Nonsense-mediated translational repression involves exon junction complex downstream of premature translation termination codon

Human transforming growth factor-β receptor type 2 (TGFβR2) mRNA harboring a premature translation termination codon (PTC) generated by frameshift mutation is targeted for nonsense-mediated translational repression (NMTR), rather than nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Here we show that exon junction complex (EJC) downstream of a PTC plays an inhibitory role in translation of TGFβR2 mRNA. Translational repression by core EJC components occurs after formation of 80S ribosome complex, which is demonstrated using different types of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes). Our findings implicate EJCs or core EJC components as negative regulators of translation.     

Multiple mechanisms repress N-Bak mRNA translation in the healthy and apoptotic neurons

N-Bak is a neuron-specific BH3-only splice variant of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak. We have shown that its mRNA is stable in the neurons, whereas the protein cannot be detected by antibodies, suggesting a strong translational arrest of the mRNA. Here we identify two regulatory elements in the N-Bak mRNA that significantly repress translation in the luciferase reporter assay: an upstream open reading frame in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and naturally spliced exon–exon junction downstream of the premature translation termination codon in the 3′UTR. We also show that N-Bak mRNA is stored in granular structures in the sympathetic neurons and stays in these granules during intrinsic apoptosis. Finally, we confirm the absence of N-Bak protein by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis in the healthy, apoptotic or stressed sympathetic and cortical neurons. We conclude that N-Bak mRNA is translationally repressed by multiple mechanisms, and the protein does not participate in the classical apoptosis or cellular stress response.     

NMD逃逸机制及其在疾病治疗中的应用

无义介导的mRNA降解(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD)是指在病理或正常生理情况下mRNA上出现了提前终止密码子(premature termination codon, PTC),从而导致mRNA降解。它是一种广泛存在的mRNA质量监控机制。近年来,在多种疾病中发现某些PTC并未触发NMD,这种现象被称为NMD逃逸(NMD escape),然而其确切机制尚不十分清楚。目前公认的两个学说为:(1) PTC通读,即蛋白的翻译可以顺利通过PTC直至正常的终止密码子,产生全长蛋白;(2)翻译的重新启动,即蛋白翻译在PTC下游的潜在起始点重新开始直至终止密码子,产生N端截短蛋白。目前,通过利用PTC通读,越来越多的药物或小分子已被成功用于无义变异相关疾病的治疗。本文主要综述了NMD逃逸的机制及其在疾病治疗中的应用和进展,以期为进一步了解NMD逃逸及其相关应用概况提供参考。     

无义介导的mRNA降解机制及其在单基因遗传病中的作用

无义介导的mRNA降解(Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,NMD)是一种广泛存在于真核生物细胞中的mRNA质量监控机制。该机制通过识别和降解含有提前终止密码子(Premature translational-termination codon,PTC)的转录产物防止有潜在毒性的截短蛋白的产生。据估计,约1/3的遗传性疾病是由提前终止密码子引起的,而NMD作用通常会改变某些遗传病的临床症状或遗传方式。文章主要综述了人体细胞中NMD对底物的识别及其作用机制,并以几种单基因遗传病为例探讨其对这些疾病表型的影响,表明NMD作用机制的进一步揭示将有助于单基因遗传病发病机制的阐明及治疗方法的改进。     

NMD作用的顺式调控元件

真核生物利用无义介导的mRNA降解(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,NMD),对含有提前终止密码子(premature termination codons,PTC)的异常转录产物进行快速清除,防止毒害性截短蛋白(truncatedproteins)的产生,是真核生物重要的mRNA监视机制。NMD作用的启动与多种顺式调控元件有关,它们包括：提前终止密码子的标识;PTC下游特定位置的序列元件,在酵母细胞称为DSE(downstream sequence element,DSE),在哺乳动物细胞主要为内含子剪接依赖性序列元件(exon-exon junction,EEJ);稳定作用元件(stabilizer elements,STE)对NMD作用的阻抑调节;以及其他与NMD作用相关的序列,如poly(A)延长、5’-UTR的uORF(upstream open reading frame,uORF)和程序化核糖体移码(programmed-1 ribosomal frameshift,-1PRF)信号序列等。NMD途径中的这些顺式调控元件可能是分子遗传调控的关键靶点。     

Nucleosome deposition and DNA methylation may participate in the recognition of premature termination codon in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

In non-mammalian eukaryotes, an abnormally long 3′ untranslated region (UTR) is generally thought to be the definitive signal in the recognition of a premature termination codon (PTC) in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, because the lengths of 3′ UTRs in normal mRNAs are widely distributed, “abnormally long” is hard to define. Distinct peaks of nucleosome deposition and DNA methylation have recently been found at coding region boundaries. We propose that nucleosomes and DNA methylation just upstream of a normal stop codon are ideal indicators for the position of a normal stop codon and may thus serve as signals in PTC recognition.     

Yeast Upf1 CH domain interacts with Rps26 of the 40S ribosomal subunit

The central nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) regulator, Upf1, selectively targets nonsense-containing mRNAs for rapid degradation. In yeast, Upf1 preferentially associates with mRNAs that are NMD substrates, but the mechanism of its selective retention on these mRNAs has yet to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that Upf1 associates with 40S ribosomal subunits. Here, we define more precisely the nature of this association using conventional and affinity-based purification of ribosomal subunits, and a two-hybrid screen to identify Upf1-interacting ribosomal proteins. Upf1 coimmunoprecipitates specifically with epitope-tagged 40S ribosomal subunits, and Upf1 association with high-salt washed or puromycin-released 40S subunits was found to occur without simultaneous eRF1, eRF3, Upf2, or Upf3 association. Two-hybrid analyses and in vitro binding assays identified a specific interaction between Upf1 and Rps26. Using mutations in domains of UPF1 known to be crucial for its function, we found that Upf1:40S association is modulated by ATP, and Upf1:Rps26 interaction is dependent on the N-terminal Upf1 CH domain. The specific association of Upf1 with the 40S subunit is consistent with the notion that this RNA helicase not only triggers rapid decay of nonsense-containing mRNAs, but may also have an important role in dissociation of the premature termination complex.     

Wnt10a在甲乳癌及桥本合并甲乳癌中的差异表达

目的：探讨无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员10a（Wnt10a）在甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)和桥本合并甲状腺乳头癌（Hashimoto''s thyroiditis associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma）中的表达及其临床意义。方法：采用qRT-PCR方法检测Wnt10a mRNA 在41 例新鲜甲状腺组织（PTC 组织18 例,HT 合并PTC 组织12 例,结节性甲状腺肿组织11 例）中的表达;用免疫组化SP法检测Wnt10a 蛋白在50 例甲状腺石蜡标本（PTC 组织20 例,HT合并PTC组织20 例,结节性甲状腺肿组织10 例）中的表达。结果：① RT-PCR Wnt10a mRNA 在甲状腺癌组织中的表达明显高于其在良性甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达(P <0.01) ,差异有显著性;Wnt10a mRNA在PTC、HT合并PTC组织中的阳性表达强度分别为2.49× 10-5（0.68× 10-5,15.28× 10-5）,1.26× 10-（5 0.97× 10-5,13.73× 10-5）;P<0.05,差异具有显著性。Wnt10a mRNA 在PTC、HT 合并 PTC 组织中的表达分别是结节性甲状腺肿组织的9.98、2.69 倍。②SP 法：Wnt10a 在甲状腺癌组织中的表达明显高于其在良性甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达。Wnt10amRNA 和蛋白在甲状腺癌组织中的表达与肿瘤大小、临床分期、淋巴结转移等临床因素无明显关系(P>0.05),只与甲状腺癌组织的病理分型相关,（P<0.05)。结论：Wnt10a 在甲状腺乳头状癌和桥本合并甲状腺乳头癌中呈现高表达,且有差异性,有望作为甲状腺癌的病理分型的参考指标,有助于甲状腺癌的早期诊断及病理分型的判定,使患者得到及时有效治疗。     

P.T.C. tasting among three Indian groups of Nicaragua.

Ninety-six Miskito, 85 Sumo and 79 Rama Indians were tested for P.T.C. taste ability according to a modification of Harris and Kalmus' sorting technique. Miskito's "non-taster" high frequency approach values reported for some highly inbred Central and South American Indian populations, while Rama's and Sumo's figures appear in aggrement with values reported for other relatively pure Amerindians.     

Identification of novel splice variants of the Arabidopsis DCL2 gene

In Arabidopsis thaliana, Dicer-like protein 2 (DCL2) cleaves double-stranded virus RNA, playing an essential role in the RNA interference pathway. Here, we describe three alternative splicing (AS) forms of AtDCL2: in one, both intron 8 and intron 10 are retained in the mRNA, in second only intron 8 is retained and in the third no intron is retained, but there is a deletion of 56 nucleotides at the end of exon 10. These splicing forms are present in stems and leaves at different development stages. AS was also detected in DCL2 of Brassica rapa, where intron 9, but not intron 8 or intron 10, was retained suggesting that AS may be a common phenomenon in cruciferous plant DCL2s. The retained introns and sequence deletions detected in AtDCL2 changed the reading frame and produced premature terminal codons. The AS forms appeared to be substrates of nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA. Fei Yan and Jiejun Peng contributed equally to this work.     

SMG-ly Knocking Out Gene Expression in Specific Cells: An Educational Primer for Use with “A Novel Strategy for Cell-Autonomous Gene Knockdown in Caenorhabditis elegans Defines a Cell-Specific Function for the G-Protein Subunit GOA-1”

SUMMARY

A recent article by Maher et al. in GENETICS introduces an alternative approach to cell-type-specific gene knockdown in Caenorhabditis elegans, using nonsense-mediated decay. This strategy has the potential to be applicable to other organisms (this strategy requires that animals can survive without nonsense-mediated decay—not all can). This Primer article provides a guide and resource for educators and students by describing different gene knockdown methodologies, by assisting with the technically difficult portions of the Maher et al. article, and by providing conceptual questions relating to the article.Related article in GENETICS: Maher, K. N., A. Swaminathan, P. Patel, and D. L. Chase, 2013 A novel strategy for cell-autonomous gene knockdown in Caenorhabditis elegans defines a cell-specific function for the G-protein subunit GOA-1. Genetics 194: 363–373.