Photography: conservation and restoration problems of archives

Summary The more and more numerous photographs witnessing the past are often kept, or better, forgotten and confined to the attics and cellars and are thus running the risk of an irreparable deterioration or worse, of an impending and probable destruction. The study of photograph production systems, the analysis of components and thus the chemico-physical investigations are of extreme importance. Nonetheless the aerobiological research is essential for the daily management of archives.     

利用偏振光散射方法检测癌细胞

血液中病变细胞的检测是疾病诊断的重要依据.在癌症的诊断过程中,血液中存在癌变细胞说明身体已经有癌变组织.因此,识别和检测这些细胞在医学上具有重要的意义.偏振是光的固有属性,可以通过检测光与物质相互作用后的偏振变化来检测物质的性质.本文首次利用偏振光散射方法对悬浮在磷酸缓冲液中的癌细胞进行研究,利用红细胞和癌细胞以及活着的癌细胞和死亡的癌细胞在偏振特征上的不同,对其进行了成功的分辨.该方法具有非侵入、无损伤、高灵敏、高分辨的特点.为癌症诊断和治疗效果评估提供新思路.     

油茶叶片捕光色素分子内禀特性和光能利用效率对光照强度的响应北大核心CSCD

以油茶品种‘长林4号’2年生幼苗为材料,在人工气候箱内设置盆栽实验,研究不同光照强度(10%、40%、70%光照和全光照)对油茶光能利用特性的影响。结果显示:(1)油茶叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、电子传递效率(ETR)、光补偿点(I_(c))、CO_(2)补偿点(Γ)、饱和光强(I_(sat))、饱和胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(isat))、光呼吸速率(R_(p))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))以及在叶片水平与植株水平上的光能利用效率均随光照强度的增强而提高。(2)在弱光条件下,油茶叶片光化学淬灭系数(qP)提高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)降低,所吸收的光能被更多地分配向光化学耗散和过剩激发能,使_(PSⅡ)光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m)、Φ_(PSⅡ))提高。(3)油茶通过提高叶片叶绿素含量、捕光色素分子数(N_(0))和本征光能吸收截面(σ_(ik))来增强对光的捕获能力,但随光照强度降低,其捕光色素分子的有效光能吸收截面(σ_(ik)')减小,捕光色素分子处于最低激发态的最小平均寿命(τ_(min))变长,累积在最低激发态的天线色素分子数(N_(k))增多。研究表明,在低光照强度环境下,电子在捕光色素分子之间的传递和光合电子流的产生受到限制,油茶叶片光能捕获与光合电子传递效率无法同时提高,最终导致其光合碳同化能力和光能利用效率下降。     

The Polarization of Light in a Tropical Rain Forest1

The light environment within forests presents complex patterns of brightness and spectral distribution of light. The polarized light field is no less complex. Using an imaging polarized light analyzer, we examined the natural fields of linearly polarized light in the tropical rain forest of Guatopo National Park, Venezuela. We found that the celestial polarization pattern remains visible underneath the forest canopy, although cloud and fog coverage may diffuse the light and reduce the polarization signal. We characterized several distinct light environments, each having a characteristic polarized light field. Furthermore, objects throughout the forest reflect light that is polarized in a predictable fashion depending upon the material, structure, and orientation of the reflecting surface. As a consequence of these patterns in the distribution of polarized light, some functions of polarization vision, such as navigation, must be limited to the spaces exposed to several extended portions of the sky, while others, such as remote sensing of surface orientation, object detection, and breaking of camouflage would be useful throughout the forest. The polarization of light adds another dimension to the complexity of the rain forest photic environment.     

Digital Photography Improves Consistency and Accuracy of Bat Counts in Hibernacula

ABSTRACT The size and distribution of measurement errors associated with major techniques for estimating numbers of hibernating bats are unstudied, although this is the principle method of enumerating several endangered bat species. However, decisions concerning the listing status of a species under the Endangered Species Act require consistent and accurate estimation of population size and trends. Recent advances in digital photography have improved the ability to produce a quantitative record of the numbers of bats in hibernacula. We surveyed clusters of Indiana bats in a hibernaculum and compared results from counts of digital photographs of clusters to results from 4 variations of visual estimation. We counted bats in photographs using Geographic Information System digitization over the photograph. Total counts from 2 sets of photographs varied by <1.5%. Nonphotographic estimation techniques varied from 76% to 142% of counts from photographs for clusters for which estimation (rather than counting) was used. Where feasible, photography can improve status and trend information for species of concern, permitting more timely and specific management actions.     

光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用

为了研究光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用,以番茄品种浙粉202为材料,研究了低温弱光后恢复期全光照与遮荫对光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：低温弱光（8℃/12℃,PFD 80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）导致番茄叶片P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、qP和F_v′/F_m′的下降,但诱导了NPQ的上升,未引起F_v/F_m的变化;全光照（100%光照）下恢复1 使得植株叶片P_n、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP、NPQ和F_v′/F_m′均大幅下降,随后光合和荧光参数可缓慢恢复至对照水平;遮荫（40%光照）恢复植株F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和F_v′/F_m′仅在第一天稍有下降,而P_n和qP还略有上升,NPQ虽有所降低但仍显著高于对照水平,随后光合和荧光参数均可迅速恢复到对照水平。说明低温弱光虽抑制了光合作用的进行,但并未引起光抑制的发生;全光照恢复加剧了叶片光抑制的发生,而遮荫恢复可通过叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的快速恢复和天线色素热耗散能力的增强以保护光合机构免受伤害,有利于光合作用的迅速恢复。     

Light signaling in plants

Light signals have profound morphogenic effects on plant development. Signals perceived by the red/far‐red absorbing phytochrome family of photoreceptors and the blue/green/ UV‐A absorbing cryptochrome photoreceptor converge on a group of pleiotropic gene products defined by the COP/DET loci to control the pattern of development. The signaling pathway, although still undefined, includes several classic signaling molecules, such as G‐proteins, calcium, calmodulin, and cGMP. A separate signaling pathway is involved in the modulation of the phototropic response. Additional mutants have been identified that affect subsets of light signaling responses. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the light signaling process, in particular recent genetic and biochemical advances.     

Blue Light Reception in Phycomyces: Red Light Sensitization in madC Mutants

Sporangiophores of the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus are sensitive to near UV and blue light. The quantum effectiveness of yellow and red light is more than 6 orders of magnitude below that of near UV or blue light. Phototropism mutants with a defect in the gene madC are about 10⁶ times less sensitive to blue light than the wild type. These mutants respond, however, to yellow and red light when the long wavelength light is given simultaneously with actinic blue light. In the presence of yellow or red light the photogravitropic threshold of madC mutants is lowered about 100-fold though the yellow and the red light alone are phototropically ineffective. A step-up of the fluence rate of broad-band red light (> 600 nm) from 6 × 10^?3 to 6W m^?2 elicits, in mutant C 148 madC, a transient deceleration of the growth rate. The growth rate of the wild type is not affected by the same treatment. The results are interpreted in terms of a red light absorbing intermediate of the blue light photoreceptor of Phycomyces. The intermediate should be short-lived in the wild type and should accumulate in madC mutants.     

Photography as a tool of research and documentation in plant tissue culture

Summary Scientific photography is an important facet of plant tissue culture. The aim of photography in plant tissue culture should be to illustrate clearly the developmental stages occurring in vitro. However, the photographic results presented in publications are often poor, and morphogenetic responses are often not clearly documented. Plant tissue culture is a very visual science, and the valuable tool of photography is often not used properly. If the morphogenetic responses are not well documented, an important part of the reserch is missed, and the report ends up having limited scientific value. Simple methods for improving the results of photography in plant tissue culture are discussed, along with photographic equipment, photomacrography, stereophotomicrography, suitable backgrounds for photography, use of a digital scanner, and the construction of photographic plates.     

显微摄像条件对细胞形态测试结果的影响

目的:研究显微摄像条件对细胞形态测试结果的影响情况。方法:以苏木精-伊红(HE)染色的胃壁细胞为研究对象,分别在不同光亮度、对比度、饱和度和锐度的成像条件下进行显微摄像,采用图像分析软件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0)测试胃壁细胞的色度学和几何形态学参数,并对测试结果进行分析比较。结果:不同光亮度、对比度、饱和度组的胃壁细胞红、绿、蓝三基色差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中红、绿、蓝基色值在高光亮度和高对比度组最高,同时红基色值在高饱和组最高,而绿、蓝基色值在高饱和组最低(P<0.05);不同锐度的胃壁细胞红、绿、蓝三基色差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同光亮度、对比度、饱和度和锐度的胃壁细胞的面积、周长、平均直径差异均没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:光亮度、对比度和饱和度对细胞色度学参数影响明显,而对几何形态学参数无明显影响。     

蒙特卡罗模拟多束光辐照下生物组织中的光吸收分布

用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了均匀分布光和高斯分布光在生物组织内的传播。通过比较单束以及多束均匀分布光和高斯分布光照射下组织内的光子能量分布规律,分析了不同光源和光斑大小对光吸收分布的影响。结果表明:与均匀光束比较,高斯光束辐照时,激光能量较为集中,但侧向传播范围较窄。在总功率相同的情况下,使用单束大功率宽光源与多束功率较小的小光斑光源均能明显地增大光的侧向传播距离,但使用多束功率较小的小光斑光辐照时生物组织中的最大光吸收率增大。多束组合光源光束间距对光吸收分布影响很大。     

蓝光、紫外光的受体及其对CHS表达诱导的研究

植物在进化过程中形成了对环境信号反应的能力,光是植物生长发育中的一个重要的环境信号,综述了蓝光,紫外光的受体及蓝光,紫外光对编码植物类黄酮合成中的一个重要的限速酶－苯基苯乙烯酮合酶基因CHS的诱导作用,并介绍该反应信号转导的可能组分。     

真菌发育过程中的蓝光诱导

本文对多种真菌在发育过程中受蓝光诱导的现象进行了综述。蓝光可以诱导多种真菌的形态发生和发育,包括孢子的产生和菌丝的延伸等。此外,蓝光还可引起真菌的生理和生化改变,如细胞膜对离子的通透性的变化、类胡萝卜素的合成等。真菌也存在一个蓝光信号系统,通过蓝光受体接受蓝光信号,导致了真菌的一系列形态发生和生理生化的变化。     

Quantifying the polarised light pollution of an asphalt road: an ecological trap for the stonefly,Perla abdominalis (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Abstract

A unique form of optical ecological traps is polarised light pollution. Typical sources of this phenomenon is asphalt roads that attract a variety of polarotactic aquatic adult insects seeking horizontally polarised sources recognized as water surfaces. Several harmful effects of polarised light pollution have been previously demonstrated but no quantitative data are available in regard to the loss of a given adult population under these conditions. Our objective was to study the impact of an asphalt road parallel to a creek on the stonefly Perla abdominalis (Guérin-Méneville, 1838 Guérin-Méneville, F. E. (1838), ‘Genre Perle’, in Iconographie du Règne animal de G. Cuvier, ed. F. E. Guérin-Méneville, pp. 393–395. [Google Scholar]). Throughout a three-year study, by comparing the number of exuviae along a stream and the number of adult individuals attracted by the road, we established that 19.6% of the females were trapped by the nearby road. By measuring the reflection–polarisation characteristics of the stream and asphalt surface, we demonstrated that the road may act as attractive, supernormal stimulus for adult females.     

光动力治疗中光的有效吸收光剂量及其确定

光动力治疗中真正有效的光剂量是达到病变组织并且被组织中的光敏剂所吸收的那部分剂量,即有效吸收光剂量。明确组织中的有效吸收光剂量可以指导临床治疗,从而避免治疗剂量不足(治疗不彻底)或剂量过量(造成正常组织的热损伤)。而确定PDT中光的有效吸收剂量时,需测定组织中考察点的光辐射能流率。在目前计算和模拟组织中光辐射能流率的方法中,都需要首先确定所研究组织的光学特性参数。本文概述了常用的测定组织中光辐射能流率及组织光学特性参数的测量方法。     

光疗及光照剂量对抑郁症的作用研究进展

抑郁症是一种患病率高、易复发、自杀率高的精神障碍疾病,容易导致认知功能损伤等问题.光疗以无创、副作用小、疗效快等优势受到广泛的关注,为调节抑郁症生物节律和睡眠障碍等症状提供了新的可能性.光信号通过视网膜神经节细胞投射到抑郁脑区参与非视觉成像功能,激活神经细胞活动,分泌神经递质使神经通路产生生理性改变,对生物机体的昼夜节...     

微藻培养系统内光现象的研究进展

分析了微藻培养系统内光传递过程的数学模型和光分布影响因素,重点综述了光暗循环对微藻生长影响的实验研究和CFD技术应用研究进展,展望了微藻培养系统内光现象的发展方向,以期为规模化、高效微藻培养光生物反应器的设计、优化和放大提供参考。     

A Study of Criteria Permitting the Use of Plastinated Specimens for Light and Electron Microscopy

Plastination permits the preservation of anatomical specimens in a physical state approaching that of the living condition. We studied the possibility of using silicone plastinated fragments of spleen and pancreas for optical and electron microscopy, and found that with an adequate fixation protocol, plastinated specimens can be used for both light microscopy and ultra-structural studies. Deplastination with sodium methoxide permitted production of clean sections. Artifacts produced by plastination/deplastination could be nearly eliminated by glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde fixation. The (Biodur) silicone S10 polymer is transparent and stable in an electron beam, and plastinated tissues can be contrasted or colored similar to tissues embedded in Epon 812. In addition to being very life-like, plastinated tissues are stable and easy to handle. They can also be used for electron and light microscopic studies. This technique may also allow retrospective epidemiological studies of archived pathology specimens.     

高斯光束通过生物体混浊介质模型的测量

将各向同性的沸浊介质材料作为生物组织的光学模型,用2mw单模He-Ne高斯激光透过该混浊介质材料,测量透射率、偏振度及透射光强的分布,得到了偏振度（ν）与透射率（T）的关系曲线。当透射率T＜30％时,偏振度ν→0,高斯激光束透过混浊介质材料,受散射影响,光强偏离高斯分布,并提出了透射光强分布公式。