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1.
Purpose of Review
Transplant patients are at high risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and the associated mortality is high. The purpose of this study is to review the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in transplant patients.Recent Findings
The pathogenesis of aspergillosis is multifactorial and results from a complex interplay between the pathogen and host. It is well recognized that Aspergillus causes IPA in immunocompromised patients. Recent studies have shown that Aspergillus might also cause diseases likely attributed to an unmodulated immune response in certain transplant recipients such as bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients.Summary
This review focuses on two crucial axes of the damage response framework applicable to aspergillosis: (1) Aspergillus virulence attributes that enable it to survive and proliferate in the host (thermotolerance, stress and hypoxic response, secretion of secondary metabolites) and (2) host response with specific focus on innate immunity and angiogenesis.2.
Background
Broadly, there are three main categories in pulmonary aspergillosis: chronic forms of aspergillosis; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; and invasive aspergillosis (IPA). IPA has been further subdivided into angioinvasive and airway-invasive aspergillosis. Aspergillus overlap syndromes is defined as the occurrence of more than one form aspergillus disease in a single individual.Objectives
To help clinicians correctly deal with AOS.Methods
Retrospectively study the clinical findings of nine patients presenting with AOS.Results
Four cases were diagnosed as angioinvasive aspergillosis complicated with ABPA, three cases as IPA overlap aspergilloma, and two cases as ABPA with AWIA. All the patients presented with cough and expectoration. In three patients with IPA overlap aspergilloma, two had hemoptysis, two had wheezing and fever. All of patients with IPA overlap ABPA had wheezing, dyspnea, and fever, three had sputum plugs, two had hemoptysis, and five patients had mucopurulent discharge and rhonchi in auscultation. Their total IgE ranged from 129 to 2124 IU/ml (676.5 ± 557.33 IU/ml). Fungal culture in sputum showed A. Fumigatus in three patients. All the six patients with IPA overlap ABPA applied steroid therapy and antifungal therapy. Three of them received two or more antifungal drugs successively, and three received combinational therapy. All the patients improved except one diagnosed ABPA overlap IPA.Conclusions
Clinical manifestation of AOS is not typical. Poor first-line therapeutic effects and complicated diagnosis criteria require clinicians to be aware of AOS when facing patients with aspergillosis.3.
4.
Purpose of Review
To understand the role of antibody detection in the diagnosis of infections caused by filamentous fungi (molds). Rapid and accurate profiling of infection-causing fungal pathogens remains a significant challenge in modern health care. Classical fungal culture and serology continue to be relevant even though over the past few decades, antigen (biomarker) assays such as ELISA and lateral flow devices have been developed and validated.Recent Findings
This article reviews the current antibody detection systems (serological tests) for the diagnosis of mold infections associated with pulmonary disease and introduces new developments. Classic and more recently developed serological techniques and their performance characteristics, including immunodiffusion, complement fixation, and ELISA.Summary
The diseases covered are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis, mucormycosis, diseases caused by filamentous basidiomycetes, infection caused by Talaromyces marneffei and pythiosis. Serology remains a cornerstone for fungal diagnostic testing.5.
Purpose of Review
One of the more serious complications of hematology and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients is the development of invasive fungal infections (IFIs).Recent Findings
Due to the widespread use of prophylaxis active against Candida spp. in these populations, infections due to invasive molds, such as aspergillosis and mucormycosis, have become more predominant. Several real-life challenges complicate the optimal prophylaxis and management of patients who develop invasive mold infections. Selection of agents in this setting requires careful consideration to the strength of evidence, certainty of IFI diagnosis, side effect profile, drug interactions, and cost.Summary
In this review, we discuss the clinical evidence behind the optimal prophylaxis and treatment of IFIs in patients with hematological malignancies and review important practical considerations that should be taken in order to apply these data effectively to real-world patients.6.
A. Garraffo B. Pilmis J. Toubiana A. Puel N. Mahlaoui S. Blanche O. Lortholary F. Lanternier 《Current fungal infection reports》2017,11(1):25-34
Purpose of review
We aimed to review invasive fungal infections complicating primary immunodeficiencies (PID).Recent findings
Several PID predisposing to fungal infections were recently deciphered. CARD9 deficiency selectively predisposes to fungal infections including candidiasis, aspergillosis, deep dermatophytosis, and phaeohyphomycosis, with frequent central nervous system location, especially after Candida infection. Patients with heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function mutations are mostly predisposed to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis but may also display, even though less frequently, invasive fungal infections. Aspergillosis complicating STAT3 deficiency is also a major concern in patients with lung cavities. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended in this first group of patients. Previously well-reported PID are known to predispose to fungal infections, such as genetic defects impairing the IL-12/IFN-γ axis can predispose to cryptococcosis, and dimorphic fungal infections.Summary
Patients developing invasive fungal infections including candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, phaeohyphomycosis, pneumocystosis, or disseminated infections caused by dimorphic fungi, without known underlying risk factors, should be explored immunogenetically in order to diagnose primary immunodeficiencies, even in the absence of previous other infectious episodes.7.
Xinchang Kou Tongqing Su Ningning Ma Qi Li Peng Wang Zhengfang Wu Wenju Liang Weixin Cheng 《Plant and Soil》2018,422(1-2):129-134
Background
Seeds host bacterial inhabitants but only a limited knowledge is available on which taxa inhabit seed, which niches could be colonized, and what the routes of colonization are.Scope
Within this commentary, a discussion is provided on seed bacterial inhabitants, their taxa, and from where derive the seed colonizers.Conclusions
Seeds/and grains host specific bacteria deriving from the anthosphere, carposphere, or from cones of gymnosperms and inner tissues of plants after a long colonization from the soil to reproductive organs.8.
Janardhanraj Subburaj Akshay Datey Jagadeesh Gopalan Dipshikha Chakravortty 《Journal of biological engineering》2017,11(1):48
Background
Needle-free, painless and localized drug delivery has been a coveted technology in the area of biomedical research. We present an innovative way of trans-dermal vaccine delivery using a miniature detonation-driven shock tube device. This device utilizes~2.5 bar of in situ generated oxyhydrogen mixture to produce a strong shockwave that accelerates liquid jets to velocities of about 94 m/s.Method
Oxyhydrogen driven shock tube was optimized for efficiently delivering vaccines in the intradermal region in vivo. Efficiency of vaccination was evaluated by pathogen challenge and host immune response. Expression levels of molecular markers were checked by qRT-PCR.Results
High efficiency vaccination was achieved using the device. Post pathogen challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 100% survival was observed in vaccinated animals. Immune response to vaccination was significantly higher in the animals vaccinated using the device as compared to conventional route of vaccination.Conclusion
A novel device was developed and optimized for intra dermal vaccine delivery in murine model. Conventional as well in-house developed vaccine strains were used to test the system. It was found that the vaccine delivery and immune response was at par with the conventional routes of vaccination. Thus, the device reported can be used for delivering live attenuated vaccines in the future.9.
Rachel A. Miller 《Current fungal infection reports》2018,12(1):33-43
Purpose of Review
The expanding utilization of limited available antifungal agents has led to a pressing need to implement interventions to ensure appropriate usage. The global emergence of resistant, difficult-to-treat invasive fungal infections among the most vulnerable patient populations is a call to action to develop a multifaceted antifungal stewardship approach.Recent Findings
Candida species demonstrating multi-drug resistance, including highly resistant Candida auris, are emerging threats. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, likely initially originating in the environment, likewise presents a treatment challenge. Routine empiric and prophylactic antifungal use, though effective, further complicates this issue, with the emergence of breakthrough mold infections. Early evidence supports success with antifungal stewardship programs.Summary
Broad antifungal stewardship approaches that optimize antifungal drug usage, facilitate provider education, and monitor fungal epidemiology are crucial steps to preserve the antifungal armamentarium. Future development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies will further facilitate management of invasive fungal infections.10.
Andrei Prodan Sultan Imangaliyev Henk S. Brand Martijn N. A. Rosema Evgeni Levin Wim Crielaard Bart J. F. Keijser Enno C. I. Veerman 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2016,12(9):147
Introduction
Understanding the changes occurring in the oral ecosystem during development of gingivitis could help improve prevention and treatment strategies for oral health. Erythritol is a non-caloric polyol proposed to have beneficial effects on oral health.Objectives
To examine the effect of experimental gingivitis and the effect of erythritol on the salivary metabolome and salivary functional biochemistry.Methods
In a two-week experimental gingivitis challenge intervention study, non-targeted, mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling was performed on saliva samples from 61 healthy adults, collected at five time-points. The effect of erythritol was studied in a randomized, controlled trial setting. Fourteen salivary biochemistry variables were measured with antibody- or enzymatic activity-based assays.Results
Bacterial amino acid catabolites (cadaverine, N-acetylcadaverine, and α-hydroxyisovalerate) and end-products of bacterial alkali-producing pathways (N-α-acetylornithine and γ-aminobutyrate) increased significantly during the experimental gingivitis. Significant changes were found in a set of 13 salivary metabolite ratios composed of host cell membrane lipids involved in cell signaling, host responses to bacteria, and defense against free radicals. An increase in mevalonate was also observed. There were no significant effects of erythritol. No significant changes were found in functional salivary biochemistry.Conclusions
The findings underline a dynamic interaction between the host and the oral microbial biofilm during an experimental induction of gingivitis.11.
Aims
We evaluated the efficacy of biochar application for suppressing bacterial wilt of tomato and identified the potential underlying mechanisms involved in the disease control.Methods
We measured the impact of two different sized biochar (53–120 μm and 380–830 μm) on bacterial wilt incidence in a greenhouse experiment. The efficiency of different sized biochar for the adsorption of tomato root exudates and the pathogen was further examined in vitro. We also quantified the effects of biochar and tomato root exudates on two pathogen virulence factors, chemotaxis, swarming motility and examined the effect of biochar on pathogen root colonization.Results
Fine biochar application (3%; w:w) significantly decreased the bacterial wilt incidence by 19.9%. Biochar with different particle size had similar adsorption capacity for root exudates, while fine biochar was efficient (91%) in pathogen adsorption. Root exudates and fine biochar increased the chemotaxis ability of pathogen, while fine biochar reduced pathogen swarming motility and rhizosphere colonization.Conclusions
Application of fine biochar can significantly decreased bacterial wilt incidence. This was mechanistically explained by biochar ability to 1) adsorb pathogen directly and indirectly via adsorption of root exudates (based on pathogen chemotaxis) and to 2) directly suppress pathogen swarming motility and subsequent root colonization.12.
Miriam Banas Sindy Neumann Johannes Eiglsperger Eric Schiffer Franz Josef Putz Simone Reichelt-Wurm Bernhard Karl Krämer Philipp Pagel Bernhard Banas 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(9):116
Introduction
Allograft rejection is still an important complication after kidney transplantation. Currently, monitoring of these patients mostly relies on the measurement of serum creatinine and clinical evaluation. The gold standard for diagnosing allograft rejection, i.e. performing a renal biopsy is invasive and expensive. So far no adequate biomarkers are available for routine use.Objectives
We aimed to develop a urine metabolite constellation that is characteristic for acute renal allograft rejection.Methods
NMR-Spectroscopy was applied to a training cohort of transplant recipients with and without acute rejection.Results
We obtained a metabolite constellation of four metabolites that shows promising performance to detect renal allograft rejection in the cohorts used (AUC of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively).Conclusion
A metabolite constellation was defined with the potential for further development of an in-vitro diagnostic test that can support physicians in their clinical assessment of a kidney transplant patient.13.
N. Cesbron A.-L. Royer Y. Guitton A. Sydor B. Le Bizec G. Dervilly-Pinel 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(8):99
Introduction
Collecting feces is easy. It offers direct outcome to endogenous and microbial metabolites.Objectives
In a context of lack of consensus about fecal sample preparation, especially in animal species, we developed a robust protocol allowing untargeted LC-HRMS fingerprinting.Methods
The conditions of extraction (quantity, preparation, solvents, dilutions) were investigated in bovine feces.Results
A rapid and simple protocol involving feces extraction with methanol (1/3, M/V) followed by centrifugation and a step filtration (10 kDa) was developed.Conclusion
The workflow generated repeatable and informative fingerprints for robust metabolome characterization.14.
Background
The ability of an immune system to remember pathogens improves the chance of the host to survive a second exposure to the same pathogen. This immunological memory has evolved in response to the pathogen environment of the hosts. In vertebrates, the memory of previous infection is physiologically accomplished by the development of memory T and B cells. Many questions concerning the generation and maintenance of immunological memory are still debated. Is there a limit to how many memory cells a host can generate and maintain? If there is a limit, how should new cells be incorporated into a filled memory compartment? And how many different pathogens should the immune system remember?Results
In this study, we examine how memory traits evolve as a response to different pathogen environments using an individual-based model. We find that even without a cost related to the maintenance of a memory pool, the positive effect of bigger memory pool sizes saturates. The optimal diversity of a limited memory pool is determined by the probability of re-infection, rather than by the prevalence of a pathogen in the environment, or the frequency of exposure.Conclusions
Relating immune memory traits to the pathogen environment of the hosts, our population biological framework sheds light on the evolutionary determinants of immune memory.15.
Rachel A. Spicer Christoph Steinbeck 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(1):16
Introduction
Data sharing is being increasingly required by journals and has been heralded as a solution to the ‘replication crisis’.Objectives
(i) Review data sharing policies of journals publishing the most metabolomics papers associated with open data and (ii) compare these journals’ policies to those that publish the most metabolomics papers.Methods
A PubMed search was used to identify metabolomics papers. Metabolomics data repositories were manually searched for linked publications.Results
Journals that support data sharing are not necessarily those with the most papers associated to open metabolomics data.Conclusion
Further efforts are required to improve data sharing in metabolomics.16.
John J Ryan Benjamin L Dows Michael V Kirk Xueming Chen Jeffrey R Eastman Rodney J Dyer Lemont B Kier 《BMC research notes》2010,3(1):36
Background
Despite constant progress, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States. The ability of tumors to metastasize is central to this dilemma, as many studies demonstrate successful treatment correlating to diagnosis prior to cancer spread. Hence a better understanding of cancer invasiveness and metastasis could provide critical insight.Presentation of the hypothesis
We hypothesize that a systems biology-based comparison of cancer invasiveness and suburban sprawl will reveal similarities that are instructive.Testing the hypothesis
We compare the structure and behavior of invasive cancer to suburban sprawl development. While these two systems differ vastly in dimension, they appear to adhere to scale-invariant laws consistent with invasive behavior in general. We demonstrate that cancer and sprawl have striking similarities in their natural history, initiating factors, patterns of invasion, vessel distribution and even methods of causing death.Implications of the hypothesis
We propose that metastatic cancer and suburban sprawl provide striking analogs in invasive behavior, to the extent that conclusions from one system could be predictive of behavior in the other. We suggest ways in which this model could be used to advance our understanding of cancer biology and treatment.17.
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a dynamic interaction of the pathogen and the host uniquely defined by the preference of the pathogen for a major component of the immune defense of the host. Simple mathematical models of these interactions show that one of the possible outcomes is a chronic infection and much of the modelling work has focused on this state.Bifurcation
However, the models also predict the existence of a virus-free equilibrium. Which one of the equilibrium states the system selects depends on its parameters. One of these is the net extinction rate of the preferred HIV target, the CD4+ lymphocyte. The theory predicts, somewhat counterintuitively, that above a critical extinction rate, the host could eliminate the virus. The question then is how to increase the extinction rate of lymphocytes over a period of several weeks to several months without affecting other parameters of the system.Testing the hypothesis
Proposed here is the use of drainage, or filtration, of the thoracic duct lymph, a well-established surgical technique developed as an alternative for drug immunosuppression for organ transplantation. The performance of clinically tested thoracic duct lymphocyte depletion schemes matches theoretically predicted requirements for HIV elimination.18.
Background
In recent years the visualization of biomagnetic measurement data by so-called pseudo current density maps or Hosaka-Cohen (HC) transformations became popular.Methods
The physical basis of these intuitive maps is clarified by means of analytically solvable problems.Results
Examples in magnetocardiography, magnetoencephalography and magnetoneurography demonstrate the usefulness of this method.Conclusion
Hardware realizations of the HC-transformation and some similar transformations are discussed which could advantageously support cross-platform comparability of biomagnetic measurements.19.
Robert M Kirby Abdul Basit Quang T Nguyen Anthony Jaipersad Rebecca Billingham 《International Seminars in Surgical Oncology : ISSO》2007,4(1):30
Aims
This paper describes a simple technique of axillary and breast massage which improves the successful identification of blue sentinel nodes using patent blue dye alone.Methods
Patent blue dye was injected in the subdermal part of the retroaroelar area in 167 patients having surgical treatment for invasive breast cancer. Three stage axillary lymphatic massage was performed prior to making the axillary incision for sentinel lymph node biopsy. All patients had completion axillary sampling or clearance.Results
A blue lymphatic duct leading to lymph nodes of the first drainage was identified in 163 (97%) of the patients. Results are compared with 168 patients who had sentinel lymph node biopsy using blue dye without axillary massage. Allergic reactions were observed in four patients (1.2%).Conclusion
Three stage axillary lymphatic massage improves the successful identification of a blue sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients.20.
Effect of gut microbiota on host whole metabolome 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Takeo Moriya Yoshinori Satomi Shumpei Murata Hiroshi Sawada Hiroyuki Kobayashi 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(9):101