Occurrence of epifaunshers on the periwinkle,Littorina littorea (L.), and interactions with the the polychaete Polydora ciliata (Johnston)

A population of Littorina littorea on the northshore of Southampton Water, UK, has been examined forthe occurrence of epifauna. Epifaunal cover was notaffected by shore level below MTL but was greatest onlarger shells, which were commoner on the lower shoreclose to MLWS. Epifaunal components includedbarnacles, serpulids and bryozoans. The polychaetePolydora ciliata occurred most frequently on thelower shore where it excavates galleries in periwinkleshells. Heaviest infestations were found in largershells. P. ciliata settles preferentially in orbeside irregularities on the shell surface. Settlementof barnacles close to the shell aperture, where newshell growth takes place, produces shell distortionwhich creates sites for settlement of P. ciliata. Theangle between serpulid tubes and theshell surface also attracts P. ciliata. It issuggested that colonisation by barnacles and serpulidsfacilitates settlement by P. ciliata, and thatthe latter decreases survival of the host byprogressively destroying the shell.     

珍稀濒危树种毛红椿微卫星DNA分离及SSR反应体系优化

本研究以江西宜丰种源毛红椿为材料,成功提取其基因组DNA。利用改良的链亲和素磁珠法亲和捕捉出毛红椿基因组微卫星DNA片断,并构建了富含微卫星的基因组文库。从构建的基因组文库中随机挑选了63个单克隆进行测序,其中50个单克隆成功测序,含有微卫星的单克隆有18个,并根据测序结果设计并合成SSR引物18对。利用所合成的引物优化SSR反应体系,对影响SSR反应的各个因子进行了探讨。确定了模板DNA浓度最适浓度为30ng;dNTP的最适浓度为0.3mmol·L-1;0.3μmol·L-1是引物在反应体系中的最合适浓度。建立了重复性好、稳定性好的SSR反应体系,为下一步进行毛红椿群体遗传结构和遗传变异研究提供了技术支持。     

Molecular analyses of genetic variability in the populations of Bergenia ciliata in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)

Bergenia ciliata is an important medicinal plant species of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Genetic variability and population genetic structure of B. ciliata sampled from IHR was studied using two single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods (DAMD: Directed Amplification of Minisatellite region DNA; ISSR: Inter Simple Sequence Repeats). To provide a reasonable scientific basis for management and conservation of B. ciliata populations in IHR, genetic diversity analysis of 11 populations with 24 SPAR markers (15 ISSR and 9 DAMD) revealed significantly high level of (90.03%) polymorphism at species level. However, genetic variability was low at population level and KUL and BWS populations showed maximum while SHM population revealed least genetic diversity among the 11 populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed highest percentage of variation (73%) within populations, followed by 17% among populations and least (10%) among the Himalayan regions. Clustering pattern obtained from UPGMA dendrogram was supported by STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis, segregating all the 11 natural populations of B. ciliata into two genetic clusters: Eastern and Western Himalayan populations. The clustering patterns of all the three statistical methods indicated that populations of B. ciliata have structured in response to the local micro-climates of the habitats in IHR, and therefore, it can be concluded that genetic variability is in congruence with the geographical diversity.     

悬铃木方翅网蝽寄主范围的测定

在室内选择上海地区的19科27种园林植物对悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)进行寄主专一性测定。非选择性试验结果表明:悬铃木方翅网蝽对一球悬铃木(Platanus occidentalis)、二球悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)、三球悬铃木(Platanus orientalis)、红叶李(Prunus cerasifera)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)和红花槭(Acer rubrum)6种植物有取食现象,其中若虫在前5种植物上取食量较大,而对红花槭只表现为轻微取食;成虫在前4种植物上的取食量较大,而对构树和红花槭只有少量取食。在所有植物中,悬铃木方翅网蝽只能在一球悬铃木、二球悬铃木、三球悬铃木上完成完整的发育世代。选择性试验表明:成虫嗜食一球悬铃木、二球悬铃木、三球悬铃木,部分取食红叶李,而不取食红花槭和构树。成虫产卵显著偏爱于一球悬铃木、二球悬铃木、三球悬铃木,而不在其它植物上产卵。因此,悬铃木方翅网蝽的寄主范围较为单一,只有悬铃木属植物是其寄主。     

Microfungi associated with Abies needles and Betula leaf litter in a subalpine coniferous forest

We investigated microfungal assemblages on leaf litter within a subalpine forest in central Japan and their variation with season, litter depth, and litter species. Microfungal assemblages were compared for Abies needles and Betula leaf litter collected from litter and fermentation layers of the forest floor during the growing season in spring, summer, and autumn. A total of 35 and 42 species were isolated from Abies needles and Betula leaf litter, respectively. The observed variation in microfungal assemblages was primarily attributable to seasonal differences. The frequencies of Trichoderma viride, Volutella ciliata, Mucor sp., and Umbelopsis ramanniana increased in summer, leading to a high degree of similarity of microfungal assemblages in different litter depths and litter species. Microfungal assemblages on Abies needles in spring and autumn and those on Betula leaves in spring were characterized by Trichoderma viride, V. ciliata, Thysanophora penicillioides, Trichoderma polysporum, and (or) Mortierella alpina. Microfungal assemblages on Betula leaves in autumn were characterized by the absence of these species and the occurrence of Cladosporium cladosporioides. The results were discussed with an emphasis on the role of microfungi in decomposition processes and the impact on fungi of predicted future increases in global temperature.     

Secretory hairs in Gentiana and allied genera (Gentianaceae, subtribe Gentianinae) from the Iberian Peninsula

Eleven species from six different sections of the genus Gentiana , as well as one species each of genera Gentianella (G. campestris), Gentianopsis (G. ciliata), Comastoma (C. tenellum) and Swertia (S. perennis) have been studied by light microscopy for the presence of hairs in floral as well as in vegetative parts. Hairs are produced in the calyx and vegetative leaves of all of them, and also in the corollae of the last three species. They fall into two different types: those found in the corolla of Gentianopsis ciliata are non-secretory, while in the rest of the species studied, and also in the calyx and leaves of G. ciliata , they produce a mucilaginous secretion. Calycine and foliar hairs are always produced in the adaxial epidermis at the base of the foliar organ, and are considered as mucilage secreting colleters. The presence of colleters in vegetative organs has not been adequately considered in previous taxonomic accounts, in spite of their presumed significance.     

悬铃木方翅网蝽与红带网纹蓟马的竞争关系研究

【背景】悬铃木方翅网蝽是仅危害悬铃木的外来入侵物种,而红带网纹蓟马寄主广泛,可吸食悬铃木叶片汁液,2个物种客观上发生了竞争关系。【方法】以悬铃木方翅网蝽与红带网纹蓟马共同发生的悬铃木种植街区为研究地点,每10d调查15根悬铃木枝条,记录各枝条各叶片上2个物种的数量,进而评价悬铃木方翅网蝽入侵对红带网纹蓟马的竞争排斥能力。【结果】悬铃木方翅网蝽在整个调查期间的种群数量明显高于红带网纹蓟马;悬铃木方翅网蝽在悬铃木上的时间生态位宽度和重叠指数均大于红带网纹蓟马,两者的时间生态位竞争系数达0.7022,明显高于对悬铃木枝条和叶片的竞争强度;悬铃木方翅网蝽和红带网纹蓟马对悬铃木枝条和叶片的竞争强度较低,且具有阶段性,空间竞争主要发生在6月中旬至7月下旬的2个种群发生高峰期;悬铃木方翅网蝽与红带网纹蓟马在悬铃木上的繁殖生态位出现了明显的时间分化,红带网纹蓟马仅秋季世代产卵于悬铃木叶片上,而悬铃木方翅网蝽所有世代均产卵于悬铃木叶上,但2个物种在悬铃木上共同繁殖期间,红带网纹蓟马选择产卵的枝条和叶片均有悬铃木方翅网蝽产卵,表明2个物种对产卵枝条和叶片具有相似的空间需求。【结论与意义】悬铃木方翅网蝽与红带网纹蓟马在悬铃木上整体的时空生态位竞争强度较弱,且2个物种的营养生态位差异较大;悬铃木方翅网蝽的入侵对红带网纹蓟马的生存和种群发展无明显影响。     

Identification, habitats and seasonal occurrence of juvenile whiting (Sillaginidae) in Moreton Bay, Queensland

Three sympatric whiting species-(Sillaginidae)—sand whiting, Sillago ciliata , golden-lined whiting, Sillago analis , and trumpeter whiting, Sillago maculata , are common in Moreton Bay, Queensland. Their identification, habitats and seasonal occurrence of juveniles are studied. A key to identification of these species is provided. Juveniles of the three species inhabit shallow shores including lower sections of creeks and rivers; but 5. ciliata prefer sandy substrates with less than 1 m depth and S. analis favour muddy-sand substrates also with less than 1 m depth, while 5. maculata juveniles stay in muddy-sand to muddy substrates at 1–3 m depth. Sillago analis juveniles appear at the waters' edge from October to May each year.     

Drought constraints on leaf gas exchange by Miconia ciliata (Melastomataceae) in the understory of an eastern Amazonian regrowth forest stand

Analyses of the effects of drought stress on Amazonian regrowth stands are lacking. We measured leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential of Miconia ciliata (Melastomataceae) in a dry-season irrigation experiment in 14-yr-old regrowth. In the dry season, irrigated plants maintained significantly higher leaf water potentials, photosynthetic capacity at light saturation (A(max)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), internal CO(2) concentration (C(i)), and lower A(max)/g(s) than control plants. The degree of dry-season down-regulation of control plant A(max), along with its fast recovery following rain, reveals the importance of occasional dry-season rains to the carbon budget of M. ciliata. During the wet season, we observed higher A(max) for control plants than for plants that had been irrigated during the dry season. We hypothesize that reduced drought constraints on photosynthesis of irrigated plants advanced the flowering and fruiting phenology of irrigated plants into the dry season. Flowers and fruits of control plants developed later, during the wet season, potentially stimulating a compensatory reproductive photosynthesis response in nearby leaves. The relative drought intolerance of M. ciliata may be a deciding factor in its ability to survive through the dynamic successional development of the regrowth stand studied.     

BROWN ROOT ROT OF TOMATOES

Tomato roots with brown root rot showed three types of lesion: cortical rot of fine roots, 'corky root', and basal stem rot. The fungi most commonly isocated from diseased roots were: Colletotrichum atramentarium, Chaetomium spp., Cephalosporium spp., Volutella ciliata , and a grey mycelial fungus sometimes producing pycnidia ( Pyrenochaeta sp.). Other fungi isocated less frequently were: Myrothecium roridum, Petriella asymmetrica, Trichoderma airide, Phytophthora spp., Alternaria sp. and Fusarium spp. There were differences between the numbers of each species isocated from the three types of lesion in steamed and in unsteamed soils, and some seasonal variation.
Inoculation experiments with seedlings in vitro showed that Ckaetomium cochliodes and Petriella asymmetrica could infect radicles. On older plants growing in soil Colletotrichum atramentarium was the only effective pathogen. Culture filtrates from C. atramentarium, Chaetomium cochliodes , and P. asymmetrica decreased root growth when tested in vitro. Leachates from loam and a loam-manure mixture decreased the growth of tomato root-tip cultures; the effect of these leachates was altered by autoclaving.     

中国西南地区杨属的分类学研究（Ⅱ）

文中包括：吉隆杨的补充记载,１个新异名,１９个天然种的检索表和地理分布,该地区的杨树名录（正名和异名）。     

Molecular characterization and distribution of a 145-bp tandem repeat family in the genus Populus.

This report aims to describe the identification and molecular characterization of a 145-bp tandem repeat family that accounts for nearly 1.5% of the Populus genome. Three members of this repeat family were cloned and sequenced from Populus deltoides and P. ciliata. The dimers of the repeat were sequenced in order to confirm the head-to-tail organization of the repeat. Hybridization-based analysis using the 145-bp tandem repeat as a probe on genomic DNA gave rise to ladder patterns which were identified to be a result of methylation and (or) sequence heterogeneity. Analysis of the methylation pattern of the repeat family using methylation-sensitive isoschizomers revealed variable methylation of the C residues and lack of methylation of the A residues. Sequence comparisons between the monomers revealed a high degree of sequence divergence that ranged between 6% and 11% in P. deltoides and between 4.2% and 8.3% in P. ciliata. This indicated the presence of sub-families within the 145-bp tandem family of repeats. Divergence was mainly due to the accumulation of point mutations and was concentrated in the central region of the repeat. The 145-bp tandem repeat family did not show significant homology to known tandem repeats from plants. A short stretch of 36 bp was found to show homology of 66.7% to a centromeric repeat from Chironomus plumosus. Dot-blot analysis and Southern hybridization data revealed the presence of the repeat family in 13 of the 14 Populus species examined. The absence of the 145-bp repeat from P. euphratica suggested that this species is relatively distant from other members of the genus, which correlates with taxonomic classifications. The widespread occurrence of the tandem family in the genus indicated that this family may be of ancient origin.     

The influence of the EGF on proliferative signal transduction in ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

It has been shown that the transduction of the proliferative signal induced by EGF in ciliata Tetrahymena pyriformis cells is not connected with autophosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinases. The results obtained indicate that EGF in ciliata cells initiates the mitogenic pathway including the membrane proteins of the tyrosine kinases-like type (without tyrosine phosphorylation sites), adenylate cyclase, tyrosine- and Ca2+ -dependent ERK-like kinases.     

毛红椿天然种群有性繁殖适合度及其繁殖更新

以九连山国家自然保护区毛红椿4个天然种群为研究对象,于2006—2016年调查毛红椿有性繁殖和自然更新的情况,分析其繁殖适合度系数和个体水平适合度.结果表明:九连山毛红椿各地理种群结实单株的初始数量较少(3~9株),经70余年的繁衍发育,现存结实单株的数量仅2~10株,且来源于原始单株或子1~2代.不同种群间有性繁殖差异显著,但结实能力呈逐年下降的趋势;随群落发育成熟,土壤种子库保存与种子萌发的失利,导致能正常生长发育成熟的林木数量近乎为0.毛红椿最佳性成熟年龄为40年,早期优势明显,适合度系数早期快速增长,为2.0~2.8,但急剧减少至0.3~0.5,之后较平稳减速至近乎于0;种群间个体有性繁殖适合度(0~14株·cm2)存在较显著差异,但均较低,甚至低至0;以现有繁殖率计算,有性繁殖与更新的适合度实测值均远低于预估值.总之,受有性繁殖遗传适合度低的影响,不同种群间有性繁殖与更新能力趋同衰退;个体有性繁殖适合度进一步降低且面临更高的投资风险,现有繁殖体系因此失衡并趋于恶化.建议开展繁殖交配、授粉结实及遗传多样性评价研究,同时人为干预林分环境,于结实期清理林地枯落物,在幼苗至幼树生长过渡期适当疏伐.     

Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in Taihangia rupestris (Rosaceae), a rare cliff herb

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the rare Taihangia rupestris (Rosaceae) to evaluate genetic diversity, population genetic structure, mating system, and demographic events of this species. ? Methods and Results: Ten primer sets were developed using an enriched genomic library and were successfully amplified in T. rupestris var. ciliata and T. rupestris var. rupestris. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 21; the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.300 to 0.950 and from 0.328 to 0.956, respectively, in the two varieties. ? Conclusions: The markers described here will be useful for studies of genetic variation, genetic structure, and mating systems of T. rupestris, which are important for the future conservation of this rare species.     

红楝提取物对菜青虫幼虫的生物活性

对红楝的乙酸乙酯抽提部分进行了粗分并对各部分进行了拒食活性测试,并对活性较高的部分进行了乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、蛋白酶活性、蛋白质含量等测定。编号为6的部分拒食率最高为60．9％。在对其进行进一步研究中发现红楝对幕青虫的神经系统影响较明显,而胃毒毒性却不十分理想。     

鄂西北濒危植物红椿天然种群动态分析

采用相邻格子法对分布于鄂西北的3个红椿(Toona ciliata Roem.)天然种群(竹山、谷城T1和谷城T2)进行统计;采用立木径级结构代替种群年龄结构的方法,分析了各种群不同龄级的个体数量动态指数( Vn )、静态生命表及存活曲线,并对3个种群进行谱分析。结果表明：3个红椿种群均属于增长型种群,自然状态下竹山、谷城T1和谷城T2种群个体数量动态指数分别为46.27%、53.46%和37.71%,标准化存活曲线分别为Deevey Ⅲ型、DeeveyⅡ型和Deevey Ⅱ型。3个种群第2龄级﹝2.5 cm≤胸径(DBH)<7.5 cm〕幼树的死亡率均较高,竹山种群第3龄级(7.5 cm≤DBH<12.5 cm)幼树的死亡率最高,谷城T1种群第7龄级(27.5 cm≤DBH<32.5 cm)大树的死亡率最高,谷城T2种群第6龄级(22.5 cm≤DBH<27.5 cm)中树的死亡率最高;3个种群第1龄级( DBH<2.5 cm)和第2龄级个体的平均期望寿命均较高。竹山、谷城T1和谷城T2种群的基波振幅分别为1.0616、1.0971和0.7882,明显的小周期分别出现在第4、第2和第4波序,表明分布于鄂西北的红椿天然种群更新存在着周期性,且存在小周期的多谐波叠加,种群波动与龄级的Vn值相吻合。种群动态分析结果表明：由于红椿的强阳性生理特征,其天然种群受环境筛抑制和环境干扰,造成幼树个体损失和中龄级个体不足,这是造成红椿濒危的主要因素,因此,建议加强人为正向“干扰”以制造林窗、增强种群天然更新能力、引种造林,以保护和利用红椿这一濒危植物资源。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of whiting (Sillaginidae) in Moreton Bay, Queensland

Five species of whiting (Sillaginidae) inhabit Moreton Bay. The school whiting, Sillago bassensis , and stout whiting, S. robusta , are rare, caught occasionally by trawlers in areas of sandy substrates. The sand whiting, S. ciliata , golden-lined whiting, S. analis , and trumpeter whiting, S. maculata , are very common throughout the year. Sillago maculata is distributed almost throughout Moreton Bay, from 1 to 30 m depth. Sillago ciliata and S. analis are shallow water dwellers, from the shoreline to 3 m and 5 m depth, respectively. In the shallow waters, S. ciliata prefers the sandy substrates and S. analis the mud-sandy substrates. Distributions related to the depth, habitat preference, juvenile-adult grounds, food availability, interspecific competition, and winter season are discussed.     

大帽藓(Encalypta ciliata Hedw.)原丝体发育特征的实验研究

在人工培养大帽藓(Encalypta ciliata Hedw．)孢子的基础上,对其孢子萌发、原丝体发育及配子体发生的全过程进行行了观察、描绘和照相。实验结果表明：在大帽藓的原丝体系统中主要包括两种成分,即：粗短的丝状绿丝体和细长的柳枝状轴丝体。丝状绿丝体一般由4～6个短粗柱状细胞组成,而轴丝体则是由多数细长柱形细胞构成,其上间隔分布有2～5个细胞组成的棒状体,初生假根有或者无。同时,还对大帽藓原丝体发育的特征进行了分析和讨论,初步确定大帽藓孢子萌发属于新的孢子萌发类型——大帽藓型(Encalypta-type)。