贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的生态适应性

从抗寒性、光合特性、生长及其结果性状等方面研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的生态适应性。室内抗寒性鉴定和田间抗寒评价结果表明：‘歌海娜’最不耐寒,抗寒性强的品种有‘长相思’、‘雷司令’、‘黑比诺’、‘佳美,;抗寒力较差的品种有‘赛美容’、‘白诗南’、‘白玉霓’、‘神索’;抗寒力较强的品种是：‘霞多丽’、‘赤霞珠,、‘梅鹿辄’、‘白比诺’、‘西拉’。对酿酒葡萄的光合特性的测定发现：同一立地不同品种的净光合速率（Pn）差异明显,‘赤霞珠’的光合速率远高于‘霞多丽’、‘梅鹿辄’的,各品种光合速率的日变化呈双“S”曲线;全天光合速率的最高峰出现在上午10：00左右,下午14：00出现光合低谷,次高峰出现在下午17：00左右。同一品种在不同立地上的叶面积（LA）、叶鲜重（LFW）、比叶重（SLW）、叶绿素（Ch1）含量均表现差异;不同品种在同一立地条件下以上几个指标也表现不同。酿酒葡萄在贺兰山东麓不同区域的生长结果表现也不同。研究表明：大多数酿酒葡萄品种在贺兰山东麓具有良好的生态适应性,土壤和品种是造成贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生态适应性差异的主要因素,该区酿酒葡萄栽培的首要任务是解决抗寒栽培技术和土壤培肥。     

果树重要性状的DNA标记研究进展

概述了果树性状DNA标记的获得方法和葡萄、苹果、桃等果树抗病、抗虫等性状连锁的DNA标记研究进展。迄今,已经获得连锁DNA标记的重要性状有葡萄的抗白粉病、抗霜霉病、抗黑痘病、抗白腐病、无核,及苹果的抗黑星病、抗蚜虫、抗白粉病、矮化、果实色泽等。但是,果树数量性状的DNA标记及标记辅助育种(MAS)仍有待深入研究。     

避雨栽培对鲜食葡萄植株生长及病害发生的影响

以欧亚种葡萄品种‘红地球’、‘火焰无核’以及欧美杂交种葡萄品种‘户太八号’、‘夏黑’为试材,分析了露地和避雨两种栽培模式下鲜食葡萄叶片光合气体交换参数、生理指标、抗病性以及枝条生长的差异,探明避雨栽培模式对鲜食葡萄生长发育以及病害发生的影响。结果表明：(1)避雨栽培下鲜食葡萄叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均低于露地栽培,而其叶片的气孔导度较露地栽培有所上升;避雨栽培显著促进了鲜食葡萄叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量的增加,降低了叶绿素a/b比值,且在‘红地球’、‘火焰无核’中的作用更显著。(2)各葡萄品种叶片中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量在两种栽培模式间无显著差异,但露地栽培葡萄叶片中水杨酸(SA)含量显著高于避雨栽培,且抗霜霉病品种‘户太八号’和‘夏黑’叶片中SA含量的增加幅度显著高于感病品种‘红地球’和‘火焰无核’。(3)避雨栽培显著降低了鲜食葡萄病叶率、叶片病情指数,且在欧亚种葡萄上达到极显著水平。(4)与露地栽培相比,避雨栽培葡萄枝条的长度和粗度均显著增加,且在葡萄果实采收后‘户太八号’和‘夏黑’枝条粗度在增幅上表现极显著。研究发现,避雨栽培显著减少了鲜食葡萄病害的发生,提高叶片...     

导入几丁酶基因育成抗葡萄白粉病的葡萄

日本《农业技术》,１９９９年５４卷３期第４Ｎ～５Ｎ页报道：葡萄以白粉病为主的、黑痘病、灰霉病、霜霉病等各种丝状菌病,是葡萄栽培的大问题。对此,日本果树试验场的山本等把取自水稻的几丁酶基因导入葡萄,育成抗葡萄白粉病的葡萄。方法是从葡萄品种‘新玫瑰香’的培养细胞育成不定胚,与具有水稻几丁酶基因（ＲＣＣ２）的土壤杆菌共培养,用抗菌素选择得到的重组不定胚再分化成植物体,将几丁酶基因导入葡萄,对获得的许多再生植物体驯化、育成。首先,用ＰＣＲ法确认已导入基因,从中选择了８个性状转化葡萄个体作扦插苗,将约１０…     

刺葡萄种内遗传多样性研究进展

刺萄萄主要分布在我国长江中下游及以南地区,是中国野生萄萄中果粒最大的一个种,其果实高抗炭疽病和白腐病,在湖南、江西、福建、贵州等省的部分地区一直作为鲜食和酿酒品种栽培利用。刺葡萄种内遗传多样性较为丰富,为了充分挖掘利用刺葡萄资源,提高刺葡萄资源的利用效率,本文从刺葡萄的物候学、花器类型、形态性状、果实理化性状、花粉形态、DNA遗传水平和抗性等方面进行种内多样性的研究和综述,以期为刺葡萄种质资源的保护、鉴定评价和发掘利用奠定基础。     

不同品种葡萄抗霜霉病特性与叶片POD、PPO活性关系的研究

在霜霉病盛发期,对8804、梅尔诺、品丽珠3个葡萄品种(系)叶片中的PPO和POD活性变化进行了测定.结果显示,8804的PPO和POD活性较大,并保持相当长时间的高活性值,而梅尔诺、品丽珠叶片中PPO和POD活性较小;8804的PPO酶活性变化范围高于其它2个品种,但POD酶活性变化范围却低于后者.葡萄叶片中PPO和POD活性与葡萄霜霉病抗性之间存在一定的相关性,且不同抗感品种间PPO和POD酶活性存在极显著差异.研究结果表明,8804较梅尔诺、品丽珠对霜霉病具有较强的抗性.     

台湾菠萝品种在福建泉州的引种比较试验

以泉州地区主栽品种‘沙捞越’为对照,对引进的菠萝品种‘台农16号’和‘台农17号’进行种植试验,观察其植物学性状、农艺性状,测定果实品质性状,并调查抗寒性能。结果表明,‘台农16号’和‘台农17号’的单果重、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均高于对照,且酸度较低,属优质鲜食品种;‘台农16号’抗寒力较强,可在该地区扩大示范面积;‘台农17号’抗寒力弱,可作杂交种质。     

广西毛节瓜植物学性状及分类研究

为了探讨广西毛节瓜的育种价值和分类学,本文以5个代表性的广西毛节瓜品种为研究材料,对主要植物学性状进行了系统研究;对24份冬瓜节瓜育种材料进行了ISSR分子标记研究,聚类分析时冬瓜和节瓜无法区分。本研究综合植物学性状、栽培习性、ISSR分子标记多态性和古书记载提出广西毛节瓜为冬瓜中栽培历史悠久的独立的地方品种群。     

中国特有野生酿酒葡萄的群体基因组学分析

葡萄是中国的重要经济植物,酿酒葡萄更是葡萄产业的重要部分。本研究通过34份酿酒葡萄基因组重测序数据,研究中国三种特有野生酿酒葡萄山葡萄(Vitis amurensis)、刺葡萄(Vitis davidii)和毛葡萄(Vitis heyneana)的群体间遗传结构、遗传多样性与群体历史变化,通过群体遗传学手段筛选选择信号,挖掘中国野生酿酒葡萄特有的重要种质基因。群体结构显示群体间聚成四个分支。与中国主要栽培酿酒葡萄相比,三个野生酿酒葡萄群体多样性较低,且均受东亚大陆末次冰期的影响,导致群体有效数量较低,相关野生种质资源需要得到进一步的保护和收集。通过对中国野生酿酒葡萄共同受选择区域进行定位,本研究共鉴定到272个中国野生酿酒葡萄受选择的基因,这些基因富集到葡萄有性生殖、花粉形成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢,以及自噬体等功能或通路上,研究结果能为栽培酿酒葡萄今后的杂交育种、抗病和酿酒风味等方面提供重要的育种依据。这些基因可能与中国野生葡萄长期受本土环境影响而形成的独特生长发育过程有关。本研究可为中国原产野生酿酒葡萄的保护及育种应用提供重要理论依据。     

葡萄好吃酒难酿——酿酒葡萄品种介绍

酸酸甜甜的葡萄是秋季人们钟爱的水果。但是各种皮薄、肉多、汁少的食用葡萄却很难入酿酒师的法眼,成为我们杯中的美酒。真正的酿酒葡萄,需要皮厚、汁多、肉少,而且颗粒很小,口感比起食用葡萄来差了许多。食用葡萄和酿酒葡萄是截然不同的品种。世界各地葡萄园里种植的酿酒葡萄不下百种。理论上,每一个品种的酿酒葡萄都能够单独酿制成葡萄酒,但是人们所熟悉     

Soil Types Effect on Grape and Wine Composition in Helan Mountain Area of Ningxia

Different soil types can significantly affect the composition of wine grapes and the final wine product. In this study, the effects of soil types on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine produced in the Helan Mountains were evaluated. Three different representative soil types—aeolian, sierozem and irrigation silting soil were studied. The compositions of grapes and wines were measured, and in addition, the weights of 100-berry samples were determined. The grapes that grown on the aeolian and sierozem soils matured sooner than those grown on the irrigation silting soil. The highest sugar content, total soluble solids content, sugar to acid ratio and anthocyanin content were found in the grapes that grown on the aeolian soil. The wine produced from this soil had improved chroma and tone and higher-quality phenols. The grapes grown on the sierozem soil had the highest total phenol and tannin contents, which affected the wine composition. The grapes grown on the irrigation silting soil had higher acidities, but the remaining indices were lower. In addition, the grapes grown on the aeolian soil resulted in wines with better chroma and aroma. The sierozem soil was beneficial for the formation of wine tannins and phenols and significantly affected the wine composition. The quality of the grapes from the irrigation silting soil was relatively low, resulting in lower-quality wine.     

Chloroplast phylogenomics of the New World grape species (Vitis,Vitaceae)

Vitis L. (the grape genus) is the economically most important fruit crop, as the source of grapes and wine. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus have been highly controversial. Herein, we employ sequence data from whole plastomes to attempt to enhance Vitis phylogenetic resolution. The results support the New World Vitis subgenus Vitis as monophyletic. Within the clade, V. californica is sister to the remaining New World Vitis subgenus Vitis. Furthermore, within subgenus Vitis, a Eurasian clade is robustly supported and is sister to the New World clade. The clade of Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is sister to the core Asian clade of Vitis. Several widespread species in North America are found to be non‐monophyletic in the plastome tree, for example, the broadly defined Vitis cinerea and V. aestivalis each needs to be split into several species. The non‐monophyly of some species may also be due to common occurrences of hybridizations in North American Vitis. The classification of North American Vitis by Munson into nine series is discussed based on the phylogenetic results. Analyses of divergence times and lineage diversification support a rapid radiation of Vitis in North America beginning in the Neogene.     

中国欧亚种酿酒葡萄种植分布的主要气候影响因子与气候适宜性

开展酿酒葡萄气候适宜性研究对于优化酿酒葡萄布局、气候资源开发利用具有重要意义。基于欧亚种酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)分布数据和影响其分布的气候因子,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS),研究影响欧亚种酿酒葡萄种植分布的主导气候因子及其气候适宜性。结果表明:MaxEnt模型能够很好地模拟我国欧亚种酿酒葡萄的潜在分布,模拟效果达到"非常好"(AUC平均值0.936)的水平。基于气候因子对欧亚种酿酒葡萄地理分布影响的贡献确定了主导气候因子,即无霜期、干燥度、极端最低气温、年降水量、生长季日照时数、≥10℃活动积温。当前,我国欧亚种酿酒葡萄种植分布的气候高适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区分别占次适宜及以上区域总面积的2.9%、20.4%和76.7%。欧亚种酿酒葡萄气候高适宜区主要分布在宁夏、山西、陕西、内蒙古、山东、河北、新疆、甘肃等省,只考虑气候因子,陕西、山西、内蒙古具有较大的发展空间。     

野生葡萄及葡萄酒抗氧化活性和抗菌性研究

选取广西、湖南等地野生葡萄,与经典酿酒葡萄比较,研究抗氧化活性和活性物质,同时监测葡萄酒发酵过程中各指标的动态变化,并对不同品种葡萄酒的抗菌性进行研究。结果表明:赤霞珠的酚类含量和抗氧化活性高于野生葡萄和玫瑰香葡萄,但野生葡萄酒的抗菌性能显著优于赤霞珠和玫瑰香葡萄酒。葡萄酒在发酵过程中其抗氧化活性和酚类物质含量均随发酵过程的进行而升高;总抗氧化活性与总酚含量、氧自由基清除能力与原花青素含量成显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.989;总花色苷含量在发酵初期上升,后期下降,葡萄酒颜色变浅。     

不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围微生物群落结构特点解析

【目的】了解不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围细菌群落结构。【方法】以不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围样品为分析材料,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究根围、叶围细菌群落结构,并对细菌群落多样性进行分析。【结果】不同品种葡萄根围微生物优势菌群为变形菌门,不同品种葡萄叶围微生物优势菌群为放线菌目。根围Simpson指数大小顺序为白福尔琼瑶浆白诗南赛美蓉白玉霓米勒长相思,Shannon指数与Simpson指数基本保持一致。叶围Simpson指数最大的为白诗南,最小的为米勒,与Shannon指数基本吻合。【结论】葡萄细菌群落结构综合多样性指数和品种以及定殖部位密切相关。     

Survival of inoculated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain on wine grapes during two vintages

AIMS: To investigate the influence of a specific ecological niche, the wine grape, on the survival and development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. METHODS AND RESULTS: A strain with a rare phenotype was sprayed onto the grape surfaces and monitored through two vintages using a specific indicative medium and analysing the internal transcribed spacer regions in the 5.8S rDNA. During the ripening process, there was a progressive colonization of the surface of the undamaged and damaged grapes by epiphytic yeasts, up to the time of harvest. The damaged wine grapes showed a much greater epiphytic yeast population. However, the inoculated S. cerevisiae strain showed a scarce persistence on both undamaged and damaged wine grapes, and the damaged grapes did not appear to improve the grape surface colonization of this strain. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that wine grape is not a favourable ecological niche for the development and colonization of S. cerevisiae species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results of this work are further evidence that S. cerevisiae is not specifically associated with natural environments such as damaged and undamaged wine grapes.     

Impact of fruit feeding on overwintering survival of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, and the ability of this insect and paper wasps to injure wine grape berries

The establishment of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in North America has resulted in negative impacts on fruit production. We investigated the overwintering survival of H. axyridis after feeding on four diets: injured wine grape berries, 25% sucrose solution, water, and a control containing no food or water. After being exposed to these diets for 6 days, live individuals were transferred to clean plastic Petri dishes, and held at 5 ± 1 °C in growth chambers throughout the winter. Survival was recorded every month. Adult lady beetles collected during the overwintering flight in mid-October had higher survival rates than beetles collected from soybean fields in mid-August. These results suggest that an adaptation period prior to diapause increases the chances of lady beetle survival over the winter. In addition, injured wine grape berries, sugar, and water decreased beetle mortality during the overwintering months. Our results also showed that under similar conditions, females have higher survival during the winter than males. The importance of sugar and water on winter survival may drive H. axyridis adults to vineyards for feeding on wine grapes. Finally, we tested if adults of H. axyridis and the European paper wasp, Polistes dominulus Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), were able to break the grape skin. Harmonia axyridis adults and paper wasps were not able to cause the primary injury to berries of Frontenac grapes under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that control of paper wasps in vineyards may not affect H. axyridis aggregations, and that H. axyridis feeding on wine grapes depends on previous injury to grape berries.     

Susceptibility of table grape varieties grown in south‐eastern Italy to Drosophila suzukii

Since 2008, Drosophila suzukii, the spotted wing drosophila, has colonized most of the American and European continents, being able to adapt to very different climates. In Italy, this pest has been captured from northern Alpine to southern Mediterranean regions where it can infest a broad range of fruits, including wine grapes. Studies have shown that oviposition levels and developmental rates of D. suzukii on wine grapes are lower than on other berries, although recent observations indicate that grapes may become a suitable host plant in particular conditions. Here, we report, for the first time, the results of a series of no‐choice oviposition experiments using berries of five table grape varieties sampled in the provinces of Taranto and Bari (Apulia region, south‐eastern Italy) during 2013 from both organic and conventional farming systems. The sugar content (SC) and skin hardness of each sample were analysed to assess the influence of these physiological parameters on the susceptibility of table grapes to D. suzukii infestation. A negative correlation was found between the number of eggs laid and berry skin penetration force, whereas there was a positive one between the number of eggs and Brix values, as well as sampling date. In organic grapes, SC and skin hardness of two varieties (“Crimson” and “Scarlotta”) were measured, respectively, higher and lower than in conventional grapes, thus making them more susceptible to pest infestation. The study hence shows that in laboratory conditions D. suzukii is able to heavily infest and develop on table grapes and that susceptibility to its infestation significantly depends on both variety and farming system.     

Lactic acid bacteria associated with wine grapes from several Australian vineyards

AIMS: The detection and isolation of lactic acid bacteria by enrichment methods from wine grapes cultivated in vineyards located in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Enrichment cultures in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth, MRS + ethanol (5%), MRS broth supplemented with 15% (v/v) tomato juice (MRST), pH 5.5 and 3.5 and autoenrichment in grape juice homogenate were used to detect lactic acid bacteria on wine grapes. Bacteria were isolated from enrichment cultures by plating onto MRS and MRST agar and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phenotypical methods. A molecular method, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was also used to examine the bacteria that developed in enrichment cultures. Species of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus and Weissella were detected in enrichments by plating and PCR-DGGE. Other bacteria (Sporolactobacillus, Asaia, Bacillus ssp.) were also found in some enrichment cultures. The principal malolactic bacterium, Oenococcus oeni, was not isolated. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and populations of lactic acid bacteria on wine grapes were very low. Damaged grape berries showed a greater presence of these bacteria than undamaged berries. The diversity of bacterial species isolated from the grapes was greater than those previously reported and represented both lactic acid bacteria and nonlactic acid bacteria. Some of these bacteria (i.e. Lactobacillus lindneri, Lactobacillus kunkeei) could be detrimental to wine production. Oenococcus oeni was not found on grapes, but its recovery could be obscured by overgrowth from other species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Lactic acid bacteria are significant in wine production because they conduct the malolactic fermentation and cause stuck or sluggish alcoholic fermentation and wine spoilage. This study investigates wine grapes as a potential source of these bacteria.