云南新收集水稻地方品种的表型多样性分析

以来自云南16个州(市)新收集的1189份水稻地方品种为试验材料,分析了17个农艺性状的多样性指数在县(市)、州(市)、稻作生态区及稻作民族间的差异和分布。结果表明,在县(市)分析单元内,滇南、滇西南的芒市、盈江、陇川、腾冲、勐海、沧源等县(市)的多样性指数为1. 6010~1. 6822,高于其他县(市)。在州(市)分析单元内,滇南、滇西南的德宏(1. 6951)、普洱(1. 6746)、临沧(1. 6723)等州(市)的多样性指数较其他州(市)高。在稻作生态区分析单元内,有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等产量性状及株高、谷粒长、谷粒宽、剑叶宽和穗抽出度生物学性状的多样性指数为南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)高于滇西北高寒粳稻区(Ⅲ)和滇南单双季籼稻区(Ⅰ); 17个性状的多样性指数在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ稻作生态区间的差异不显著,而结实率、谷粒宽、谷粒长宽比、剑叶长和剑叶宽5个性状的多样性指数在南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)与滇东北高原粳稻区(Ⅴ)间存在显著差异;除剑叶角度、倒伏性、种皮色和叶片茸毛外,其他13个性状的多样性指数在南部边缘水陆稻区(Ⅱ)与滇中一季粳籼稻区(Ⅳ)间也有显著差异。在稻作民族分析单元内,哈尼族、汉族、景颇族和彝族稻作的多样性指数为1. 7033~1. 7308,高于其他稻作民族;其中,在同一州(市)不同稻作民族间,德宏州景颇族(1. 3735)、傈僳族(1. 3714)和汉族(1. 3526)的多样性指数平均值较高;同一稻作民族不同州(市)间,德宏、保山和临沧汉族及红河州彝族的多样性指数平均值较大(1. 6190~1. 6808)。大穗和大粒型资源分别为173份和84份,主要分布于德宏、西双版纳和普洱等州(市);长粒型资源主要分布于德宏州和临沧市。总体而言,位于滇南和滇西南地区的县(市)、州(市)及稻作生态区是云南水稻地方品种性状多样性分布中心,而哈尼族、汉族、景颇族和彝族等的稻作表型多样性高于其他民族。     

水稻轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1表型遗传多样性分析

该研究基于4个陆稻群体及172个水稻品种或杂交组合,构建了水稻多亲本隐性核不育轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1,并经过4次轮回重组,采用16个表型性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)该群体14个数量性状符合正态分布,各表型均存在极端性状个体。(2)数量性状变异系数范围为0.08～0.41,均值为0.20; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.72～1.92,均值为1.50。(3)群体在株型与产量构成因子性状方面有显著的相关性,对株型的选择可以实现产量性状的改良。(4)剑叶长、每穗粒总数、千粒重、穗长、粒长、一次枝梗数、有效穗数、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、抽穗期10个性状可作为群体综合评价指标。(5)剑叶长、二次枝梗数、每穗粒总数3个表型性状具有较高的遗传变异、丰富的遗传多样性及与综合得分F值相关系数较高。综合以上结果发现,后期群体进行基因挖掘、品种改良以及优良育种材料的选育可以基于剑叶长、二次枝梗数及每穗粒总数3个表型性状,同时要充分利用群体株型与产量构成因子性状间的显著相关性。此外,该研究群体中极端单性状或综合得分F值较高的个体,可进一步用于品种选育。     

粳稻谷粒性状与垩白性状的相关分析

利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交后代F3和F4家系为试验材料,分析了粳稻谷粒性状和垩白性状的表型变异及其相关关系。研究结果表明,F3和F4家系谷粒的长、宽、厚、长宽比、千粒重及垩白性状均呈接近正态的连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。F4家系谷粒性状值均小于F3,随着世代的增加,谷粒性状值趋于减小。F4家系垩白粒率和垩白度小于F3,而垩白大小基本相近。在F3和F4,谷粒千粒重与谷粒长、宽、厚、长宽比均呈极显著正相关;垩白性状与谷粒长、宽、厚、长宽比、千粒重呈极显著正相关。在不同大小的谷粒长、长宽比和千粒重范围内,谷粒性状值相对较大的群体垩白性状值明显大于谷粒性状值相对较小的群体;谷粒长和长宽比相对较小的群体内垩白性状与其谷粒性状的相关关系较谷粒长和长宽比相对较大的群体更为密切。     

利用水稻重组自交系群体对一些重要农艺性状进行基因定位和互作分析

对水稻（OryzasativaL．）籼（indica）、粳（Japonica）交（窄叶青8号×京系17）通过一粒传获得了一个自交9代的重组自交系（RIL）群体,该群体含有107个稳定纯合的株系,通过构建分子连锁图谱,对水稻播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、200粒重和结实率进行数量性状基因座位（QTL）分析,定位了影响播抽期的2个QTLs、株高的2个QTLs、每穗颖花数的2个QTLs和每穗实粒数的1个QTL。其中,控制播抽期的1个QTL即qHD－8为主效基因,控制株高的1个QTL即qPH－1为主效基因,其余为微效基因。同时分析了影响水稻生产力的数量性状基因座位间的互作。结果表明,影响播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数和结实率的互适型互作共有24个,对性状有6．2％～10．9％的贡献率。     

粳稻穗角与谷粒性状的相关性及谷粒性状遗传分析

粳稻穗角小的品种产量高而品质差。谷粒性状与产量和品质都有关联。为培育产量与品质相协调的品种提供相关遗传信息, 测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979和弯曲穗品种C堡及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和7个谷粒性状, 分析了穗角与谷粒性状之间的相关性, 并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型, 对7个谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 穗角与粒厚、长厚比和宽厚比均无显著相关, 而与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比均呈极显著正相关。7个谷粒性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制, 2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。千粒重、粒长、长厚比和宽厚比4个性状以主基因遗传为主; 粒宽、粒厚和长宽比3个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

粳稻穗角与谷粒性状的相关性及谷粒性状遗传分析

粳稻穗角小的品种产量高而品质差。谷粒性状与产量和品质都有关联。为培育产量与品质相协调的品种提供相关遗传信息,测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979和弯曲穗品种C堡及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和7个谷粒性状,分析了穗角与谷粒性状之间的相关性,并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对7个谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明,穗角与粒厚、长厚比和宽厚比均无显著相关,而与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比均呈极显著正相关。7个谷粒性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制,2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。千粒重、粒长、长厚比和宽厚比4个性状以主基因遗传为主;粒宽、粒厚和长宽比3个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

贵州省野生皂荚种实表型性状多样性分析

为深入了解贵州省野生皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)荚果表型性状的遗传多样性及其变异类型,为皂荚的遗传改良、种质鉴定、亲本选择以及品种培育奠定理论基础。该研究以贵州省7个野生皂荚群体70个个体为研究对象,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关性分析及多性状综合评价等方法对皂荚群体的10个种实表型性状进行系统分析和综合评价。结果显示：(1)所测皂荚的表型性状差异在群体内均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在群体间,除每荚粒数、种子宽、种子长宽积以及种子长宽比之外,其余表型性状的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(2)7个居群野生皂荚各性状平均变异系数为21.16%,其中凯里市(P4)居群的变异系数最高(24.44%);居群间荚果的变异(29.22%)高于种子的变异(11.04%),且变异主要来自于群体内。(3)相关分析显示,皂荚种实各性状之间存在不同程度的关联性;主成分分析显示,前4个主成分(皂荚种子大小、单个荚果出籽数量、种子形态指数因子、与荚果长和种子厚相关的因子)的累积贡献率达69.783%,可基本反映皂荚表型性状的大部分信息;以10个种实性状对皂荚野生群体进行综合评价发现,来自于惠水县(P7)群体的皂荚种实性状综合评价最高。研究表明,贵州省野生皂荚在群体间及群体内具有丰富的表型变异,且群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,变异主要来自于群体内。     

云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种表型比较

为揭示中国云南元阳哈尼梯田中所种植的水稻(Oryza sativa)地方品种的表型性状在30年间的变化,我们通过田间实验方法,对元阳哈尼梯田农户在20世纪70年代种植的66个(简称"过去的品种")和近10年间种植的69个(简称"当前的品种")代表性水稻地方品种的农艺性状进行了比较.结果表明,23个农艺性状的多样性指数(H')平均值,过去的品种(1.784)大于当前的品种(1.766);过去品种的变异系数平均值和相似性系数平均值(分别为19.5%和0.2107)均小于当前的品种(分别为21.7%和0.2149).因子特征值大于l的主成分,过去的品种有8个(PCI-8),当前的品种有6个(PCI-6),分别能够解释总变异的83.2%和81.4%.23个表型性状的聚类树形图和前3个主成分分布散点图均能将供试品种分为与籼、粳两个亚种相对应的两类.与过去种植的品种相比,当前种植的品种表现为籼型品种、糯性品种、红米品种,以及落粒性极强和强的品种比例降低;当前种植品种的株高、穗颈长、穗下节长、千粒重和剑叶角度等参数显著下降,相反,单株有效穗、剑叶宽、每穗实粒数和结实率等参数显著增加,其株型更紧凑.总体而言,元阳哈尼梯田农户当前种植的水稻地方品种有单一化和遗传多样性降低的趋势,这可能是由于杂交水稻的推广.以及当地农民对产量性状的选择和传统文化习俗的淡化所致.建议对云南元阳哈尼梯田及时采取水稻地方品种与稻作传统文化并重的保护举措.     

云南含笑天然居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示云南含笑天然居群表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南昆明地区天然分布的云南含笑为研究对象,调查了6个居群180个单株的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了居群间和居群内表型多样性.结果表明:(1)云南含笑表型性状在居群间和居群内存在极其丰富的多样性,14个表型性状平均表型分化系数(24.38％)小于居群内变异(75.62％),居群内变异是表型变异的主要来源;14个表型性状的变异系数(CV)在16.20％～60.11％之间,表明云南含笑居群内表型性状离散程度较高.(2)对云南含笑各居群的Shannon-Weaver指数分析表明,云南含笑各居群具有丰富的多样性,总体表型多样性指数为1.772.(3)利用居群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,云南含笑6个天然居群可以聚为3类,而且表型性状并没有严格依地理距离而聚类.     

水稻籼粳交DH群体花器性状的遗传分析

水稻花器性状是影响杂交稻制种异交结实率的重要因素之一。利用一个水稻籼粳交(窄叶青8号/京系17)来源的DH群体对水稻柱头外露率、花柱长、柱头长、柱头宽、花药长、花药宽、颖花长、颖花宽和颖花长宽比9个花器性状和穗抽出度进行遗传分析。不论性状在2个亲本间的差异显著与否,在DH群体中10个研究性状在基因型间的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),并表现为连续变异和明显的超亲分离。除花药宽的遗传力较低(50%)、且估计的基因数多达13个之外,其余9个研究性状的遗传力均较高,为68%～93%,控制这些性状的基因数估计为7～10个。这些结果表明,10个研究性状均为受多基因控制的数量性状,其增效和减效基因在2个亲本中均有分布,通过基因重组可产生正向和负向两个方向的超亲基因型。除了柱头长、柱头宽和穗伸出度3个性状未发现有基因间的上位性互作外,其余7个性状均检测到显著的互补性互作。性状相关和通径分析的结果显示,与柱头外露率关系最密切的花器性状为柱头长、柱头宽和颖花长宽比,颖花长和颖花宽主要通过影响颖花长宽比来对柱头外露率产生影响。其次,与柱头外露率关系较密切的为花柱长。柱头外露率高的基因型通常表现为长柱头、长粒型和长花柱。花药长、花药宽与上述花器性状间的相关性较弱。在DH群体中,穗伸     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.