effects on the proliferative properties of the mammary epithelia and is dominant over growth factors. Moreover, manipulating the cellular environment using this novel method can maintain the proliferative potential of primary MECs, thus enabling cell cycle to be studied as an endpoint after gene transfer or gene deletion experiments.     

Development and validation of immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line as an in vitro model for the study of mammary gland functions

This study aimed to develop a bovine mammary epithelial (BME) cell line model, which provides a possibility to determine functional properties of the bovine mammary gland. The primary cell culture was derived from bovine mammary gland tissues and processed enzymatically to obtain cell colonies with epithelial-like morphology. The cultures of BME cells were purified and optimally cultured at 37 °C in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The BME cells were identified as epithelial cell line by the evaluating the expression of keratin-18 using immunofluorescence staining. A novel gene expression system strongly enhances the expression of telomerase, has been used to immortalize BME cell line termed hTBME cell line. Interestingly, telomerase remained active even after over 60 passages of hTBME cell line, required for immortalization of BME cells. In addition, the hTBME cell line was continuously subcultured with a spontaneous epithelial-like morphology, with a great proliferation activity, and without evidence of apoptotic and necrotic effects. Further characterization showed that hTBME cell line can be continuously propagated in culture with constant chromosomal features and without tumorigenic properties. Finally, established hTBME cell line was evaluated for mammary gland specific functions. Our results demonstrated that the hTBME cell line was able to retain functional-morphological structure, and functional differentiation by expression of beta (β)-casein as in the bovine mammary gland in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the established hTBME cell line can serve as a valuable tool for the study of bovine mammary gland functions.     

In vitro culture of cryopreserved bovine mammary cells on collagen gels: synthesis and secretion of casein and lactoferrin

The preparation, cryopreservation, and culture on type I collagen gels of lactating bovine mammary cells with prolonged milk protein synthesis and secretion in vitro is described. Cryopreserved cells prepared as acinar fragments from either lactating or developing mammary glands attached to the collagen substratum within 24-48 hr after plating in serum and hormone supplemented medium. During continued culture in hormone-supplemented (insulin, cortisol, and prolactin) serum-free medium outgrowth of cells from the attached acinar fragments was observed beginning on day 2, with continued outgrowth to near confluence by day 6. Two morphologically distinct cell types were evident; initial outgrowth was by large polygonal cells that were subsequently overlain by spindle-shaped cells. Cells from both lactating and developing mammary glands sustained substantial milk protein secretion for at least 14 days in culture. Alpha S1-casein synthesis and secretion in cultures of lactating mammary cells was dependent on a critical minimum cell population density, below which alpha S1-casein was not secreted. In contrast, lactoferrin (LF) secretion into the medium increased linearly with the increase in cell population density. Cells cryopreserved up to 16 months secreted LF at levels comparable to fresh cultures of the same cells.     

Purification, characterization, and localization of 70 kDa calcium-sensitive protein (calelectrin) from mammary glands

Mammary glands contain a group of calcium-sensitive proteins that bind to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Using the calcium-dependent binding to hydrophobic surfaces in combination with conventional techniques, we have purified the 70 kDa mammary calcium-binding protein (70 kDa M-CBP) to homogeneity. Antisera prepared to the 70 kDa M-CBP or to bovine liver 67 kDa calelectrin reacted in immunoblot analysis with the 70 kDa M-CBP antigen and with several additional mammary CBP species in crude tissue homogenates. Limited proteolysis of the 70 kDa M-CBP produced smaller immunoreactive species; extensive proteolysis resulted in more complete degradation of the protein. Identical data were obtained with digestion of 67 kDa calelectrin. The pl for the 70 kDa M-CBP was determined to be approximately 5.8; the same value reported for 67 kDa calelectrin. Phosphorylation of 70 kDa M-CBP was not detected in epithelial cell culture metabolic labeling. Immunohistochemical localization showed the protein to be located in ductal epithelia of virgin mouse mammary glands with a pattern of increased staining of the basal portions of the cells. Some stromal cells were also reactive. Apparently, the 70 kDa M-CBP and 67 kDa calelectrin are the same protein. Furthermore, like the 32.5 calelectrin (endonexin) and calpactin I/p36/lipocortin II, the 70 kDa protein appears to be a ductal epithelial cell associated protein in the mammary gland.     

Unsaturated fatty acids promote proliferation via ERK1/2 and Akt pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells

GPR40 has recently been identified as a G protein-coupled cell-surface receptor for long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). The mRNA of the bovine ortholog of GPR40 (bGPR40) was detected by RT-PCR in cloned bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and in the bovine mammary gland at various stages of lactation. Oleate and linoleate caused an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations in these cells, and significantly reduced forskolin-induced cAMP concentrations. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt kinase, which regulates cell proliferation and survival, was rapidly increased by oleate. Incubation with oleate and linoleate for 24 h significantly promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, in serum-free medium, oleate significantly stimulated cell proliferation during a 7-day culture. These results suggest that bGPR40 mediates LCFA signaling in mammary epithelial cells and thereby plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival.     

Biosynthesis of selenoproteins in cultured bovine mammary cells

The biosynthesis of selenoproteins was studied in relation to milk formation and mammary cell biology by incubating the bovine mammary cell line MAC-T with ((75)Se)selenite. Intracellular proteins and proteins secreted into the cell culture medium were separated by 2D electrophoresis, the selenoproteins were detected by autoradiography, and the proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF. Approximately 35 (75)Se-containing spots were found in the cell proteins from MAC-T cells. Among them, one-third showed high intensity. The strongest spot was identified as glutathione peroxidase 1. About 20 spots were observed in protein precipitated from cell culture medium, one-third of them being distinctly visible. In an attempt to study a perturbation of the system, the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on the formation of selenoproteins was investigated. The concentration of (75)Se in total cell protein was reduced by about 35% in cells cultured with RA compared with control cells, while the opposite effect was observed in protein precipitated from cell culture medium, which contained 60% more (75)Se in RA-treated samples than in controls. There were also indications that RA might affect different selenoproteins in different ways. The methods described provide a promising approach for further studies of the regulation of selenoprotein formation in the mammary gland.