浙江省人体身高与遗传及环境关系的初步研究

人体身高受遗传和环境的双重影响。通过对455名浙江省青年的调查分析,得到遗传度的点估计值h~2≈62％。应用逐步回归分析了不同生活环境对身高的影响,并建立了可以预测身高的数学模型。其回归方程为 γ=65.32+10.15x_1+0.294x+2+0.283x_3-3.14x_4-2.19x_5-1.53x_6 人体身高受遗传和环境因素的双重影响,属多因子遗传。本文以常用的亲—子身高的回归系数估计了子代身高的遗传度;并应用多元分析的方法对人体身高与遗传及环境的关系进行了研究,在这基础上建立了人体身高与遗传及环境关系的数学模型。     

子代身高性别对父母身高的回归分析

对抽样调查的身高数据进行计量分析,建立了子代对亲代身高的回归分析模型,揭示了子代身高与亲代身高的遗传率;研究结果表明,父母身高对下一代的遗传率强度不同,母亲要强于父亲;子女接受遗传的效应也不一样,女儿要强于儿子;建立了性别遗传模型,深入研究了亲代父母之间的身高差对子代性别的影响,亲代身高差越大,则生女孩的几率就越大,反之生男孩的几率就越大．     

双生子骨龄、身高及体重的研究

本文对307对同性别双生子的骨龄、身高和体重进行了研究。结果表明,骨龄、身高和体重均受遗传因素影响。遗传因素对不同年龄阶段的影响程度可能是不同的。长时间的不同环境因素对身高和体重的影响较骨龄更大。     

青少年双生子体型指征相关指标的遗传度研究(英文)

目的:用经典的双生子设计探讨遗传因素对青少年身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)等体型指征的影响程度。方法:从青岛市双生子库中选择自愿参加本研究的362对11-19岁双生子,测量身高、体重。同性别的双生子通过16个多态标记进行卵型鉴定,在此基础上,应用Mx软件构建结构方程模型分析计算遗传度。结果:对362对有效双生子数据进行分析,其中同卵双生子194对,异卵双生子168对,身高的最佳拟合模型ACE模型,体重和BMI的最佳拟合模型为AE模型。调整年龄性别后,身高的遗传度为66%,体重的遗传度为84%,体质指数的遗传度为75%。结论:在青少年体型指征的相关指标中,身高、体重、BMI受遗传因素影响都较大。     

人类身高的遗传学研究进展

人类身高是由环境和遗传因素共同决定的,遗传学研究发现遗传因素对身高差异的影响更大。身高是典型的多基因遗传性状,科研人员试图运用传统的连锁分析和关联分析寻找和发现对人类身高具有显著影响的常见DNA序列变异,但进展缓慢。近年来,随着基因分型和DNA测序技术的发展,人类身高的遗传学研究取得了很多突破性进展。全基因组关联分析(GWAS)的应用,发现和证实了上百个与人类身高相关的单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs),拓展了人们对人类生长和发育的相关遗传学认识,同时也为研究人类其他复杂性状提供了理论依据和借鉴。本文综述了人类身高的遗传学研究进展,探讨了目前该研究领域所存在的问题和未来发展方向,以期为今后人类身高相关的遗传学研究提供参考和借鉴。     

中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究

本文对分布在中国16个不同行政区域的102个人群(汉族23个,少数民族79个)的人体发育指标—身高,应用地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能和制图表达方法,对身高受地理环境因素影响的程度进行了综合分析。研究结果显示:随着地理纬度的升高,身高呈现逐渐增高的趋势。随着地区太阳总辐射量的增大,该地区的群体身高水平呈现增高的趋势;随着降雨量和湿度的增大,群体的身高水平呈现降低的趋势;随着地区平均风速指数的增加,身高亦呈现增高趋势。此外,研究还表明区域海拔和气压等因素对身高无明显影响。地理信息系统的技术与方法为分析人体身高发育受地理环境因素的差异性影响提供了新的技术手段和解决方案。     

用中国汉族男性髓骨推断身高的研究

本文研究了以中国汉族男性航骨推断身高的方法．研究样本来自公安部第二研究所法医室近年收集的２４８对已知确切身高的汉族成年男性完整干燥防骨．依据人体测量学方法,共测量了１２项指标．相关分析表明,所测指标与身高的相关系数的统计学检验均有非常显著的意义．进而建立了航骨推断身高的直线回归方程及多元回归方程．并用３０对国人脱骨对各方程进行了盲测．结果表明,助骨推算身高的直线回归方程与多元日归方程所得结果与实际身高相近．效果较好．并且田骨推算身高的一元回归方程与多元回归方程的实用价值基本相同．     

用中国汉族男性髋骨推断向往身高的研究

本文研究了以中国汉族男性髋骨推断身高的方法。研究样本来自公安部第二研究所法医室近年收集的２４８对已知确切身高的汉族成年男性完整干燥髋骨。依据人体测量学方法,共测量了１２项指标。相关分析表明,所测指标与身高的相关系数的统计学检验均有非常显著的意义。进而建立了髋骨推断身高的直线回归方程及多元回归方程。并用３０对国人髋骨对各方程进行了盲测。结果表明,髋骨推算身高的直线回归方程。并用３０对国人髋骨对各方程     

人体身高的遗传度

本文旨在通过亲代（父母）的身高和子代（子女）的身高之间的回归系数及子代同胞（兄弟姐妹）间身高的组内相关系数来估计身高的遗传度。     

北京市幼儿园2—6岁儿童生长情况

1985年5月—8月,作者对北京市幼儿园833名2—6岁儿童进行了人体测量调查,并对所获得的数据进行了统计分析。结果表明2—6岁儿童身高增长较快,平均每年增加70毫米,身体各部分的长度变化基本与身高的增长相协调;围度的变异范围大于长度的变异范围。同1975年调查结果相比,儿童的体重、身高、胸围等项目数值都有所增加,但身高的增加速度已减慢。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.