Sabin2型脊髓灰质炎病毒适应人胚肺二倍体细胞不同代次病毒滴度与5′端非编码区变异关系

脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus)是一类无包膜单股正链RNA病毒,基因组长约7．5kb。其5′端非编码区由约742个核苷酸长,主要与病毒RNA复制、蛋白翻译起始、病毒颗粒的装配及病毒的细胞适应减毒及神经毒力密切相关。我们研究发现,脊髓灰质炎病毒(Sabin株)在人胚肺二倍体细胞(KME17)上致细胞病变较猴肾细胞慢,病毒产量亦明显低于恒河猴肾细胞培养,国内外也有类似的报道。     

Sabin2型脊髓灰质炎病毒适应人胚肺二倍体细胞不同代次病毒滴度与5'端非编码区变异关系

脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus)是一类无包膜单股正链RNA病毒,基因组长约7.5kb.其5'端非编码区由约742个核苷酸长,主要与病毒RNA复制、蛋白翻译起始、病毒颗粒的装配及病毒的细胞适应减毒及神经毒力密切相关[1].     

产业动向

<正>我国自主研发的Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(单苗)上市由中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所历时近30年自主研制的创新疫苗产品Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(单苗)于6月30日正式上市。该疫苗的上市填补了我国在脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗生产领域的空白。目前,世界各国主要使用注射用脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)和口服Sabin株脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)预防脊髓灰质炎。口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗,俗称"糖     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株对小鼠乳腺癌MA-782细胞的感染特性

体外研究蓝舌病毒湖北株3(BTV-HbC3)对鼠乳腺癌细胞MA782的感染性并探讨BTV-HbC3靶向性溶癌的机制。观察MA782细胞感染BTV-HbC3的病变效应(CPE);MTT法研究病毒致细胞病变率的特征;透射电镜观察感染病毒后细胞超微结构的变化;免疫组化研究病毒蛋白在细胞内的表达特点;凋亡染色(TUNEL法)观察病毒诱导细胞凋亡的情况;流式细胞仪测定病毒对MA782细胞周期的影响。结果证明BTV-HbC3感染MA782细胞后有明显的细胞病变效应;病毒蛋白主要表达在细胞的胞膜及胞浆内;凋亡染色发现大量的凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪可见明显的亚二倍体峰。故认为BTV-HbC3在体外能有效的感染MA782细胞,并能诱导MA782细胞凋亡。     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株对小鼠乳腺癌MA-782细胞的感染特性

体外研究蓝舌病毒湖北株3(BTV-HbC3)对鼠乳腺癌细胞MA782的感染性并探讨BTV-HbC3靶向性溶癌的机制.观察MA782细胞感染BTV-HbC3的病变效应(CPE);MTT法研究病毒致细胞病变率的特征;透射电镜观察感染病毒后细胞超微结构的变化;免疫组化研究病毒蛋白在细胞内的表达特点;凋亡染色(TUNEL法)观察病毒诱导细胞凋亡的情况;流式细胞仪测定病毒对MA782细胞周期的影响.结果证明BTV-HbC3感染MA782细胞后有明显的细胞病变效应;病毒蛋白主要表达在细胞的胞膜及胞浆内;凋亡染色发现大量的凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪可见明显的亚二倍体峰.故认为BTV-HbC3在体外能有效的感染MA782细胞,并能诱导MA782细胞凋亡.     

脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的高效纯化及特性研究

应用Q-Sepharose Fast Flow对Vero细胞基质制备的I型口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗悬液进行纯化.病毒液经滤过澄清和超滤浓缩,获得85%的病毒感染性滴度回收率,而经Q-Sepharose F.F.纯化的病毒悬液,病毒感染性滴度回收率达100%.纯化后的病毒液用α-32P dATP标记DNA探针膜杂交法测定,宿主Vero细胞基质DNA残余含量远低于100 pg/剂量的标准;rct/40特征、病毒形态及病毒衣壳蛋白组份等生物学性状无显著变化.研究结果提示,Q-Sepharose F.F.是Vero细胞制备口服脊髓灰质炎减毒疫苗的理想纯化材料.     

AcMNPVie—1基因诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒 (Autographacalifornicamulticapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)感染可诱导斜纹夜蛾 (Spodopteralitura)离体细胞Sl zsu 1发生典型的细胞凋亡。通过细胞松弛素 (cytochalasinD)和NH4Cl的抑制实验 ,分别排除病毒粒子结合细胞受体蛋白 ,和病毒在核内体运输过程启动细胞凋亡信号发生的可能性。RT PCR实验证实 ,病毒基因组进入了细胞核 ,极早期基因ie 1开始了转录 ;而DNA聚合酶抑制剂 (芽栖菌素 )的存在对病毒诱导的细胞凋亡程度与进程均没有明显的影响。这说明细胞凋亡的信号是先于病毒晚期复制事件启动的。单独转染AcMNPV极早期基因ie 1可诱导斜纹夜蛾离体细胞系Sl zsu 1细胞发生部分凋亡 ,转染 2 4h后出现凋亡小体 ,4 8h达到高峰。提取转染细胞的总DNA电泳 ,可检测到典型的DNA梯形条带 (DNAladder)。另外 ,AcMNPV的ie 1基因温度敏感突变株tsB82 1在非受纳温度感染细胞时 ,细胞不发生凋亡。这些结果暗示 ,在AcMNPV感染诱导的Sl zsu 1细胞凋亡中 ,ie 1基因是一个凋亡信号的直接或间接诱导因子。     

荧光MAPREC分析Ⅰ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒突变率方法的建立和应用

目的使用CY5荧光标记引物建立定量检测I型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒480-A和525-C突变率的MAPREC。方法提取I型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒样品RNA,反转录合成c DNA后,进行非对称PCR扩增以生成单链DNA,之后采用CY5荧光标记引物进行一步扩增反应以合成双链产物,以DNA内切酶Dde I和Nci I酶切后电泳分离,获取荧光信号,计算样品的突变率。检测4个国际标准品(100%DNA突变标准品、IS DNA标准品、LMVR标准品和HMVR标准品)的突变率,重复5次,验证方法的准确性和精密度,并进行初步应用。结果使用CY5荧光标记引物,建立了定量检测I型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒480-A和525-C突变率的MAPREC。100%DNA突变标准品、IS DNA标准品、LMVR标准品以及HMVR标准品的标示值分别为100.00%、2.00%、1.84%、2.56%,检测结果分别为95.09%、2.06%、1.45%、1.92%,各标准品的实验间CV值均<15%。I型Sabin株口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗工作种子、单次收获液和原液的突变率为1.05%~1.22%,批间一致性良好。结论初步建立了基于荧光素标记的MAPREC,可以代替同位素法进行I型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒突变率的定量检测。     

红车轴草提取物对胃癌BGC-823细胞凋亡的影响

探讨红车轴草(TrifoliumpratenseL)提取物对胃癌细胞株BGC-823的抑制增殖效应及诱导凋亡作用.我们采用不同浓度(50、100、250、500、1000mg/L)红车轴草提取物处理BGC-823细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测药物对细胞的抑制作用,倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态学改变;AO/EB染色,荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态;采用DNALadder观察DNA的降解;应用流式细胞仪观察细胞凋亡过程中的细胞周期的变化和细胞凋亡.结果显示在红车轴草提取物的作用下,BGC-823细胞呈凋亡改变,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈典型的凋亡特征.细胞凋亡的同时,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期.实验结果表明红车轴草提取物能抑制胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖,能诱导胃癌细胞凋亡.     

c-myc表达对顺铂诱导人胶质瘤细胞系BT_(325)凋亡的影响

研究 c- m yc在化疗药物顺铂诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中的作用。在原有已构建好 c- myc反义表达载体 pc DNA3- MYC并成功转染 BT32 5 细胞的基础上 ,用顺铂诱导细胞凋亡。采用 TUNEL技术并从光镜、电镜、荧光显微镜及激光共聚焦显微镜水平观察 BT32 5 细胞凋亡的形态学特征 ;流式细胞仪检测实验组 (即 pc DNA3- MYC转染的细胞 )及对照组 (包括未转染或仅转染空载体 pc DNA 3的细胞 )凋亡率的异同。结果显示 :与转染空载体 pc DNA3及未转染组的细胞相比 ,在转染 pc DNA 3-MYC的 BT32 5 细胞中 ,顺铂诱导的细胞凋亡作用明显受阻 ,结果表明 :肿瘤细胞内异常表达的 c- myc在顺铂诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的过程中有重要作用。     

鸭呼肠孤病毒强毒株致鸭胚原代成纤维细胞凋亡的研究

通过光镜、电镜、DNA Ladder法、流式细胞术、荧光染色对鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)诱导鸭胚原代成纤维细胞(DEF)凋亡情况进行检测.结果显示,光镜可见细胞形态学上出现细胞皱缩,染色质浓染边移;电镜观察到细胞胞浆浓缩,细胞核染色质凝聚、部分形成凋亡小体;荧光染色结果显示,在感染后24h有激发绿色荧光的凋亡细胞出现,随着时间的推移,激发红色荧光的死亡细胞数量增多;DNA Ladder检测到感染后24～144h的DNA样品呈梯形条带;流式细胞术于感染后24h检测到凋亡细胞,其数量在72～96h达到高峰,144h开始下降.研究结果表明,DRV在DEF增殖的过程中具有诱导宿主细胞凋亡的作用.     

Lymphoid apoptosis in Edwardsiella tarda septicemia in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The present study revealed a relationship between the kinetic change of apoptosis and the inflammatory response during experimental intraperitoneal infection with Edwardsiella tarda as a septicemic model. The morphological changes of apoptotic cells including cellular shrinkage, condensed nuclear chromatin, nuclear fragmentation and membrane blebbing were detected by light and transmission electron microscopy. TUNEL and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the fragmentation of DNA in the apoptotic cells. Apoptosis was highly detected in lymphoid organs prior to the inflammatory process and gradually decreased after an extensive inflammatory response. Apoptosis in thymus and spleen was extensive and an in vitro study revealed that lymphocytes were the major cell population which underwent apoptosis. The result suggests that E. tarda-induced systemic immunosuppression via lymphocyte apoptosis as determined by suppression of the systemic inflammatory response during an initial step of generalized septicemia.     

Comparative characterization of cell death between Sf9 insect cells and hybridoma cultures

Physiological cell death (PCD) in Sf9 insect cell batch cultures was comprehensively characterized using simultaneous determinations of qualitative and quantitative assays, including agarose gel electrophoresis, confocal, epifluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, and DNA content by flow cytometry. Results were compared to hybridoma cultures where abundant information of apoptosis exists. Both cultures shared some typical apoptosis features, including cell shrinkage, loss of sphericity, swollen endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, chromatin condensation, and specific DNA degradation. However, distinctive morphological and kinetic differences between both cultures revealed that Sf9 cells died by an atypical PCD process characterized by absence of nuclear fragmentation, scarce association of condensed chromatin to the nuclear envelope, swollen mitochondria, and high nonspecific DNA degradation. These features, distinctive of necrosis, were not observed in the normal apoptotic process of hybridomas. Glucose depletion marked the appearance of apoptotic Sf9 cells, which there up on increased gradually, whereas apoptotic hybridomas rapidly increased upon glutamine depletion. Furthermore, active phagocytosis was found in Sf9 viable cells, a characteristic phenomenon during in vivo apoptosis but uncommon for in vitro cultures. Sf9 cells contained unusually high numbers of phagosomes, particularly after glucose depletion. Additionally, few apoptotic bodies accumulated in culture, suggesting their elimination by phagocytosis. Other distinctive characteristics of Sf9 cells were the presence of a polynucleated hypertrophic population fraction, polyploidy, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, and more necrosis compared to hybridomas. Such phenomena prevented a reliable quantification of apoptosis from determination of the sub-G1 peak. Nonetheless, emergence of a bimodal Sf9 cell size distribution coincided with the increase in the sub-G1 population and onset of death. The fraction of particles in the smaller peak (6-11 microm diameter) closely correlated with the fractions of apoptotic bodies, late apoptotic, and secondary necrotic cells. Accordingly, Sf9 cell size was shown to be an effective, rapid, and simple parameter for quantifying death. Altogether, the results of this study provide new insights into PCD and other phenomena in insect cell culture important for biotechnological applications of Sf9 cells.     

中华鳖病毒感染宿主的细胞病理学研究

中华鳖病毒经人工感染可引起健康中华鳖发病和死亡。对病鳖组织细胞瓣超微结构观察,同时见有以染色质高度凝集和边缘化,核裂并形成“凋亡小体”等表现有典型的类似于细胞凋记形态变化的细胞,和以核膜崩解、线粒体膜膨大、细胞膜破裂、细胞质严重液泡化等表现为坏死性变化的细胞。ＤＮＡ片段化分析表明,感病鳖组织细胞的ＤＮＡ发生了严重的片段化,且以肝组织细胞的ＤＮＡ片段化最为严重。研究提示,中华鳖病毒导致宿主死亡同时存     

Suppression of injuries caused by a lytic RNA virus (mengovirus) and their uncoupling from viral reproduction by mutual cell/virus disarmament

Viruses often elicit cell injury (cytopathic effect [CPE]), a major cause of viral diseases. CPE is usually considered to be a prerequisite for and/or consequence of efficient viral growth. Recently, we proposed that viral CPE may largely be due to host defensive and viral antidefensive activities. This study aimed to check the validity of this proposal by using as a model HeLa cells infected with mengovirus (MV). As we showed previously, infection of these cells with wild-type MV resulted in necrosis, whereas a mutant with incapacitated antidefensive ("security") viral leader (L) protein induced apoptosis. Here, we showed that several major morphological and biochemical signs of CPE (e.g., alterations in cellular and nuclear shape, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, chromatin, and metabolic activity) in cells infected with L(-) mutants in the presence of an apoptosis inhibitor were strongly suppressed or delayed for long after completion of viral reproduction. These facts demonstrate that the efficient reproduction of a lytic virus may not directly require development of at least some pathological alterations normally accompanying infection. They also imply that L protein is involved in the control of many apparently unrelated functions. The results also suggest that the virus-activated program with competing necrotic and apoptotic branches is host encoded, with the choice between apoptosis and necrosis depending on a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions. Implementation of this defensive suicidal program could be uncoupled from the viral reproduction. The possibility of such uncoupling has significant implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of viral diseases.     

Evidence of apoptotic effects of 2,4-D and butachlor on walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, by transmission electron microscopy and DNA degradation studies

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is characterized morphologically by chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, fragmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, and consequently formation of apoptotic bodies. It has also been best characterized by the cleavage of DNA into nucleosomal size fragments of 180-200 bp or multiples of the same. Contrary to this, under extreme conditions, the cells were found to show adaptive response to apoptosis and unable to regulate their own death; necrosis is therefore predominantly observed. In the present study, we showed induction of apoptosis in Clarias batrachus due to sublethal concentration of 2,4-D and butachlor at multiple exposure time. The first phase of the study involved light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructural abnormalities of the germinal tissues. While, in the second phase of the study, DNA degradation of blood and hepatic tissue was resolved on agarose gel electrophoresis. In histopathological studies, large numbers of stage II oocytes were noted for nuclear blebbing irrespective of the test chemical. Some of the butachlor-exposed oocytes showed vacuolation and electron dense cytoplasm along with thickened nuclear envelope, having close association with the lysosomes on the cytoplasmic side. Some oocytes undergo nuclear blebbing having inner dense core and translucent cytoplasm. Leydig cells were slightly hypertrophied and few appeared pycnotic, a process involving necrotic changes in which the cell nuclei were characterized by rounding up and condensation resulting in hyperchromatic staining or pycnosis. In testicular tissue, spermatogonial nuclei had irregular large clumps of heterochromatin adjoining the nuclear membrane indicating initial stage of apoptotic cell death. Electrophoretic separation resulted in a ladder pattern of blood DNA and smear like pattern of hepatic DNA. These results indicate that the above herbicides are able to induce apoptosis both at molecular as well as cytological level. A reference dose or safety factor approach to calculate risk of human exposure to both chemicals is still awaited.     

Sindbis病毒的繁殖与宿主细胞BHK—21的凋亡

详细报道了Sindbis病毒诱导BHK-21细胞凋亡的过程,病毒感染6h后即可观测到核染色质的断裂,病毒感染12h后染色质可见明显的凝集,感染后24h DNA电泳出现明显的DNA“阶梯”(DNA ladder)。电镜观察更清楚地显示了凋亡小体形成的某些细节:在染色质凝集处核外膜突起,最后与细胞核分离形成凋亡小体。在此基础上将一段病毒非结构蛋白nsP2基因克隆到真核表达载体pMAMneo中,并得到瞬间表达,在其中一些细胞中出现DNA断裂这一细胞凋亡的基本特征,通过对nsP2氨基酸序列的分析,结合以前的实验结果推测nsP2可能与诱导细胞凋亡直接相关。     

Uncoupling cell shrinkage from apoptosis reveals that Na+ influx is required for volume loss during programmed cell death

Cell shrinkage, or the loss of cell volume, is a ubiquitous characteristic of programmed cell death that is observed in all examples of apoptosis, independent of the death stimulus. This decrease in cell volume occurs in synchrony with other classical features of apoptosis. The molecular basis for cell shrinkage during apoptosis involves fluxes of intracellular ions including K+, Na+, and Cl-. Here we show for the first time that these ion fluxes, but not cell shrinkage, are necessary for apoptosis. Using sodium-substituted medium during anti-Fas treatment of Jurkat cells, we observed cellular swelling, a property normally associated with necrosis, in contrast to the typical cell shrinkage. Surprisingly, these swollen cells displayed all of the other classical features of apoptosis, including chromatin condensation, externalization of phosphatidylserine, caspase activity, poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase cleavage, and internucleosomal DNA degradation. These swollen cells had a marked decrease in intracellular potassium, and subsequent inhibition of this potassium loss completely blocked apoptosis. Reintroduction of sodium ions in cell cultures reversed this cellular swelling, resulting in a dramatic loss of cell volume and the characteristic apoptotic morphology. Additionally, inhibition of sodium influx using a sodium channel blocker saxitoxin completely prevented the onset of anti-Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that sodium influx can control not only changes in cell size but also the activation of apoptosis, whereas potassium ion loss controls the progression of the cell death process. Therefore cell shrinkage can be separated from other features of apoptosis.     

Apoptosis of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) neutrophils and macrophages induced by experimental infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

The infection of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the agent of fish pasteurellosis Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida resulted in the apoptosis of peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages. All the eight virulent and none of the two non-virulent strains tested exhibited apoptogenic activity. A secreted bacterial protein(s) is a likely candidate as the factor(s) responsible for this activity, since no apoptosis was induced by i.p. injected UV-killed virulent strains and the virulent culture supernatants exhibited a thermo-labile apoptogenic activity identical to that of live bacteria. The apoptotic process was characterized by the occurrence of DNA fragmentation detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and DNA electrophoresis, and of typical ultrastructural alterations namely cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and production of blebs with shedding of apoptotic bodies. In the apoptotic process induced by lethal doses of virulent bacteria or culture supernatants both peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils were extensively affected, the majority of these cells being apoptotic and reaching values around 10(7)per peritoneal cavity for each cell type at 24h post-injection. Moreover, the number of non-apoptotic macrophages was always below the initial number in the resting peritoneal cavity. Since macrophages are key cells in the elimination of both bacteria and apoptotic moribund cells and apoptotic bodies, the induction by Ph. damselae subsp. piscicida of simultaneous macrophage and neutrophil apoptosis results, on the one hand, in the destruction of the two phagocytic cell types involved in the restriction of multiplication of the bacteria and, on the other hand, in the uncontrolled progression of the apoptotic process towards secondary necrosis and eventual lysis of high numbers of moribund neutrophils and of neutrophilic apoptotic bodies, with the consequent extensive release of their highly cytotoxic components. Abundant apoptotic cells were also seen in sections of head-kidney from fish dying from experimental pasteurellosis. In contrast, no apoptosis was seen in vitro after the treatment with virulent culture supernatants of sea bass head-kidney macrophage cultures or after the treatment ex vivo of peritoneal exudate leukocytes with virulent bacteria or culture supernatants. The apoptotic process described here appears as a novel and very powerful microbial pathogenic strategy.