关于细菌突变率及突变群体值问题的探讨

关于细菌突变率及突变群体值问题的探讨徐令超,郭慧（河南省鹤壁市农科所,鹤壁４５６６５０）（北京农业大学生物学院,北京１０００９４）细菌突变率及细菌突变群体值在繁殖后代中的比值在文献［１］一文中已进行研究并得出结论：抗病毒性自发突变细菌群体在繁殖后代中...     

绿脓杆菌生长状态的初步测定

本文对细菌生长状态的测定进行了初步的研究,建立了绿脓杆菌的分裂指数、冷休克率及透明晕环形式的检测技术。其中,分裂指数的测定能反映单一绿脓杆菌群体的生长状态;冷休克率的测定适用于有其他细菌同时存在的临床标本及实验动物标本的检验;而透明晕环形成的指标能够直观、迅速地通过形态学特征来比较菌群中不同种类细菌的生长状态。     

生物波实验中微电极测定的应用研究

生物波实验研究采用奇异变形杆菌（Proteusmirabilis）、绿脓杆菌（PseudomonasAeruginosa）等为研究对象,观察到这些细菌的群体生长表现节律性［1］,并探讨其节律性生长的机制。实验观察到绿`脓杆菌在波动生长过程中表现扇状面分形自相似特征［2］,分析认为这是由于群体细菌的生长导致环境中出现营养减少和代谢废物浓度梯度的非平衡环境作用结果,进一步观察到在此不利环境中细菌发生适应性潜一生序变化并以此跨越不利环境而生长［3］,从而表现宏观节律性特征。从这个意义上讲,非平衡环境是生物波的动力,本实验研究以玻璃微电极测…     

分子对接技术在研究群体感应抑制剂中的进展

在大多数致病菌中都存在群体感应系统,而群体感应抑制剂就是以此系统作为靶点,在不影响细菌生长的情况下阻断细菌生物被膜形成或抑制毒力基因表达,不易导致耐药性的产生,是一种理想的抗菌增效剂。分子对接作为虚拟筛选技术之一,其目标具体、效率高、成本低,是药物研发的重要手段。本文重点介绍了分子对接的主要模块及其在研究群体感应抑制剂中的进展。     

细菌群体异质性对生长动态过程的影响及其表征

在经典的表征群体生长的Logistic方程中, 假定群体中每个个体都是同质的. 解方程时的初值仅限定为N(t₀) = N₀, 因此, 对N₀相同而生理状态不同的接种物的生长动态不能区分. 事实上, 在菌群生长的任一时刻, 只有一定比例的细胞在进行分裂(设为θ), 这样, 不仅由N, 而且实际上由N和θ 共同决定. 因此, 解方程的初值条件还应加入θ (t₀) = θ₀, 而这又被在构建生长方程时所忽略, 但这一附加条件使Logistic方程的求解甚为复杂. 基于细菌生长过程的瞬时生长速率V_inst的时间过程曲线都呈Gauss分布形状这一特点, 在用瞬时生长速率成功地表征限制性条件下区分群体生长阶段的基础上, 进一步用Gauss分布近似函数表达式以求得异质性群体的生长参数, 这些参数可真实地表征不同生理状态细菌群体的生长动态, 为微生物学基础研究和在生物工程等方面的应用提供了一个新方法. 在此基础上提出了一个估算细菌群体生长延迟期和群体倍增时间的新方法.     

测定绿脓杆菌分裂指数反映生长势头的初步研究

本文以细胞生物学理论为基础,细菌细胞发育周期形态和群体细菌分裂相数量的变化为依据,研究了测定绿脓杆菌DI方法。建立了数学模型,分析了生长过程中DI动态。结果表明,DI可较准确地反映细菌生长势头。实验采用同龄细菌选择和同步培养技术,免疫荧光染色,显微镜下直接观察分裂相细菌,并计算其占总菌数的比例。在对数期前DI已上升,开始后迅速达高峰,接近稳定期时已下降到较低水平。与生长速度比较,两者动态基本一致,但DI高峰较早出现77分钟。认为DI与生长速度关系密切,是与细菌生命活动物质交换的三流学说相伴随的一种特殊信息流。     

结核分枝杆菌GroEL1蛋白过表达的生理效应分析

为研究结核分枝杆菌热休克蛋白GroEL1在耻垢分枝杆菌中过表达所引发的生理效应,本实验采用透射电子显微镜观察细菌个体形态,并绘制细菌群体生长曲线;药敏试验检测重组耻垢分枝杆菌的药物耐受性;细菌攻毒BALB/c小鼠以检测细菌在体内的存活能力;通过病理切片观察细菌毒力。结果显示,GroEL过表达细菌菌体内核糖体数量显著增加,细菌生长分裂能力及群体适应能力提高,但对常用的一线、二线抗结核药物耐受性无影响。GroEL1过表达有助于延长细菌在宿主体内的生存周期,增强细菌毒力。结果提示,结核分枝杆菌GroEL1蛋白过表达会对细菌体内、体外生长产生明显影响。     

大肠杆菌K12不同生长时期培养液和溶浆对其生长的影响

最近的研究中发现细菌中也存在类似多细胞生物的细胞与细胞的信息交流(如群体感应)。本实验提取了大肠杆菌不同生长时期的培养液和菌体经超声波破碎后得到的溶浆,发现它们可使其自身迟缓期缩短,生长加快,而且不同时期的培养液和溶浆对其生长的影响不同。这可能与存在于细菌中的相互作用有关。     

影响多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌杀菌效力的主要环境因素的研究

本文通过改变温度,水活度,气体条件和营养含量等影响绿脓杆菌生长的主要环境因素,测定多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明环境因素导致或显著影响绿脓杆菌对抗生素的生态耐受性。实验表明多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的杀菌效力,除药物对细菌特有的药理学作用外,还取决于细菌的生长环境。结合冷休克率试验表明,环境影响细菌群体处于分裂状态的菌数。若分裂状态菌数下降表明生长速度减慢。提示了多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的效力指数,定量分析可以作为其综合效力作用的表现。以同步培养法确定在单个细胞周期中的抗生素敏感阶段。同时以冷休克率试验资料证明细菌处于分裂状态和幼龄期是其敏感阶段。初步阐述了生长速度缓慢与药物的生态耐受性密切相关。     

基于天然产物的群体感应抑制剂的研究进展

细菌的群体感应现象是近年来微生物学、食品保藏学以及天然产物化学等领域研究的热点。随着对群体感应系统研究的不断深入,越来越多的群体感应类型不断地被报道,不同类型的群体感应现象由不同种类的信号分子来介导,各种群体感应抑制剂也不断地涌现。群体感应抑制剂可以阻断细菌的群体感应系统,抑制细菌毒力基因的表达而不影响细菌的生长与增殖,因此,应用群体感应抑制剂可以避免细菌因生长压力而产生耐药性。本文中,笔者主要按照信号分子的种类综述目前已报道的细菌群体感应系统的类型、群体感应的干扰策略以及天然产物来源的群体感应抑制剂的研究现状。另外,笔者还介绍了不同种类信号分子介导的细菌群体感应机制以及已报道的天然产物来源的细菌群体感应抑制剂的种类,并展望其应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.