水稻品种抗性对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群动态的影响

用ＴＮ１、Ｎ２２、ＡｓＤ７和Ｐｔｂ３３等４个抗虫性差异明显的水稻品种测定了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在它们上面的栖息率、落卵量、卵存活率、若虫存活和发育状况,以及后代种群数量表现。结果表明,Ｐｔｂ３３通过减少２种飞虱的栖息率、落卵量,降低卵和若虫存活率,延长若虫的发育时间,抑制后代的种群数量增长,表现出明显的抗性。Ｎ２２对白背飞虱、ＡｓＤ７对褐飞虱的后代种群建立与发展均表现明显的抑制作用。２种飞虱在ＴＮ１上     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱混合为害对水稻营养生长的影响

研究了褐飞虱和白背飞虱混合种群的取食为害对水稻营养生长的影响 .结果表明 ,两种飞虱的成虫干重、水稻叶面积和其地上部干重因虫口密度的增加而下降 ,变化幅度与种间数量组合有关 ;水稻比叶重随为害程度的加重而加大 ;在褐飞虱与白背飞虱种间以 1∶3、2∶2和 3∶1比例的 3种组合处理中 ,虫体总干重 (X)与稻株地上部损失量 (Y)之间存在着极显著的线性关系 ,线性方程分别是Y =69 1 7 30 43X、Y =1 72 48 36 51X和Y =87 59 37 67X ,b值相应为 30 43、36 51和 37 67.     

华中地区五种水稻品种对褐飞虱生活史和种群动态的影响

【目的】通过研究华中地区5种主栽水稻品种对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)生活史和种群动态的影响,评价褐飞虱个体和种群对5种水稻品种的取食适应性特征,为华中地区主栽水稻的应用推广和褐飞虱的防控提供数据参考。【方法】利用两性生命表理论,研究华中地区5种水稻("深两优3117"、"金优957"、"齐两优908"、"丰优989"、"汕优63")对褐飞虱生活史参数的影响,并用软件模拟5种水稻喂饲下褐飞虱种群动态发生情况。【结果】不同水稻品种对褐飞虱4-5龄若虫的影响最大,取食"齐两优908"后褐飞虱发育历期较其他水稻品种显著延迟(P0.05);"汕优63"和"金优957"饲喂下的褐飞虱产卵量显著低于其它3种水稻品种(P0.05);"齐两优908"喂饲处理下,褐飞虱成活率较其他4种水稻品种显著降低(P 0.05)。褐飞虱在5种水稻品的净增值率(R0)由高到低依次为"丰优989""深两优3117""汕优63""金优957""齐两优908"。【结论】华中地区5种主栽水稻品种,"齐两优908"对褐飞虱成活率具有显著的降低效果;褐飞虱取食"丰优989"和"深两优3117"后种群净增值率最高。     

水稻白背飞虱、褐飞虱取食动态研究

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvāth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvate lugens(St1)在水稻上混合发生,以口针刺入维管束组织吸食汁液,并排出蜜露。对褐飞虱的吸食和排蜜露,Suenaga(1959)、Sogawa(1970)、Sogawa和Cheng(1979)、Heinrichs等(1981)、顾秀慧等(1987)、都健等(1991)均有研究报道,但白背飞虱的取食报道很少,两种飞虱种群的系统取食动态未见报道。本文于1987年采用茚三酮法,同时逐日测定白背飞虱和褐飞虱所排的蜜露量,以蜜露的多少来表示相对取食量,分析取食动态,为制订防治对策,调整防治适期,合理评价和利用抗性品种提供科学依据。     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱的取食为害对水稻营养生长的影响

对塑料钵栽培的水稻进行罩宠试验,研究了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在不同若虫密度下取食为害对水稻营养生长的影响．结果表明,两种飞虱的成虫干重、水稻叶面积和其地上部干重因若虫密度的增加而下降．叶片干重占地上部干重的比例和稻株分配给叶片干物质量随为害程度的加重而增大;褐飞虱和白背飞虱总干重（X）与稻株地上部损失量（Y）之间存在着极显著的线性关系．两种飞虱干重每增加1mg,水稻地上部干重则分别损失26.01mg和21．90mg．讨论了稻飞虱取食为害对水稻致害的可能机制．     

不同品种的水稻乙醇提取物对褐飞虱的影响

不同品种的水稻乙醇提取物对褐飞虱的影响张古忍１廉斌３古练权２周强１张文庆１（１中山大学昆虫学研究所,２中山大学化学系广州５１０２７５;３暨南大学化学系广州５１０６３２）＊国家博士后基金、广东省自然科学基金、广东省博士后基金、中山大学生物防治国家重点实...     

水稻品种对褐飞虱的田间抗性及其生态学机制

评价了7个水稻品种(浙粳22、宜香845、中组14、秀水123、二优倍九、感虫对照品种TN1和抗虫对照品种IR36)在田间成株期对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的抗性表现,并初步分析了它们的抗性机制。结果表明,在田间网室人工诱发条件下,浙粳22、宜香845、秀水123和中组14等4个品种的抗性水平与抗虫品种IR36相同,均小于3级,表现为抗虫,而二优培九则与感虫品种TN1相同,表现为感虫。在自然发生条件下的水稻分蘖期至乳熟期,宜香845和中组14上褐飞虱数量仅为TN1上的7.84%～24.44%,秀水123和浙粳22则为TN1上的30.19%～60.27%。在4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的产卵量和卵孵化率明显减少,而若虫存活率仅为TN1上的20%～30%。与IR36相同,4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的若虫存活率和种群增长倍数均显著低于TN1上,说明他们对褐飞虱的抗性主要表现为抗生性。     

不同药剂低浓度处理的褐飞虱室内种群生命表

以噻嗪酮(Applaud,buprofezin)、叶蝉散和速灭杀丁三种不同类型药剂的低浓度(约对褐飞虱一龄若虫的LC_(10)～LC_(15))及亚致死浓度从一龄若虫开始持续处理褐飞虱一个完整世代,供试的噻嗪酮三种浓度处理对成虫的寿命、产卵量和卵的孵化均有一定的影响,显著降低了褐飞虱种群的增殖能力。     

水稻品种对褐飞虱持续抗性的筛选技术

通过水稻品种苗期和分蘖期后对褐飞虱的抗性筛选,提出TN_1受害9级时受害1～5级的为抗性品种,TN_19级后苗期10天、分蘖期后24天内保持1～5级的为持抗品种,不具持抗的抗性品种为短期抗性品种。     

水稻品种与氮肥施用水平对田间褐飞虱发生的影响

于2010年在田间条件下研究了水稻品种和氮肥施用水平(250 kg/hm2有效氮,125 kg/hm2有效氮及不施氮肥的处理)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata tugens(St(a)l)发生的影响.结果表明,8月10日-9月10日期间,南粳44、宁粳1号、丙123、淮稻9号4个水稻品种上褐飞虱虫量显著低于感虫对照TN1...     

褐飞虱与白背飞虱若虫间的互作效应

用罩笼试验方法,研究了褐飞虱和白背飞虱若虫间的互作关系．结果表明,两种飞虱若虫间存在程度不同的相互作用过程．褐飞虱或白背飞虱的羽化、性别、翅型、雌虫体长和体重等生物学特性的表现都受到来自异种飞虱存在的影响．随褐飞虱比例的增加,白背飞虱的上述反应愈趋明显;反之,随白背飞虱比例的增加,褐飞虱则少有这种变化．种间密度制约效应远大于种内密度制约效应,表明两种飞虱诸种生物学特性对种间作用的反应存在着差异．     

褐飞虱与白背飞虱共栖时的互作效应

用笼罩试验方法,研究了褐飞虱和白背飞虱共栖时的互作效应．结果表明,在９６ ｈ内,随时间的延长,２种飞虱对不同稻株的栖息率渐趋增加,最终达２１．５～２５．０％,不表 现种间差异;脉冲试验使白背飞虱的雌性率和短翅率提高 ２２． １％和 ３９８． １％;排除试验使 白背飞虱的增殖、雌性率和雌虫短翅率各下降 ８． ８％、２０． ８％和 ４８． ０％;种间作用对增殖。 性比和翅型产生正的或负的效应．文中还讨论了种间作用存在的意义和方式．     

稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱和白背飞虱卵的识别机制

研究了室内条件下信息化合物及稻飞虱卵的形态特征在稻虱缨小蜂识别2种卵寄主褐飞虱和白背飞虱中的作用。结果表明,褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫诱导的水稻挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用无显著差异,各自的引诱比例(头数)分别为57.50%(23头)和42.50%(17头)。稻虱缨小蜂对2种飞虱4组材料,完整卵、磨碎卵、带卵叶鞘和若虫为害叶鞘的行为反应,除了在褐飞虱完整卵上的搜索时间极显著地长于在白背飞虱完整卵上的以外,其余的均不存在差异。挥发物捕集结果表明,褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫诱导的水稻挥发物组成相非常一致。上述结果表明水稻挥发物、稻飞虱利它素及飞虱卵的形态特征在稻虱缨小蜂识别褐飞虱和白背飞虱卵中的作用不明显。文中就稻虱缨小蜂识别2种寄主的机制进行了讨论。     

四种生物农药及其与二种化学农药混配对稻飞虱混合种群的防治效果

试验以喷雾法研究4种生物农药及其与2种化学农药组合混用对水稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)混合种群的防治效果。结果表明:0.36%苦参碱AS、0.5%藜芦碱WP、1.8%阿维菌素EC、400亿孢子/克白僵菌WP,分别以1500mL/hm2、3000g/hm2、900mL/hm2、1800g/hm2的制剂用量单独使用,只有阿维菌素效果较好,药后7、14d的防效分别达到了73.3%和82.3%,但与对照药剂48%毒死蜱EC1500mL/hm2和25%噻嗪酮WP750g/hm2的防效差异极显著。而4种生物农药与2种化学农药分别以单用剂量减半混合使用的8个处理中,①苦参碱+毒死蜱、②藜芦碱+毒死蜱、③阿维菌素+毒死蜱、④球孢白僵菌+毒死蜱、⑤苦参碱+噻嗪酮、⑥藜芦碱+噻嗪酮6种组配,药后1d的校正防效为81.8%～89.2%,3d为88.2%～96.5%,7d为95.6%～98.1%,14d为86.0%～97.8%。因此,以上生物农药与化学农药的6种组合混用可以有效防治稻飞虱低龄若虫。     

Induction of P450 genes in Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera by two neonicotinoid insecticides

Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera are two primary planthoppers on rice throughout Asian countries and areas. Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid (IMI), have been extensively used to control rice planthoppers and IMI resistance consequently occurred with an important mechanism from the over‐expression of P450 genes. The induction of P450 genes by IMI may increase the ability to metabolize this insecticide in planthoppers and increase the resistance risk. In this study, the induction of P450 genes was compared in S. furcifera treated with IMI and nitromethyleneimidazole (NMI), in two planthopper species by IMI lethal dose that kills 85% of the population (LD₈₅), and in N. lugens among three IMI doses (LD₁₅, LD₅₀ and LD₈₅). When IMI and NMI at the LD₈₅ dose were applied to S. furcifera, the expression changes in most P450 genes were similar, including the up‐regulation of nine genes and down‐regulation of three genes. In terms of the expression changes in 12 homologous P450 genes between N. lugens and S. furcifera treated with IMI at the LD₈₅ dose, 10 genes had very similar patterns, such as up‐regulation in seven genes, down‐regulation in one gene and no significant changes in two genes. When three different IMI doses were applied to N. lugens, the changes in P450 gene expression were much different, such as up‐regulation in four genes at all doses and dose‐dependent regulation of the other nine genes. For example, CYP6AY1 could be induced by all IMI doses, while CYP6ER1 was only up‐regulated by the LD₅₀ dose, although both genes were reported important in IMI resistance. In conclusion, P450 genes in two planthopper species showed similar regulation patterns in responding to IMI, and the two neonicotinoid insecticides had similar effects on P450 gene expression, although the regulation was often dose‐dependent.     

Quantitative genetic analysis of biotypes of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens: heritability of virulence to resistant rice varieties

The virulence of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae) to a resistant variety of rice, Oryza sativa L., is suggested to be under polygenic control. To determine whether the virulence of N. lugens is a quantitative character that has continuous distribution or a threshold character that has a few discontinuous phenotypic forms and is determined by some underlying continuous variable, I examined the frequency distribution of honeydew excretion that has been used as a measure of ability of attacking the rice plants, and the relationship between honeydew excretion and the oviposition rate of N. lugens females using a japonica rice line Saikai 190 which has a resistance gene Bph 1. The frequency distribution in honeydew excretion significantly differed from the normal distribution, but two distributions below and above 10 mg honeydew excretion for two days did not significantly deviate from normality, suggesting a bimodal distribution. There were significant differences in the proportion of females ovipositing and the number of eggs deposited between the female groups that excreted 0–10 mg honeydew and more than 20 mg honeydew. Within these female groups, however, the reproductive performances were not different. Thus, virulence of N. lugens can be analyzed as a threshold character that has two distinct phenotypes, virulent and avirulent. I estimated the heritabilities of the virulence of N. lugens by parent-offspring regression using the percentage of virulent females in a full-sib family. The estimates of heritability were 0.41 on Saikai 190 and 0.55 on ASD7, carrying the bph 2 gene. These results show that the N. lugens population has substantial genetic variation in virulence. The regression coefficients on female and male parents were similar, suggesting similar genetic contributions by both parents. When the parental families were examined on Saikai 190 and the progeny on ASD7, the regression coefficient approached zero. There may be a low genetic correlation between virulences to the two varieties.     

Evidence of autumn overseas migration in the rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera: analysis of light trap catches and associated weather patterns

ABSTRACT. 1. Daily trap catches of the rice planthoppers, N.lugens Stal and S.furcifera Horvath, and associated synoptic weather patterns were analysed in Kyushu, south-west Japan, in the autumns of 1980–85.
2. Certain weather patterns which seemed to favour overseas immigration, were reflected in trap catches: of eighteen occasions in which back-tracks on 850 mbar wind fields reached central China, marked mass catches in a light trap occurred on six occasions, and peaks in catch curves were found on another seven occasions.
3. These results strongly imply overseas immigration of the planthoppers from China to Kyushu in autumn, identical to invasions by the same species in early summer. However, such autumn migration is apparently non-adaptive because migrants or their progeny are soon killed by cold weather.