平茬柠条的土壤水分动态及生理特征

平茬作为荒漠草原区柠条林优化管理的重要手段之一,深入探究平茬复壮阶段的土壤水分的恢复状况及其对生理特征的影响具有十分重要的意义。通过设置对比试验,研究了不同平茬年限柠条的土壤水分的时空分布及其周期性变化规律,并分析了其对净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等光合作用生理特征的影响,结果表明:(1)生长季年内变化,PC1a—PC5a柠条在对土壤水分的保持能力均高于WPC柠条;对比不同平茬年限柠条土壤水分,PC3a增长迅速,PC4a水分条件最优,PC5a土壤水分消退逐渐向WPC柠条的土壤水分接近;土壤垂直剖面上,PC1a—PC4a柠条根系活跃区的土壤水分随着平茬年份的增加,深层的土壤水分得到有效改善,到PC5a时开始回落。(2)不同平茬年限土壤含水量变化剧烈程度分别为PC4aPC5aWPCPC2aPC3aPC1a,且平茬措施对非根系活跃区的深层土壤水分影响不大,平茬后,对0—180cm土层深度的影响显著,且以平茬PC4a和PC5a的土壤水分周期性变化最长,振动强度变化最明显。(3)平茬早期(PC1a—PC2a)的土壤水分并未迅速提高,此阶段柠条的光合作用受自身性状的影响大于对土壤水分的影响;平茬中期(PC3a—PC4a)的土壤水分对光合作用的影响大于柠条的补偿生长作用;平茬后期(PC5a),平茬柠条光合作用减弱及性状几乎不发生变化,土壤水分状况也开始接近WPC柠条。因此,对于荒漠草原平茬复壮阶段的柠条林的科学有效管理,PC5a柠条可作为饲草资源进行利用的最佳时段。     

两种沙生植物抗旱生理指标的比较研究

以沙坡头地区自然生长和人工灌溉条件下的沙冬青（Ａｍｍｏｐｉｐｔａｎｔｈｕｓ ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃｕｓ）和柠条（Ｃａｒａｇａｎａ ｋｏｒｓｈｉｎｓｋｉｉ）为材料,对它们部分抗旱生理指标的变化进行了研究,结果表明,沙冬青对干办迫最敏感,这些生理指标随着个体发育阶段的不同变化,并具种间差异性。可溶性糖和游离氨基酸（特别是Ｐｒｏ）在干旱环境植物中均有较高含量,沙冬青有较高的热值,类黄酮水平未见差异性变化。     

柠条（Caragana korshinskii）的水分生理生态学特性

 柠条的水分生理生态学研究表明,蒸腾速率为395.1±234.4mg·g-1·h-1(平均值±标准差);小枝水势为-1.588Mpa;叶含水率为60.12±3.29%;蒸腾系数为72.82±19.88gH2O·gDW-1。林地土壤水分含量与蒸腾速率、小枝水势和叶含水率的关系十分密切。响应于年生长发育节律和水分条件的变化,柠条的抗旱性在年生长期初(5月)和旺盛生长阶段(8～9月）较弱,在高温干旱阶段(6～7月)和入冬之前(10月)较强。在年生长期中间(6～9月),柠条的抗旱性与蒸腾速率、小枝水势和叶含水率之间均具有负相关性。     

皇甫川流域柠条林地水分动态模拟——坡度、坡向、植被密度与土壤水分的关系

在皇甫川流域,随着林草覆盖度的增加,植被与水的矛盾日益突出,其中一个重要的问题就是植被密度与土壤水分之间的矛盾。土壤水分的降低影响了植被的生长,甚至导致了部分植被的死亡,因此对土壤水分与植被密度之间的关系进行研究非常重要,有助于合理造林密度的确定。在已有研究及实验观测的基础上,建立了柠条(Caragana intermedia)林地土壤水分动态模拟模型,模型考虑了主要的土壤、植物过程,包括土壤性状、降雨入渗、植物蒸腾、地表蒸发等;模拟了从1971至2000年,30年里各种立地条件(不同盖度、坡向和坡度)下的柠条林地土壤水分、蒸腾和蒸发等的日动态过程。通过比较不同立地条件下的土壤水分动态,研究了皇甫川流域典型柠条林地土壤水分与植被盖度、坡向和坡度之间的关系,并得出了它们之间的关系式。由得到的平地上柠条的适宜密度,同时结合上述关系式,得出了不同坡度、坡向的适宜密度。坡度小于10°时,适宜造林密度对坡度反应敏感,在10°~30°时,适宜盖度对坡度反应不敏感。对于小于10°的坡地,植被建设时要特别注意设计合理的植被密度。     

半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地土壤水分利用及平衡特征

选择半干旱黄土区流域尺度不同地形条件下成熟柠条林作为研究对象,并以荒坡草地作为对照,在2009—2011年生长季节对0—210cm土壤含水量进行连续观测,开展了剖面土壤水分变异、动态平衡及影响因素研究。结果显示:土壤水分平均值:30—130cm对照>北坡>东坡>南坡,150—210cm南坡(上、中坡位)>对照>北坡>东坡,南坡和北坡样地上坡位>中坡位>下坡位。土壤水分的季节变化表现为9月﹥8月﹥7月,5、6、10月份最低;不同地形条件下,柠条林地土壤水分极差值和变异系数并没呈现出规律性变化,在垂直尺度上,柠条林地土壤水分极差值和变异系数曲线在0—50cm表现比较活跃,70—210cm则相对稳定;在连续干旱年份土壤储水量并没有连续的降低和亏缺,在第1个欠水年亏缺比较严重,第2个欠水年盈亏量基本平衡,而第3个欠水年则略有盈余。研究认为:小流域尺度下的地形条件差异造成了土壤水分规律性变化,但在特定植被生长发育状态和剖面尺度下,植被因子将会成为土壤水分动态变化的主控因子。柠条林发育至成熟阶段,土壤水分补偿与消减将会保持平衡状态。土壤水分与植被生长的相互关系一方面表现出一定的时间差,另一方面植被对土壤水分也具有一定的适应性。这是因为土壤含水率高促进植物生长,植物生长势增强会进一步加大对土壤水分的消耗,土壤水分含量不足则会抑制植物生长,植物生长势减弱会进一步降低对土壤水分的消耗。     

水分胁迫条件下谷子抗旱生理特性的研究

水分胁迫条件下谷子抗旱生理特性的研究程林梅阎继耀张原根张和（山西省农业科学院作物遗传研究所,太原０３００３１）ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＤＲＯＵＧＨＴＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＴＰＨＹＳＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＦＯＸＴＡＩＬＭＩＬＬＥＴＵＮＤ...     

平茬对半干旱黄土丘陵区柠条林地土壤水分的影响

半干旱黄土丘陵区多年生柠条人工林地发生土壤旱化,研究柠条林平茬对土壤水分影响对于防治土壤旱化具有重要意义。采用中子仪测定土壤水分,对未平茬和平茬柠条林地土壤水分进行测定,分析了平茬对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:未平茬和平茬柠条林地降雨补给量(R₁,R₂)同降雨量(P)显著正相关(P<0.05)。定义降雨耗损量(林冠截留量和地表径流之和)占降雨量的百分比为降雨耗损率,未平茬林地降雨损耗率(L₁)和平茬柠条林地降雨损耗率(L₂)分别与其降雨前土壤表层(0-20 cm)含水量(S₁,S₂)呈明显指数关系(P<0.05):L₁=2.54exp(0.22S₁),L₂=2.40exp(0.27S₂),表层含水量相同时,平茬林地降雨损耗率明显高于未平茬林地。平茬后,林地降雨最大入渗深度减小,土壤水分利用深度减小;短时间内(2个月左右)林地20-160 cm含水量增加,之后平茬林地土壤含水量与未平茬林地土壤含水量接近;丰水年和丰水年后的第一年,平茬林地含水量低于未平茬林地,0-400 cm土壤储水量比未平茬林地最多低45.9 mm。平茬后200-400 cm土层土壤水分有少量增加,但是0-200 cm土层土壤含水量损失更严重。平茬3a后,平茬对柠条林地土壤水分的影响减弱。     

外源甜菜碱对冬小麦抗旱性生理指标的影响研究

在３种不同土壤水分条件下,研究外源甜菜碱对返青－拔节期小麦叶片光合作用的影响,结果表明：随着土壤水分下降,喷施２５￣５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ外源甜菜碱对提高光合速率、胞间ＣＯ２浓度、叶面积等生理指标越明显,有效地提高了小麦生物学产量。     

枝条覆盖对半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林地土壤水分的影响

为了研究枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响,提高土壤水分利用效率。2013年5—9月,以半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林为对象,采用中子水分仪对未覆盖和枝条覆盖林地土壤水分进行定位观测,研究了枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响。研究期间共观测到降雨28次,总降雨量达495.9 mm。未覆盖和覆盖林地降雨补给量与降雨量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。枝条覆盖使林地降水入渗补给系数由0.50增加至0.70,明显提高了林地次降水补给量和入渗深度。覆盖林地各月土壤水分消耗量均高于对照林地,整个生长季,前者比后者多消耗了37.56 mm土壤水分,仅相当于所增加的降雨补给量的1/3。在丰水年,覆盖一直表现出对林地土壤水分的正效应,剖面0—260 cm范围内土壤水分条件有明显改善。     

Effects of water stress on the water relations of Phaseolus vulgaris and the drought resistant Phaseolus acutifolius

The tepary bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius ), a drought resistant species, was compared under water stress conditions with the more drought susceptible P. vulgaris L. cvs Pinto and White Half Runner (WHR). In order to better understand the basis for the superior drought resistance of tepary, this study was designed to determine the relationships among leaf water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and relative water content (RWC).
Plants were prestressed by withholding irrigation water. These stress pretreatments changed the relation between leaf water potential and relative water content of both species so that prestressed plants had lower water potentials than controls at the same leaf RWC. Tepary had lower water potentials at given RWC levels than Pinto or WHR; this can account for part of the superior resistance of tepary. In all genotypes, prestressed plants maintained osmotic potentials approximately 0.2 MPa lower than controls. Tepary reached osmotic potentials that were significantly lower (0.15 to 0.25 MPa) than Pinto or WHR. Both control and prestressed tepary plants had 0.05 to 0.25 MPa more turgor than Pinto or WHR at RWC values between 65 and 80%. Both prestressed and control tepary plants had greater elasticity (a lower elastic modulus) than Pinto or WHR. This greater turgor of tepary at low RWC values could be caused by several factors including greater tissue elasticity, active accumulation of solutes, or greater solute concentration.
Tepary had significantly lower osmotic potentials than the P. vulgaris cultivars, but there was little difference in osmotic potential between Pinto and WHR. Knowledge of differences in osmotic and turgor potentials among and within species could be useful in breeding for drought resistance in Phaseolus.     

Turgor and osmotic relations of the desert shrub Larrea tridentata

Abstract Leaf water relations characteristics of creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, were studied in view of previous reports that its leaves commonly experience zero or negative turgor under dry conditions. Leaf turgor loss point () was determined by a pressure-volume method for samples subjected to a hydration procedure and for untreated samples. Hydration caused to increase by as much as 3 M Pa. Hydration of samples also caused changes in other leaf water relations characteristics such as symplastic solute content, tissue elasticity and symplasmic water fraction, but total leaf solute content was unchanged. Comparison of our field plant water potential data with values of obtained by the two methods resulted in predictions of turgor loss during part or all of a diurnal cycle based on hydrated samples, and turgor maintenance (at least 0.3 MPa) based on untreated samples. Pooled data for obtained from both partially hydrated and untreated samples showed that L. tridentata maintains fairly constant levels of turgor over a wide range of leaf water potential. Dilution of cell contents by apoplastic water introduced significant errors in psychrometric determinations of osmotic potential in both frozen and thawed leaf tissue and expressed cell sap. Use of these values of osmotic potential resulted in predictions of zero turgor at all plant water potentials measured in the field.     

Partition of photosynthates between shoot and root in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a function of soil water potential and root temperature

Low soil water potential and low or high root temperatures are important stresses affecting carbon allocation in plants. This study examines the effects of these stresses on carbon allocation from the perspective of whole plant mass balance. Sixteen-day old spring wheat seedlings were placed in a growth room under precisely controlled root temperatures and soil water potentials. Five soil water potential treatments, from −0.03 MPa to −0.25 MPa, and six root temperature treatments, from 12 to 32°C were used. A mathematical model based on mass balance considerations was used, in combination with experimental measurements of rate of net photosynthesis, leaf area, and shoot/root dry masses to determine photosynthate allocation between shoot and root. Partitioning of photosynthates to roots was the lowest at 22–27°C root temperature regardless soil water potential, and increased at both lower and higher root temperatures. Partitioning of photosynthates to the roots increased with decreasing soil water potential. Under the most favourable conditions, i.e. at −0.03 MPa soil water potential and 27°C root temperature, the largest fraction, 57%, of photosynthates was allocated to the shoots. Under the most stressed conditions, i.e. at −0.25 MPa soil water potential and 32°C root temperature, the largest fraction, more than 80%, of photosynthates was allocated to roots.     

High CO2 levels reduce ethylene production in kiwifruit

We examined the roles of turgor potential and osmotic adjustment in plant growth by comparing the growth of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Siete cerrors) and sudangrass ( Sorghum vulgare var. Piper) seedlings in response to soil water and temperature stresses. The rates of leaf area expansion, leaf water potential and osmotic potential were measured at combinations of 5 soil water potentials ranging from −0.03 to −0.25 MPa and 6 soil temperatures ranging from 14 to 36°C. Spring wheat exhibited little osmotic adjustment while sudangrass exhibited a high degree of osmotic adjustment. However, the rate of leaf area growth for sudangrass was more sensitive to water stress than that of spring wheat. These results were used to evaluate the relationship between growth and turgor potential. The modified Arrhenius equation based on thermodynamic considerations of the growth process was evaluated. This equation obtains growth rate as a function of activation energy, enthalpy difference between active and inactive states of enzymes, base growth rate and optimum temperature. Analyses indicate that the modified Arrhenius equation is consistent with the Lockhart equation with a metabolically controlled cell wall extensibility.     

Interdependence of growth, water relations and abscisic acid level in Phaseolus vulgaris during waterlogging

The interdependence between changes in growth and water relations after waterlogging was investigated by recording simultaneously growth, transpiration, water potential, turgor, leaf diffusion resistance and abscisic acid content in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. bruine Noord-Hollandse. Growth was inhibited immediately after flooding, whereas transpiration decreased gradually to a low level in about three days. The first two days after flooding a small increase in abscisic acid content in the leaves was observed which was accompanied by an increase in diffusion resistance. The increase in abscisic acid content could result from an inhibited export from the leaves. After the first two days a decrease in water potential and turgor was accompanied by a drastic increase in both abscisic acid content and diffusion resistance. This large increase in abscisic acid content occurred before the turgor had reached its minimum value. The change in diffusion resistance kept showing a lag of about one day with the change in abscisic acid content. The possibility is discussed that besides abscisic acid also its metabolite phaseic acid is involved in stomatal closure. After the formation of adventitious roots on the hypocotyl, abscisic acid level, diffusion resistance, water potential and turgor returned to the control values. Transpiration showed a slow recovery from the sixth day after flooding, whereas growth was inhibited for at least nine days. A remarkable similarity exists between our observations on the responses of bean plants to flooding and the well known responses to drought.     

Electrical impedance of white spruce shoots in relation to pressure-volume analysis and free sugar content

Electrical impedance measurements made on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, stems were related to shoot free sugar contents and to osmotic, turgor and water potential. During seasonal dormancy induction, there were commensurate increases in free sugar contents, osmotic potential at full turgor and impedance which resulted in linear relationships among these variables. When measured over the course of laboratory drying, impedance increased curvilinearly with decreasing relative water content. There was a linear increase in impedance with decreasing water potential, with a break point coincident with the turgor loss point, possibly attributed to disruption to current flow through broken plasmodesmatal connections between adjacent cells. This technique offers a non-destructive method to measure tissue free sugar content, and therefore, short- and long-term shifts in parameters historically derived from pressure-volume analysis.     

水分胁迫下高粱叶片的渗透调节与延伸生长的关系

高粱抗旱品种3197B比不抗旱品种三尺三在水分胁迫条件下ψ_S下降低。在相同ψ_S时,3197B相对含水量高于三尺三。水分胁迫期间,3197B能始终维持比三尺三较高的ψ_P。在中度和严重水分胁迫时,3197B几种渗透物质积累均高于三尺三,其中可溶性糖和K~ 对渗透调节贡献最大。水分胁迫下,3197B正展开叶渗透调节能力较强,ψ_P维持较高,临界膨压低,叶片扩张性能小、故生长速率随ψ_W下降较慢。